虚拟语气的讲解.ppt

虚拟语气用法详解虚拟语气用法详解虚拟语气用法详解虚拟语气用法详解 南京跨考南京跨考20132013仇永香仇永香 虚拟语气用法详解虚拟语气用法详解:一、条件句中的虚拟语气一、条件句中的虚拟语气一、条件句中的虚拟语气一、条件句中的虚拟语气二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气四、主语从句中的虚拟语气四、主语从句中的虚拟语气四、主语从句中的虚拟语气四、主语从句中的虚拟语气五、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气五、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气五、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气五、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气六、定语从句中的虚拟语气六、定语从句中的虚拟语气六、定语从句中的虚拟语气六、定语从句中的虚拟语气七七七七.简单句中的虚拟语气简单句中的虚拟语气简单句中的虚拟语气简单句中的虚拟语气一、条件句中的虚拟语气一、条件句中的虚拟语气 1.1.条件句中虚拟语气的形式条件句中虚拟语气的形式 从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。同的时间有三种不同的形式。时间时间 从句谓语形式从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式主句谓语形式 将将来来动词过去式动词过去式(be(be用用were)were)should+should+动词原动词原形形were to+were to+动词原动词原形形 would/should/would/should/might/could+might/could+动词原形动词原形现在现在动词过去式动词过去式(be(be 用用 were)were)would/should/would/should/might/could+might/could+动词原形动词原形过去过去had+had+动词过去分动词过去分词词would/should/would/should/might/could might/could have+have+动词过去动词过去分词分词一、条件句中的虚拟语气一、条件句中的虚拟语气 2.2.条件中的虚拟语气的举例条件中的虚拟语气的举例(1)(1)将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：If he should go to Qing Hua University,he would make full If he should go to Qing Hua University,he would make full use of his time.use of his time.如果他要上清华大学的话，他就会充分利用他的时间了。如果他要上清华大学的话，他就会充分利用他的时间了。If he were to come here,he would tell us about it.If he were to come here,he would tell us about it.如果他要来的话，他会通知我们一声。如果他要来的话，他会通知我们一声。(2)(2)现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：If he were free,he would help us.If he were free,he would help us.要是他有空的话，它会帮助我们的。要是他有空的话，它会帮助我们的。If he studied at this school,he would know you well.If he studied at this school,he would know you well.如果他在这所学校学习的话，它会对你很熟悉。如果他在这所学校学习的话，它会对你很熟悉。(3)(3)过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：If I had seen the film,I would have told you about it.If I had seen the film,I would have told you about it.我如果我如果看过这场电影，我会把电影内容告诉你了。看过这场电影，我会把电影内容告诉你了。If I had got there earlier,I would have met Mr.Li.If I had got there earlier,I would have met Mr.Li.如果我早如果我早点到那儿，我就会会到了李先生。点到那儿，我就会会到了李先生。一、条件句中的虚拟语气一、条件句中的虚拟语气 3.3.运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题(1)(1)当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词bebe时，时，可用可用waswas代替代替werewere。但在倒装虚拟结构及。但在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you,as it wereif I were you,as it were中，只中，只能用能用werewere。如：。如：Were I ten years younger,I would study abroad.Were I ten years younger,I would study abroad.要是我还年轻十岁的话，要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。我会去国外学习。If I were you,I would try my best to grasp the chance.If I were you,I would try my best to grasp the chance.要是我是你的话，要是我是你的话，我要尽力抓住这次机会。我要尽力抓住这次机会。(2)(2)有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。区别对待。从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：生的事实不符。如：If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.如果我在学如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会使工程师了校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会使工程师了If they had informed us,we would not come here now.If they had informed us,we would not come here now.如果他们通知过如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。一、条件句中的虚拟语气一、条件句中的虚拟语气 3.3.运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题 从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.如果他今天有如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了(from)(from)。If he knew her,he would have greeted her.If he knew her,he would have greeted her.要是他认识她的话，他肯定要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。会去问候她了。从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如：生的情况相反。如：If it had not been raining too much,the crops would be growing much If it had not been raining too much,the crops would be growing much better.better.如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。If he had been working hard,he would be working in the office now.If he had been working hard,he would be working in the office now.要是要是他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室了。他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室了。(3)(3)当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,hadwere,should,had时，时，if if可省略，而可省略，而将将were,should,hadwere,should,had等词置于句首。如：等词置于句首。如：Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.要是他答应去的要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。话，我们就派他去。一、条件句中的虚拟语气一、条件句中的虚拟语气 3.3.运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题 Were she here,she would agree with us.Were she here,she would agree with us.如果她在这儿的话，她会同意如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。我们的。Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.如如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了。果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了。(4)(4)有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而须通过上下文或有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。如：其他方式来判断。如：I would have come to see you,but I was too busy.I would have come to see you,but I was too busy.我本该来看你了，然我本该来看你了，然而我太忙了。而我太忙了。But for his help,we would be working now.But for his help,we would be working now.要不是他的帮助，我们还要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。会在工作呢。Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.要要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。一、条件句中的虚拟语气一、条件句中的虚拟语气(5)(5)有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。说话人的一种强烈的感情。省略从句省略从句He would have finished it.He would have finished it.他本该完成了。他本该完成了。You could have passed this exam.You could have passed this exam.你应该会通过这次考试了。你应该会通过这次考试了。省略主句省略主句If I were at home now.If I were at home now.要是我现在在家里该多好啊。要是我现在在家里该多好啊。If only I had got it.If only I had got it.要是我得到它了该多好啊。要是我得到它了该多好啊。二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气1.1.目的状语从句中的虚拟语气目的状语从句中的虚拟语气2.2.让步状语从句中的虚拟语气让步状语从句中的虚拟语气3.3.方式状语从句中的虚拟语气方式状语从句中的虚拟语气4.4.原因状语从句中的虚拟语气原因状语从句中的虚拟语气1.1.目的状语从句中的虚拟语气目的状语从句中的虚拟语气(1)在for fear that,in case,lest引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should+动词原形。并且 should不能省略She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。He started out earlier lest he should be late.他很早就出发了以防迟到。(2)在so that,in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can/may/could/might/will/would/should+动词原形。如：He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word.他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。2.2.让步状语从句中的虚拟语气让步状语从句中的虚拟语气(1)在even if,even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语(2)气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Even if he were here himself,he should not know what to do.即是他亲自来也不知该怎么办。Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.及时华佗再世也就不了他。(2)在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever,wherever，however,no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：may+动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：We will finish it on time no matter what/whatever may happen.不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。We will find him wherever/no matter where he may be.无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。may+完成式(指过去)，主句结构不限。如：You mustnt be proud whatever/no matter what great progress you may have made.不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲(from)。We must respect him no matter what/whatever mistakes he may have made.不管他翻过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。(3)在though,although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should+动词原形，主句结构不限。如：Although/Though he should often be late,he is a good student.尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。Although/Though he should be secretary,he must obey the rules.尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。3.方式状语从句中的虚拟语气方式状语从句中的虚拟语气as if,as though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前发生在主句动作之前had+过去分词过去分词与主句动作同时发生与主句动作同时发生过去时过去时(be 用用were)发生在主句动作之后发生在主句动作之后would/could/might/should+原原形动词形动词例如：They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long.他们开始热烈的谈论起来就好像他们已相互认识很久了。He coughed twice as if someone should come.他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。4.原因状语从句中的虚拟语气原因状语从句中的虚拟语气amazed,angry,annoyed,astonished,disappointed,frightened,happy,pleased,proud,sorry,surprised,upset等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：should+原形动词(指现在或将来)。如：He was angry that you should call him by name.他很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question.我很惊讶他竟答不出如此简单的问题。should+完成式,指过去。如：Im very sorry that you should have failed the exam.我很遗憾，你这次考试竟然失败了。I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday.我很吃惊，父亲竟指导我昨天所作的事情。三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气1英语中，如：advise,ask,demand,desire,decide,insist(坚决要求),order,propose,request,suggest(建议)表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，起虚拟语气的结构为：(should)+原形动词。如：The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here.老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的每一分钟。The Party asked that we should serve the people with our heart and soul.党要求我们要全心全意地为人民服务。但是，当insist的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。如：Tom insisted that he hadnt stolen the watch.汤姆坚持说他没有偷那 块手表。His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam.他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。2.believe,expect,suspect,think,imagine等动词的否定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：should+原形动词。如：Can you believe that he should kill a tiger?你能相信他竟杀死了一只老虎？Can you imagine that he should take the first place in the long jump contest?你能想象得到他在跳远比赛中竟获得了第一名？3.3.英语中，wish之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前发生在主句动作之前(1)had+(1)had+过去分词；过去分词；(2)would/could/might/should(2)would/could/might/should+have+have+过去分词过去分词与主句动作同时发生与主句动作同时发生过去时过去时(be(be 用用were)were)发生在主句动作之后发生在主句动作之后would/could/might/should+would/could/might/should+原形动词原形动词例如：I wish I learnt English well.我希望我已学好了英语。I wish I had been there with them last week.我希望上周跟他们一起在那儿。He wishes we could go and play games with him.他希望我们能去跟他做游戏。4.4.英语中，would rather,had rather,would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。起虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构虚拟语气结构过去过去had+had+过去分词；过去分词；现在现在过去时过去时(be(be 用用were)were)将来将来过去时过去时(be(be 用用were)were)Id rather you had seen the film yesterday.我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影Id rather you were here now.我倒想你现在在这儿。Wed rather you went here tomorrow.我么倒想你明天去那儿。四、主语从句中的虚拟语气四、主语从句中的虚拟语气在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语其的结构为：should+动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。句型：(1)It is admirable/dreadful/extraordinary/odd/remarkable/sad/advisable/annoying/disappointing/surprising/upsetting/frightening/better/best/curious/desirable/important/strange/peculiar/proper/necessary/natural that(2)It is a pity/a shame/no wonder.that(3)It is suggested/requested/desired/proposed/.that(4)It worries me that如：It is important that we should do well in our lessons first.我们先把功课学好很重要。It is strange that he should not come.很奇怪，他竟没有来。It is a pity that we should not meet last night.真遗憾我们昨天晚上没有见过面。It worries me that we should be blamed for that.我们竟要受责备真让人烦恼。五、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气五、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气英语中，表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词英语中，表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice,desire,decision,idea,instruction,order,plan,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,wish充当充当 句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，表语从句句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，表语从句 及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：(should)+动词原形。如：动词原形。如：We followed his advice that we should ask our teacher for help.我们接受了他的建议：我们应该请求老师的帮助。我们接受了他的建议：我们应该请求老师的帮助。He told us his idea that he should go to university.他告诉了他告诉了 我们他的想法：他想上大学。我们他的想法：他想上大学。His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully.他的他的建议就是我们的工作要更细心些。建议就是我们的工作要更细心些。Their plan is that they should build a new factory in their hometown.他们的计划就是在家乡建一座新工厂。他们的计划就是在家乡建一座新工厂。六、定语从句中的虚拟语气六、定语从句中的虚拟语气英语中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is(high/about)time that+主语+动词的过去式/should+动词原形。如：It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.我该去学校接我的女儿了。It is high time you should go to work.你早该上班了。七七.简单句中的虚拟语气简单句中的虚拟语气1.说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would/could/might/should+原形动词。如：原形动词。如：Would you mind my shutting the door?我把门关起来你介意我把门关起来你介意 吗？吗？You should always learn this lesson by heart.你要把这个教训你要把这个教训 牢记于心。牢记于心。I should agree with you.我应该同意你的观点。我应该同意你的观点。2.表示表示“祝愿祝愿”时，常用时，常用“may+主语主语+动词原形动词原形+其他其他”。如：。如：May you have a good journey!祝你一路顺风。祝你一路顺风。May your youth last for ever!祝你青春永驻。祝你青春永驻。3.表示强烈的表示强烈的“愿望愿望”、“祝愿祝愿”时，常用动词原形。如：时，常用动词原形。如：Long live the Communist Party of China.中国共产党万岁。中国共产党万岁。God bless us.上帝保佑。上帝保佑。4.习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气(1)提出请求或邀请。如：提出请求或邀请。如：Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？Could I use your bike now?我可以用一下你的我可以用一下你的单车吗？单车吗？(2)陈述自己的观点或看法。如：陈述自己的观点或看法。如：I should glad to meet you.见到你我会很高兴。见到你我会很高兴。I would try my best to help you.我会尽力帮助我会尽力帮助你。你。(3)提出劝告或建议。如：提出劝告或建议。如：Youd better ask your father first.你最好先问你最好先问一问你的父亲。一问你的父亲。You should make a full investigation of it first.你应该先全面调查一番。你应该先全面调查一番。(4)提出问题。如：提出问题。如：Do you think he could get here on time?你你 认为他能按时来吗？认为他能按时来吗？Do you expect he would tell us the truth?你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？(5)表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语 气。其虚拟语气的结构为：气。其虚拟语气的结构为：“情态动词情态动词+have +过去分词过去分词”。如：。如：You should have got here earlier.你应该早就到这你应该早就到这 里了。里了。You should have returned it to him.你应该把他还你应该把他还 给他了。给他了。