高中英语写作系列---按用途划分句子的种类.doc
按用途划分句子的种类句子是最大的句法单位,它表达一个完整的、独立的思想。为了能正确地、恰当地使用句子,我们将句子进行分类。这些不同的分类方法,让我们了解到句子的不同性质,这样我们就能在写作和讲话时,按照需要灵活地选取适合的句子。按用途分,句子可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。陈述句用于陈述观点或事实;疑问句用于提出问题,祈使句用于表达请求或命令;感叹句用于表达较强烈的感情,如喜悦、悲伤、愤怒等。1. 陈述句(Declarative Sentence)陈述句的主要功能是说明事实,分为肯定句和否定句,句末必须使用句号来表示句子的陈述结束。(1)肯定句例:The country's minimum wage is raised.该国最低工资上涨了。A boy stole spotlight from Vice-Premier.副总理遭到小孩抢镜。(2)否定句否定句是一类容易用错的句子。中文的否定形式比较单一,被否定的部分一般紧跟在否定词后,而英语中的否定形式有:全部否定、部分否定、双重否定、形式否定和意义否定,且否定词可能离真正否定的部分很远。全部否定全部否定用not,no,never,neither, none,nothing等否定。表示“完全不是,完全不”。例:He is not an artist.他不是艺术家。No pollution of nature is allowed.不允许污染环境。2部分否定部分否定只否定句子中的某一部分,其他部分仍为肯定,由all,every,always,many,often等与not构成,意为“不全是”、“并非所有”等。例:Not all colors fly at the same speed.不是所有颜色都以同样的速度运行。We all care about nature and the environment, but we may not always do everything we could or should.我们都关心自然和环境,但我们不是总能做到我们能做或者应该做的事情。All of them are not scientists.他们不都是科学家。双重否定在一个句子中同时出现两个带否定意义的词时,这个句子是双重否定句。例:It is impossible not to do the work.不做这件工作是不可能的。We cannot succeed without your help.没有你们的帮助,我们就不能成功。4形否意肯某些句子形式上是否定句,但意义上是肯定句,而且肯定语气更强烈。例:I can't agree with you more.我非常同意你的看法。You cannot be too careful when crossing the street.穿越马路时,再怎么小心也不为过。A student can't read too many books.学生读再多的书也不过分。We are never too old to learn.我们要活到老学到老。形肯意否一些形式上的肯定句,但意义上却是否定的。例:The news is too good to be true.消息太好了,难以置信。The specification lacks detail.这份说明书不够详尽。My husband missed the last bus, so he had to go back home on foot.丈夫没赶上末班公共汽车,所以只好步行回家。The error in calculation escaped the accountant.会计没有注意到这个计算上的错误。2.疑问句(Interrogative Sentence)疑问句的主要功能是提出问题,询问情况,分为一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句和反意疑问句。(1)一般疑问句一般疑问句通常用来询问一件事情是否属实,通常是“yes”或“no”来回答。由肯定的陈述句转化的一般疑问句例:Do you live here?你住这吗?Did the job-hopping season come earlier this year?今年的跳槽潮提前到来了吗?否定的一般疑问句例:Can't domestic films top box office sales?国产电影不是能引领票房吗?Can domestic films not top box office sales?国产电影不能引领票房吗?Isn't Stephen Chow a director?周星驰难道不是导演吗?Is Stephen Chow not a director?周星驰不是导演吗?Haven't the immigrants become Chinese citizens?难道这些移民还没有成为中国公民吗?Have the immigrants become Chinese citizens yet?这些移民还没成为中国公民吗?在回答否定形式的一般疑问句的时候,只需把它当成没有加以否定形式的普通一般疑问句来回答即可。例:Isn't she a model?她难道不是个模特吗?No, she isn't.不,她不是个模特。(错误的回答:Yes,sheisn't.)Is he not a homeless man?他不是流浪者吗?Yes,he is.不,他是流浪者。(错误的回答:No,he is.)(2)选择疑问句选择疑问句提出两个或两个以上可能的答案供对方选择。1选择疑问句的结构比较简单,一般是:(一般疑问句)供选择的第一个部分+or+供选择的另一个部分+?例:Are you an idealist of realist?你是个理想主义者还是现实主义者?Shall we choose to work, or shall we further our education?咱们去择业,还是去深造?选择疑问句还有另外一种结构:(特殊疑问句)供选择的第一个部分+or+供选择的另一个部分+?例:How would you spend your Spring Festivalholiday,go back to your home town or stay where you work or visit your parents-in-law?你想怎样过年呢,回老家,待在你工作的地方还是去拜访你的岳父母?(备选对象为三者)When will you leave for Shanxi, Sunday orMonday?你何时去山西,星期天还是星期一?(备选对象为二者)绝大多数选择疑问句不能用“yes”或“no”回答,但也存在例外。例:Shall we go by bus,or shall we go by train?咱们坐公共汽车,还是乘火车去?No,we shall drive by ourselves.不,我们自驾去那。(3)特殊疑问句以疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词分为两种:疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what疑问副词when,where,why,how当疑问词作主语或主语的定语,即特殊疑问句对主语或主语的定语提问,其语序是陈述句的语序:疑问词(+主语)+谓语动词+其他成分+?例:Who is designing the transparent cell phone?是谁在设计透明手机?Whose opportunity is it to build the world's tallest building in Dubai?谁有机会在迪拜建世界第一高楼?当疑问词作其他成分,即特殊疑问句对其他成分提问,其语序是:疑问词+一般疑问句语序+?例:Which class are you in?你在哪个班?How does the movie go?这部电影的情节是什么样的?(4)反意疑问句反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句,主要有两部分组成:陈述部分+疑问部分两种主要类型:陈述部分(肯定)+疑问部分(否定)陈述部分(否定)+疑问部分(肯定)例:It's cold today,isn't it?今天天气冷,不是吗?He doesn't like it,does he?他不喜欢,是吗?根据疑问对象的不同,反意疑问句疑问部分的主语也随之变化。i当陈述部分的主语是this,that,these,those时,疑问部分的主语分别用it和they。例:This is controversial, isn't it?这是很有争议的,不是吗?These aren't his masterpieces, are they?这些不是他的著作,对吧?ii 当陈述部分的主语是everything,something,anything,nothing时,疑问部分的主语采用it。例:Everything's going to be just fine,isn't it?一切都会好起来的,不是吗?Nothing can change my love for you, can it?没有什么可以改变我对你的爱,对吧?ii当陈述部分的主语是everybody,everyone,somebody,someone, nobody,no one等合成代词时,疑问部分的主语要采用they,在强调个体时也可用he。例:Everybody admired the boy's cleverness, doesn't he/ don't they?人人都羡慕这个孩子的聪慧,不是吗?Nobody realizes how serious the situation is, did they?没人意识到事态的严重性,对吧?iv反意疑问句对there be疑问时,根据其时态选用there be不同的形式。例:There will be no lecture this afternoon, will there?今天下午没有课,是吗?There has been an accident, hasn't there?这发生了一场车祸,是吗?v如果陈述句部分的谓语含有used to,其反问部分既可用use(d)n't,也可用didn't。例:There used to be a garden in front of the house, usedn't there?以前在这座房子前有一个花园,对吧?There used to be a statue here, didn't there?这曾经有一座雕像,是吗?vi反意疑问句对系动词、助动词、情态动词提问时,要分下列几种情况提问。当陈述部分的谓语动词含有系动词、助动词、情态动词时,疑问部分重复这些动词。例:He is a politician, isn't he?他是个政客,对吧?You can manage it, can't you?你能处理这个问题,不是吗?当陈述部分的谓语动词含有情态动词短语had变花。woldraiter, wold itc时,疑向部分相应地例:You'd better read the letter by yourself, hadn't you?你最好自己读这封信,不是吗?He'd rather finish the book earlier, wouldn't he?他宁愿早点完成这本书,不是吗?He'd like to leave this unpleasant place,wouldn't he?他要离开这个让他不快的地方,不是吗?当陈述部分的谓语动词含有情态动词短语have to,had to时,疑问部分分别用don't或didn't。例:Mr. Chen has to get there at eight tomorrow, doesn't he?明天陈先生必须8点到达那儿,不是吗?The migrant labors had to take the early train to where they work, didn't they?农民工们要赶早班火车去他们工作的地方,不是吗?当陈述部分的谓语动词含有情态动词短语ought to时,反意疑问句中用shouldn't或者oughtn't。例:We ought to help each other and learn from each other in our work,oughtn't we?(英国用法)We ought to help each other and learn from each other in our work,shouldn't we?(美国用法)我们应该在工作中互相帮助、互相学习,不是吗?情态动词must的含义较多,根据其在句中不同的含义,反意疑问句也不同。当must表示“必须”时,反意疑问句中用mustn't或needn't例:A good student must finish his/her homework before watching TV,mustn't he/she?A good student must finish his/her homework before watching TV,needn't he/she?一个好学生应该在写完作业后再看电视,是不是?当must not表示“禁止”时,反意疑问句中用may。例:Employers mustn't take out any file from the factory, may they?员工们禁止把任何文件带出工厂,是吗?当must表示肯定的推测,译为“准是,一定是”时,反意疑问句要根据句子的谓语动词来确定。当句子中有明确的表示过去的时间状语时,反意疑问句中可以用haven't或didn't。例:They must be enjoying vacation with pay, aren't they?他们一定是在享受带薪假期,是不是?The new leaders must have made many inspection tours of poverty-hit rural areas, haven't they?新领导们一定在贫困地区做了很多巡访工作。You must have seen the Titanic 3D yesterday evening,didn't you?你们昨晚一定看了3D版的泰坦尼克号了,是吧?3. 祈使句(Imperative Sentence)与陈述句不同,祈使句一般没有主语,谓语为动词原形,用来表达命令、请求、叮嘱、号召等。(1)第二人称祈使句第二人称祈使句通常用来向听话者发出命令,提出要求或建议。这种祈使句的主语you通常不表示出来,而是以动词原形开头。例:Shut up!闭嘴!Don't hesitate!别犹豫!但如果说话时有多人在场,就得把主语表示出来,或加呼语,以便指明是向谁提出请求或发出命令。例:You go first!你们先走!John, play the boss; Daisy,play the secretary!约翰扮演老板,黛西来演秘书!Go,everybody,go!大家加油!有时将主语表示出来是为了加强语气或表示“不高兴”、“厌烦”、“鄙视”等情绪。例:Don't you oversleep again!你可别再睡过头了!You get out of the workshop!你给我从车间滚出去!Mind your own business,you!你少管闲事!(2)第一人称、第三人称祈使句是以第一人称和第三人称代词或者名词等作为祈使的对象,这类祈使句通常以let为引导词表建议。例:Let's get to the point!咱们有话直说吧!Let him take an interview in English.让他接受英语面试。(3)祈使句除用谓语动词表示外,还可用名词、副词、动词短语等表示。例:Help!救命!Patience!耐心点!Quickly!快点!Hands up!举起手来!(4祈使句用于两个重要句型1“祈使句+and+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述肯定的条件。例:Keep silent, keep on working and you will make asuccess!保持沉默,持续努力,你就会成功!2“祈使句+or+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述否定的条件,or表示“否则;要不然”。试比较:Hurry up and you'll catch the train. (=If you hurry up, you'll catch the train.)Hurry up, or you'll miss the train. (=If you don't hurry up, you'll miss the train.)4.感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence)感叹句是一种表示强烈感情的句式,能表达喜悦、愤怒、悲哀、惊奇、厌恶和赞赏的思想感情,一般以what或how起始,以叹号结束,通常有以下五种形式:(1)以what开头的感叹句以what开头的感叹句的结构模式:What +(a)+(形容词)+名词+(主语+谓语)+!例:What a big number of micro blog users (it is)!微博用户的数量真大啊!(2)以how开头的感叹句以how开头的感叹句的结构模式:How+形容词/副词+(主语+谓语)+!例:How intelligent he is!他多么聪明呀!How big a market share Mao-tai has lost since their price fixing fine!价格垄断处罚以后,茅台失去的市场份额很大啊!另外,还有一种省略模式的感叹句:How+主语+谓语+!How she sings!她唱得多好呀!How he does magic tricks!他真会变魔术!(3)以反问句形式出现的感叹句这类感叹句以反问句形式出现,在口语中用降调。例:Isn't his achievement!他的成就真伟大啊!Aren't you studying hard!你学习多用功哪!(4)陈述句形式的感叹句陈述句只要改变原来的语调,即可构成感叹句。表示强烈感叹时用降调;表示惊奇时用升降调。例:It was such a nice party!那是多么好的聚会呀!The garden looks so lovely today!今天花园显得多么可爱呀!The house is on fire!房子着火啦!(5)以单词、短语形式出现的感叹句Jesus!天啊!Good job!做得好!Hero!英雄啊!Look!看!19