高考英语语法之现在完成时讲义.docx

高考英语语法知识点梳理现在完成时用法讲义现在完成时是初中的重要时态，今天我们一起来学习下，内容很详细，各位老师可以直接使用。现在完成时的构成现在完成时由“have(has)+过去分词”构成。has 用于主语是第三人称单数时。（过去分词的构成P122123中“动词的基本形式”）I have just finished my homework. 我刚做完功课I have lived in Guangzhou for more than three years. 我已经在广州住了三年多了。My sister has seen the movie many times. 那部电影我姐姐看过好多次了。现在完成时的否定句和疑问句的构成。否定句：主语+have /has +not+过去分词+其他.说明：have和has常与not 缩写成haven't 和hasn't .I haven't seen much of him recently 最近我没怎么见到他。He hasn't been to Japan.他没有去过日本。一般疑问句： Have /Has +主语+过去分词+其它？肯定回答： Yes.主语+have /has.否定回答： No,主语+have /has not。Have you finished your homework ? 你已经做完家庭作业了吗？Yes, I have (No, I haven't ) 是的 。（不，还没有）-Has he passed the test yet ? 他考试及格了吗-Yes, he has . (No , he hasn't ) 是的。（不，没及格）巩固练习：The bus hasn't arrived yet. (改成肯定句)The bus _ _ _.I have watched the interesting film recently. (改成一般疑问句)_ you _ the interesting films recently?I have already had my breakfast. (改为否定句)I _ had my breakfast _.I have already finished doing my homework. (改为一般疑问句)_ _ finished doing your homework _?She has already worked out that difficult math problem. (改为否定句)She _ worked out that difficult problem _.现在完成时的基本用法现在完成时有两个主要用法，“已完成”用法和“未完成”用法。现在完成时的“已完成”用法“已完成”用法指动作或过程发生在说话之前某个不明确的时间，现在已经完成，但后果或影响至今仍然存在。其重点就是着眼于现在，强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和后果。现在完成时常与表示不确定的时间状语连用，如：yet, just, before , recently ,once ,lately 等，也同表示频率副词连用，如：often ,once ,ever ,never等。 I've forgotten his telephone number.我忘记他的电话号码。（表示现在没法跟他联系） He has already given up smoking .他已经戒烟了。（表示现在已经不抽烟了） How many times have you been to Beijing ?他去过北京几次？ （与表示频率的状语连用）现在完成时的“未完成”用法。“未完成”用法是指它可以表示开始于过去持续到现在（也许还会继续进行下去）的动作或状态。这一用法与“已完成”的用法主要区别在于它通常都要与表示一段时间的状语连用。常用的表示时间的状语有：for.,since(自从),so far (到目前为止)等。如：We have received no news from her for 2years .两年了，我们没有她的一点消息。She has taught us since I came to this school.从我来学校开始她就一直教我们。使用现在完成时应注意的情况瞬间动词（也叫点动词，非延续性动词或终止性动词）表示的动作有一个终点，到了终点就不能再延续，因此不能与表示一段时间的时间状语（如for短语，since短语等）连用，但是可以与表示非持续的时间状语连用。如：His father has died for three years . （ ）【die（死）为瞬间动词，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用他父亲去世已经三年了。 His father died three years ago . （ ）【可以与表示非持续性的时间状语连用I have bought the book for a week . （ ）【buy(买)为瞬间动词，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用这本书我买了一个星期了。 I bought the book a week ago . （ ）【可以与表示非延续性的时间状语连用表示时间段的时间状语时，可以将瞬间动词变为同义的延续性或表状态的动词（短语）。所以，上面两例还可以分别表示为：His father has been dead for three years . be dead (死的)表状态I have had the book for a week . have(拥有)表延续性动作常见的瞬间动词可以转换成表延续状态的词有如下一些：die be dead leave / gobe away (from) come /go back-be backbuyhave borrow-keep make friendsbe friendsopen-be open fall asleepbe asleep marrybe marriedbegin /start be on finish-be over get ready -be readyarrive/ get to /reach /comebe in / be at /stayjoin (the Party)be a (Party) member / be in (the Party )如果出现一段时间时，同时又要保留非延续性动词，则可以用“It is +时间+since+一般过去的句子“句型改写。如上面的句和句可以分别表示为： It is three years since his father died. It is a week since I bought the bookFor+一段时间 ，since+过去的时间巩固练习：用for, since, ago填空。Sally has been away from London _ last Saturday.Our school has changed a lot _ the new building was built.Tommy has had this motorcycle _ three years.I have been in Nanjing _ eight years.My parents has been married since twenty years _.My cousin joined the army three months _.同义句转换1) They borrowed it last week. They _ _it since _ _.I bought a pen two hours ago. I _ _a pen for _ _.He has gone to Beijing. He _ _ _ Beijing for two days.4)He joined the league in 2002.He _ _ a _ _ the _ for two years.My grandpa died in 2002. My grandpa _ _ _for _ _.6）The shop closed two hours ago.The shop _ _ _ for _ _.7）The door opened at six in the morning.The door _ _ _ for six hours.如现在完成时的谓语动词是瞬间动词的否定式，则一般可以和表示一段时间的for短语连用。因为瞬间动词的否定式构成一种状态，而状态是可以持续的。 We haven't met him for a long time .我已经好久没遇到他了。表示“没见到”这一状态 The old man hasn't left home for a month .那位老人已经有一个月未出门了。（表示“足不出户”have (has )been to 与have （has） gone to have （has）been inhave (has) been to 表示“去过某地”，指曾经有过或没有过的一种经历。说话时已从该地回来或已从该地去了其他地方。可以同once，often，never，ever, many times 等连用。have(has )gone to 表示“去某地了”，指说话时某人已不在此地。在去某地的途中或已在某地。所以一般来说此结构只用于主语是第三人称时。试比较：She has gone to Shanghai . 她去北京了（表示她人此刻不在这，在北京的途中或已在北京）She went to Shanghai a year ago 她去过北京。（表示她到过北京这一经历）have (has) been in 表示“已在某地（待了多久）若该地为小地方，则in需要用at代替，当后面跟副词时只用have been，其后不可以用任何介词。 The Greens have been in China for two years . LiLei's aunt has been at this school for two years.The Greens are in China now. They have been here for a half a year.巩固练习 ：用have(has) been 或have(has) gone 填空。A: Where _ Li Fei _?B: He _ to Hainan Island.A: How long _ he _ there? B: He _ there for three days.A: When will he come back, do you know? B: I'm afraid he won't come back recently.A: Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island?B: Sorry, I _ never _ there.A: How many times _ Li Fei _ to that place?B: He _ there only once.学科网（北京）股份有限公司