U1P4Grammar(教育精品).ppt
TheRestrictiveandNon-RestrictiveAttributiveClauseUnit 1 GrammarObjectiveTellthedifferencebetweentherestrictiveandnon-restrictiveattributiveclauseandbeabletousethemproperly.语法讲解建议采用归纳法,如语法讲解建议采用归纳法,如尽可能多的呈现一些相关例句,尽可能多的呈现一些相关例句,或可让学生从已学课文中找相或可让学生从已学课文中找相应例句,引导学生试着从所观应例句,引导学生试着从所观察到的语言现象中总结出语言察到的语言现象中总结出语言规则和语法规律。规则和语法规律。Lookatthefollowingsentences.1.Ahugecrackthatwaseightkilometreslongandthirtymetreswidecutacrosshouses,roadsandcanals.(必修必修1)2.Thenumberofpeoplewhowerekilledorinjuredreachedmorethan400,000.(必修必修1)3.Then,laterthatafternoon,anotherbigquakewhichwasalmostasstrongasthefirstoneshookTangshan.(必修必修1)4.Thearmyorganizedteamstodigoutthosewhoweretrappedandtoburythedead.(必修必修1)5.Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivorswhosehomeshadbeendestroyed.(必修必修1)6.ThetimewhenIfirstmetNelsonMandelawasaverydifficultperiodofmylife.(必修必修1)7.TheschoolwhereIstudiedforonlytwoyearswasthreekilometresaway.(必修必修1)8.ThedaywhenNelsonMandelahelpedmewasoneofmyhappiest.(必修必修1)9.TheplacesoutsidethetownswheretheyweresenttolivewerethepoorestpartsofSouthAfrica.(必修必修1)10.AmongthemwillbeDebbiesmother,whoswamtheChannelherselfwhenshewasagirl.(新概念新概念2L36)11.Theoperation,whichlastedforoverfourhours,provedtobeverydifficultbecauseofthehardresinwhichcoveredtheskin.(新概念新概念2L77)12.Thefish,whichhassincebeensenttoamuseumwhereitisbeingexaminedbyascientist,iscalledanoarfish.(新概念新概念2L82)13.Hewaveddesperatelytohiscompanion,whohadbeenwaterskiingforthelastfifteenminutes.(新概念新概念2L86)14.Thegreatstatue,whichwasdesignedbythesculptorAugusteBartholdi,tooktenyearstocomplete.(新概念新概念2L93)1.ThisgiftwastheAmberRoom,whichwasgiventhisnamebecauseseveraltonsofamberwereusedtomakeit.2.Theamberwhichwasselectedhadabeautifulyellow-browncolourlikehoney.3.Itwasalsoatreasuredecoratedwithgoldandjewels,whichtookthecountrysbestartistsabouttenyearstomake.Sentencesfromthisunit:4.However,thenextkingofPrussia,FrederickWilliamI,towhomtheamberroombelonged,decidednottokeepit.5.Later,CatherineIIhadtheAmberRoommovedtoapalaceoutsideStPetersburgwhereshespenthersummers.6.Thiswasatimewhenthetwocountrieswereatwar.7.ThereisnodoubtthatboxeswerethenputonatrainforKnigsberg,whichwasatthattimeaGermancityontheBalticSea.8.In2003itwasreadyforthepeopleofStPetersburgwhentheycelebratedthe300thbirthdayoftheircity.totestyoursenseofobservationtotestyourabilityofshort-termmemorytotestyourabilitytohighlightthelanguagepointsGuess1.Ahugecrack_waseightkilometreslongandthirtymetreswidecutacrosshouses,roadsandcanals.2.Thenumberofpeople_werekilledorinjuredreachedmorethan400,000.3.Then,laterthatafternoon,anotherbigquake_wasalmostasstrongasthefirstoneshookTangshan.4.Thearmyorganizedteamstodigoutthose_weretrappedandtoburythedead.thatwhowhichwho5.Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivors_homeshadbeendestroyed6.Thetime_IfirstmetNelsonMandelawasaverydifficultperiodofmylife.7.Theschool_Istudiedforonlytwoyearswasthreekilometresaway.8.Theday_NelsonMandelahelpedmewasoneofmyhappiest.whosewhenwherewhen9.Theplacesoutsidethetowns_theyweresenttolivewerethepoorestpartsofSouthAfrica.10.AmongthemwillbeDebbiesmother,_swamtheChannelherselfwhenshewasagirl.11.Theoperation,_lastedforoverfourhours,provedtobeverydifficultbecauseofthehardresin_coveredtheskin.wherewhowhichwhich12.Thefish,_hassincebeensenttoamuseum_itisbeingexaminedbyascientist,iscalledanoarfish.13.Hewaveddesperatelytohiscompanion,_hadbeenwaterskiingforthelastfifteenminutes.14.Thegreatstatue,_wasdesignedbythesculptorAugusteBartholdi,tooktenyearstocomplete.whichwherewhowhich15.ThisgiftwastheAmberRoom,_wasgiventhisnamebecauseseveraltonsofamberwereusedtomakeit.16.Theamber_wasselectedhadabeautifulyellow-browncolourlikehoney.17.Itwasalsoatreasuredecoratedwithgoldandjewels,_tookthecountrysbestartistsabouttenyearstomake.whichwhichwhich18.However,thenextkingofPrussia,FrederickWilliamI,_theamberroombelonged,decidednottokeepit.19.Later,CatherineIIhadtheAmberRoommovedtoapalaceoutsideStPetersburg_shespenthersummers.towhomwhere20.Thiswasatime_thetwocountrieswereatwar.21.ThereisnodoubtthatboxeswerethenputonatrainforKnigsberg,_wasatthattimeaGermancityontheBalticSea.22.In2003itwasreadyforthepeopleofStPetersburg_theycelebratedthe300thbirthdayoftheircity.whenwhichwhen【例例1】CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,_personallyIdoubtverymuch.A.itB.thatC.whenD.which“我个人所我个人所怀疑的疑的”是是“到十月份到十月份这工作能否工作能否被完成被完成”,而不是,而不是“十月份十月份”,由此判定非限,由此判定非限制性定制性定语从句所修从句所修饰的不是的不是October,而是,而是前面整个主句。答案:前面整个主句。答案:D。【例例2】Johnsaidhedbeenworkingintheofficeforanhour,_wastrue.A.heB.thisC.whichD.who“John说说他他在在办办公公室室工工作作一一个个小小时时了了,这这件件事事情情是是真真的的。”所所以以要要用用关关系系代代词which指指代代这件件事事情情并并引引导非非限限制制性性定定语从句。答案:从句。答案:C。【例例3】Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,_cameasasurprise.A.itB.thatC.whichD.he此为此为非限制性定非限制性定语从句从句,不能用,不能用that修修饰,而用饰,而用which。it和和he都使后句成为句都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选况且选he句意不通。答案:句意不通。答案:C。【例例4】Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,_wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.itwhich可代替句子,用于非限制性定语可代替句子,用于非限制性定语从句,而从句,而what不可。不可。that不能用于非限不能用于非限制性定语从句,制性定语从句,it不为连词,使用逗号不为连词,使用逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。答案:行不通。答案:B。【例例5】Theoldtownhasnarrowstreetsandsmallhouses_arebuiltclosetoeachother.A.theyB.whereC.whatD.thatthat引导的定语从句,修饰先行词引导的定语从句,修饰先行词streetsandhouses,在定语从句中作,在定语从句中作主语;主语;答案:答案:D。以上我们已经通过归纳总结和练习以上我们已经通过归纳总结和练习对本课的语法内容有了一定的了解,对本课的语法内容有了一定的了解,下面就让我们根据下面就让我们根据之前练习的考察情之前练习的考察情况进一步选择讲解况进一步选择讲解该语法项的重难点。该语法项的重难点。1.定语从句:定语从句:修饰某一名词或代词的从修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。它所修饰的先行词之后。2.先行词:先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。词。定语从句定语从句3.关系词:关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有等;关系副词有when,where,why等。等。关系词通常有下列三个作用:关系词通常有下列三个作用:A.引导定语从句;引导定语从句;B.代替先行词;代替先行词;C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。在定语从句中担当一个成分。定语从句定语从句TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一可以依靠的人。老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一可以依靠的人。Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.他妈妈十分地爱他,对他要求很严格。他妈妈十分地爱他,对他要求很严格。限制性定语从句限制性定语从句RestrictiveAttributiveClause非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句Non-restrictiveAttributiveClauseCanyoutellthedifferencebetweenrestrictiveandnon-restrictiveclauses?限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句都限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句都是修饰名词和代词的一种从句,两者虽是修饰名词和代词的一种从句,两者虽然性质相同,但在意义上和用法上有许然性质相同,但在意义上和用法上有许多不同。多不同。例如:例如:Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。Hehasfoundthehammerthathewaslookingfor.他找到了他正在寻找的那把锤子。他找到了他正在寻找的那把锤子。1.限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉,主句的意思就缺少的定语,如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种定语从句和主不完整或失去意义。这种定语从句和主句的关系十分密切,书写时不用逗号分句的关系十分密切,书写时不用逗号分开。开。例如:例如:LastweekImetJohn,whoseemedtobeveryexcited.上星期我见到了约翰,他好像很兴奋。上星期我见到了约翰,他好像很兴奋。Theproject,whichlastedtwoyears,costfivemilliondollars.这项工程历时两年,耗资五百万美元。这项工程历时两年,耗资五百万美元。2.非限制性定语从句同主句的关系不十非限制性定语从句同主句的关系不十分密切,只是对先行词作附加或补充分密切,只是对先行词作附加或补充的说明,不起限制的作用,如果省的说明,不起限制的作用,如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚完整。非限去,主句的意思仍然清楚完整。非限制性定语从句仅仅是对意思已经相当制性定语从句仅仅是对意思已经相当明确的先行词加以补充说明,不起限明确的先行词加以补充说明,不起限制的作用。这类定语从句在书写时大制的作用。这类定语从句在书写时大多用逗号与主句分开。多用逗号与主句分开。例如:例如:Themeeting,whichwasheldinthepark,wasattendedby1000people.Themeetingwasattendedby1000people,anditwasheldinthepark.那次会议有一千人参加,它是在公园里举行那次会议有一千人参加,它是在公园里举行的。的。Idontliketheboy,whoisverylazy.Idontliketheboy,sinceheisverylazy.我不喜欢这个男孩,我不喜欢这个男孩,(因为因为)他太懒惰了。他太懒惰了。3.非限制性定语从句对所谈及的人或事非限制性定语从句对所谈及的人或事物只提供进一步的说明或解释,它形物只提供进一步的说明或解释,它形式上是一个从句,但在功能上相当于式上是一个从句,但在功能上相当于一个分句,在意义上相当于一个状一个分句,在意义上相当于一个状语,故可根据其句意改为并列句或状语,故可根据其句意改为并列句或状语从句。语从句。例如:例如:Iknowtheman(whom)youmean.我认识你指的那个人。我认识你指的那个人。IhappenedtomeetLiHong,whomIdidntrecognizeatonce.我碰巧遇到李红,但并没有马上认出她来。我碰巧遇到李红,但并没有马上认出她来。Theseappletrees,whichIplantedthreeyearsago,havenotborneanyfruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的,还没有结过这些苹果树是我三年前栽的,还没有结过果实。果实。(不可将不可将which改为改为that)4.关系代词关系代词who,whom,which在限制在限制性定语从句中作动词的宾语时往往可以性定语从句中作动词的宾语时往往可以省略,但在非限制性定语从句中不能省省略,但在非限制性定语从句中不能省略。值得注意的是,关系代词略。值得注意的是,关系代词that可引可引导限制性定语从句,但不可引导非限制导限制性定语从句,但不可引导非限制性定语从句。性定语从句。例如:例如:Hisbrother,whoiseighteenyearsold,isaPLAman.他的哥哥是个解放军战士,现今十八岁。他的哥哥是个解放军战士,现今十八岁。(说明他只有一个哥哥说明他只有一个哥哥)HisbrotherwhoiseighteenyearsoldisaPLAman.他那个十八岁的哥哥是位解放军。他那个十八岁的哥哥是位解放军。(说明他还有别的哥哥说明他还有别的哥哥)Allthebooksthere,whichhavebeautifulpicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.那里所有的书都是他写的,书里附有漂亮那里所有的书都是他写的,书里附有漂亮的插图。的插图。(说明那里没有除他以外的人写的书说明那里没有除他以外的人写的书)Allthebookstherewhichhavebeautifulpicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.那里所有附插图的书都是他写的。那里所有附插图的书都是他写的。(暗示没有附插图的书不是他写的暗示没有附插图的书不是他写的)5.限制性定语从句对先行词起限制的作限制性定语从句对先行词起限制的作用,非限制性定语从句对先行词起补用,非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明的作用,故两者的意义往往有充说明的作用,故两者的意义往往有别。别。非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句应注意以下几点:应注意以下几点:一、非限制性定语从句通常不能用一、非限制性定语从句通常不能用that引导。引导。1.Ilikethebook,whichwasboughtyesterday.我喜欢这本书,这是昨天买的。我喜欢这本书,这是昨天买的。2.Ilikethebookwhich/thatwasboughtyesterday.我喜欢昨天买的那本书。我喜欢昨天买的那本书。二、非限制性定语从句不能用二、非限制性定语从句不能用why引导引导,要用要用forwhich代替代替why。1.Ihadtoldthemthereason,forwhichIdidntattendthemeeting.我已经把理由告诉了他们,为此我没有我已经把理由告诉了他们,为此我没有去开会。去开会。2.IhadtoldthemthereasonwhyIdidntattendthemeeting.我告诉了他们我不去开会的理由。我告诉了他们我不去开会的理由。(限制性定语从句限制性定语从句“thereasonwhy.”是常见搭配。是常见搭配。)三、非限制性定语从句置于句首时,不三、非限制性定语从句置于句首时,不能用能用which引导。关系代词引导。关系代词as引导非引导非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活,可以限制性定语从句位置比较灵活,可以放主句前,也可以放主句后。放主句前,也可以放主句后。1.AsIexpected,hedidntbelieveme.正如我所预料的,他不相信我。正如我所预料的,他不相信我。2.Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.她听到一个可怕的声音,这让她把心都她听到一个可怕的声音,这让她把心都提到嗓子眼了。提到嗓子眼了。四、非限制性定语从句由四、非限制性定语从句由“介词介词+关系代关系代词词”引导时,其中的关系代词不能用引导时,其中的关系代词不能用as。1.Heboughtthecarformorethan$20,000,withwhichhisfatherwasangry.他花两万多美元买了这辆车,他父亲对他花两万多美元买了这辆车,他父亲对此很生气。此很生气。2.Ifinishedmyworkaheadoftime,afterwhichIsatsometimereadingthenewspaper.我提前干完了我的活,随后我坐着看了一我提前干完了我的活,随后我坐着看了一会儿报纸。会儿报纸。五、在非限制性定语从句中,指人的关五、在非限制性定语从句中,指人的关系代词作宾语时,只能用宾格系代词作宾语时,只能用宾格whom;不能用不能用who替换,也不能省略。替换,也不能省略。1.DoyouknowTom,whomwetalkedabout?你认识汤姆吗你认识汤姆吗?我们谈到过他。我们谈到过他。2.Thisbook,whichyoucangetatanybookshop,willgiveyoualltheinformationyouneed.这本书会给你提供所有你需要的资料,这本书会给你提供所有你需要的资料,它在任何一家书店都能买到。它在任何一家书店都能买到。(非限制性定语从句中引导词在从句中作非限制性定语从句中引导词在从句中作宾语,无论指人还是指物都不能省略。宾语,无论指人还是指物都不能省略。)六、六、which可指前面整个句子。可指前面整个句子。Thesunsendsoutlightandheat,whichmakesitpossibleforlivingthingstoexistontheearth.太阳发出光和热,这使得生物能够在地球太阳发出光和热,这使得生物能够在地球上生存。上生存。which可代替句子可代替句子,用于非限制性定语从用于非限制性定语从句。句。that不能用于非限制性定语从句。不能用于非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性限制性定语从句定语从句非限制性非限制性定语从句定语从句形式上形式上不用逗号不用逗号“,”与主句隔开。与主句隔开。用逗号用逗号“,”与主句隔开。与主句隔开。意义上意义上是先行词不可缺是先行词不可缺少的定语,如删少的定语,如删除,主句则失去除,主句则失去意义或意思表达意义或意思表达不完整。不完整。只是对先行词的只是对先行词的补充说明,如删补充说明,如删除,主句仍能表除,主句仍能表达完整的意思。达完整的意思。限制性限制性定语从句定语从句非限制性非限制性定语从句定语从句译法上译法上译成先行词的定译成先行词的定语:语:“的的”通常译成主句通常译成主句的并列句的并列句关系词的关系词的使用上使用上1.作宾语时可省作宾语时可省略略1.不可省略不可省略2.可用可用that2.不用不用that3.可用可用who代替代替whom3.不可用不可用who代替代替whom限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句限制性定语从句是句中是句中不可缺少的组成部分不可缺少的组成部分,使先行词区别于同类其使先行词区别于同类其他事物;主句和从句之他事物;主句和从句之间间不用逗号不用逗号隔开。隔开。非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句是是对主对主句先行词的补充说明句先行词的补充说明,没,没有这种从句不影响主句意有这种从句不影响主句意思完整。一般思完整。一般用逗号用逗号把主把主句和从句分开。句和从句分开。引导词:关系代词和引导词:关系代词和关系副词,作关系副词,作宾语宾语时时一些关系代词一些关系代词可以省可以省略略引导词:引导词:as,who,whom,whose,which,ofwhich,when,where等,等,不用不用that或或why,不能不能省略省略ReviewIndividual activity注注:另附另附 word word 文档。文档。点击此处链接点击此处链接Iwalkedinourgarden,_TomandJimweretyingabigsignontooneofthetrees.A.whichB.when C.whereD.that1.Jimpassedthedrivingtest,_surprisedeverybodyintheoffice.A.whichB.thatC.thisD.it2.Quiz I:Multiple choice.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthatschool.Itisnolongerwhatitwas20yearsago,_itwassopoorlyequipped.A.whenB.which C.whatD.that3.Theroadconditionsthereturnedouttobeverygood,_wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.itB.whatC.whichD.that 4.Byservingothers,apersonfocusesonsomeoneotherthanhimselforherself,_canbeveryeye-openingandrewarding.A.whoB.whichC.whatD.that5.Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers,_,ofcourse,madetheothersenvy(嫉妒嫉妒)him.A.whoB.thatC.whatD.which6.7.TheywillflytoWashington,_theyplantostayfortwoorthreedays.(2008重庆重庆)A.whereB.thereC.whichD.when8.Thegrowingspeedofaplantisinfluencedbyanumberoffactors,_arebeyondourcontrol.(2008湖南湖南)A.mostofthemB.mostofwhichC.mostofwhatD.mostofthat9.Myfriendshowedmeroundthetown,_wasverykindofhim.(2009全国全国II)A.whichB.thatC.whereD.it10.WheneverImether,_wasfairlyoften,shegreetedmewithasweetsmile.(2009山东山东)A.whoB.whichC.whenD.that11.Aftergraduatingfromcollege,Itooksometimeofftogotravelling,_turnedouttobeawisedecision.(2010四川四川)A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where12.Theschoolshop,_customersaremainlystudents,isclosedfortheholidays.(2011四川四川)A.whichB.whoseC.whenD.where13.TedcamefortheweekendwearingonlysomeshortsandaT-shirt,_isastupidthingtodoinsuchweather.(2011全国全国II)A.thisB.thatC.whatD.which14.Iwalkeduptothetopofthehillwithmyfriend,_weenjoyedasplendidviewofthelake.(2011陕西陕西)A.whichB.whereC.whoD.that15.Salesdirectorisaposition_communicationabilityisjustasimportantassalesskills.(2012重庆重庆)A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where16.Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,_heoftenwas,hewouldforgetallabouteatingorsleeping.(2012北京北京)A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when17.Itisthethirdtimethatshehaswontherace,_hassurprisedusall.(2012陕西陕西)A.thatB.whereC.whichD.what18.Aftertheflooding,peopleweresufferinginthatarea,_urgentlyneededcleanwater,medicineandsheltertosurvive.(2012江苏江苏)A.whichB.whoC.whereD.what19.Nowadayspeoplearemoreconcernedabouttheenvironment_theylive.(2013四川四川)A.whatB.whichC.whenD.where20.Wehavelaunchedanotherman-madesatellite,_isannouncedintodaysnewspaper.(2013天津天津)A.thatB.whichC.whoD.what1.Herearethefarmers.Theydiscoveredtheundergroundcitylastmonth.2.Shegotsoangry.Idontknowthereason.Herearethefarmerswhodiscoveredtheundergroundcitylastmonth.Idontknowthereasonwhyshegotsoangry.Quiz II:合并下列句子。合并下列句子。3.StPetersburgisaverybeautifulcity.ItwasoncecalledLeningrad.4.Irememberthesoldier.HetoldmenottotellanyonewhatIhadseen.StPetersburgisaverybeautifulcity,whichwasoncecalledLeningrad.Irememberthesoldier,whotoldmenottotellanyonewhatIhadseen.5.Thesoldiersmovedtheboxestoamine.Theywantedtohidethem.6.Xianisoneofthefewcitieswithwalls.Itswallsremainasgoodasbefore.Xianisoneofthefewcitiesinwhich/wherewallsremainasgoodasbefore.Thesoldiersmovedtheboxestoamine,wheretheywantedtohidethem.7.TheoldmansawsomeGermanstakingaparttheAmberRoomandremovingit.Youaretalkingtoanoldman.Theoldman(who/whom/that)youaretalkingtosawsomeGermanstakingaparttheAmberRoomandremovingit.1.Thefamousbasketballstar,_isanAmerican,cametoChinayesterday.2.Theyarealwayssmoking,_,ofcourse,willdoharmtotheirhealth.3.Iboughtacaryesterday,_costmealot.whichwhichwhoQuiz III:Fill in the blanks with proper relative words.4.Xian,_Ivisitedlastyear,isaniceoldcity.5.HewillcometoseemenextJuly,_hewontbesobusy.6.Theschool,_Ioncestudied,wasbuiltthirtyyearsago.7._weallknow,heisgoodatEnglish.whichwherewhenAs