高中英语语法系列---形容词讲义.doc

形容词形容词用来修饰、说明名词或不定代词，表示人或物的性质、特征和状态。一般说来，以-ly结尾的大多是副词，但例外总是有的，有些以-ly结尾的词不是副词，而是形容词，使用时要加以注意。以-ly结尾的常用形容词有：brotherly 兄弟般的lonely 荒凉的ugly 丑的motherly慈母般的fatherly慈父般的woolly羊毛(制)的Her motherly care gave the girl hope.她慈母般的关怀给那个女孩带来了希望。有些以-ly结尾的词，既可作形容词，也可作副词，如：friendly(友好的；友好地；朋友般地)，lovely(可爱的；漂亮地)，lively(活泼的；活泼地；轻快地)，sickly(多病的；病态地)，silly(傻的；愚蠢地)，likely(可能的；很可能)，deadly(致命的；非常；死一般地)。比较：例词 形容词 副词daily 日常的，每天的 日常地，每天weekly 每周的 每周地monthly 每月的 每月地nightly 每晚的 每晚地yearly 每年的 每年地I read the daily paper daily.我每天都阅读那份日报。1 形容词的语法功能形容词在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语等。1-1 作定语The birds are flying in the blue sky.鸟在蓝天中飞翔。That is a long and wide road.那条路又宽又长。There is nothing cheap in the store.这家商店没有便宜货。1-2 作表语It was rainy yesterday,but today it is sunny.昨天阴雨绵绵，而今天却阳光灿烂。She seems very happy.她似乎很高兴。Her face turned pale.她的脸变得很苍白。1-3 作宾语补足语The news made her sad.那消息使她很伤心。We should keep our rooms clean.我们应该使房间保持清洁。1-4 名词化的形容词可以作主语和宾语1) the + rich“the + rich/poor/young/old/brave/blind/dead/deaf/mute/selfish/unselfish”等形容词表示某一类人，个别还可表示某一类物，成为名词化的形容词，起名词作用。作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。这类词也可以用作宾语。The young are the hope of the country.青年是国家的希望。The rich are not always happy.富人并不总是幸福的。They took good care of the deaf and the mute.他们很好地照顾聋哑人。(作介词宾语)Respect the old and love the young.尊老爱幼。The old will be replaced by the new.旧的东西将被新的东西所代替。提示由and连接的表示两个对立概念的形容词有时可以在句中作主语。Slow and steady wins the race.慢而稳者得胜。Careful and careless are as different as fire andwater.细心和粗心犹如水火之不同。2) the +v-ed以-ed结尾的形容词，如the wounded (受伤者)，the departed (死者)，the accused (受指责的人)等，可以指一个人(谓语动词用单数)或一类人(谓语动词用复数)。但the employed (受雇者)和the unemployed(失业者)，一般指一类人。The wounded was sent to a hospital.那个受伤的人被送往医院了。The wounded were sent to a hospital.那些受伤的人被送往医院了。The unemployed have to make a living by themselves.失业的人不得不自谋生计。3) the + truethe true (真)，the good(善)，the false(假)，the ugly (丑), the beautiful (美)， the bad (恶)等表示抽象概念的词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。People love the true, the good and the beautiful.人们热爱真善美。The false is to be exposed.假的东西应该予以揭露。1-5 常用作表语的形容词1) be asleep某些以a-起首的形容词，一般只作表语，如afraid, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake,aware等。Don't be afraid.别害怕。The fish is still alive.那条鱼还活着。The baby is asleep. 婴儿睡着了。提示1以a-起首的作表语的形容词一般不用very修饰，要用much或very much修饰。比较：They are much alike in their beliefs.他们的信仰非常相似。Tom is much/very much afraid of asking questions.汤姆很害怕问问题。2 asleep, awake, alive, alone 等作定语时要后置，但如果这些形容词有副词修饰，也可前置。the baby awake醒着的婴儿the child asleep酣睡的孩子the fully awake baby 完全醒着的婴儿the half-asleep child半睡半醒的孩子2) be content某些表语形容词用来表示健康状况或感觉反应 content,He isn't feeling well today.他今天觉得不舒服。I'm quite pleased with your answer.我对你的回答相当满意。He is content with his life at present.他对目前的生活很满足。He is eager for knowledge.他渴求知识。You are bound to help him.你理应帮助他。1-6 只能作定语的形容词1)the only way表示强调或特指时，某些形容词只作定语，而不作表语，如 mere, only, sole, sheer, very, utter,principal等。This is the only example I can give you.这是我能给你的唯一例子。He is an utter fool.他是个十足的傻瓜。2) a wooden stool某些源自名词的形容词，只作定语修饰名词。the criminal police/act刑警队/犯罪行为medical college/science/instruments 医学院/医学/医疗器械woolen suit/sweater 毛料衣服/毛线衣(=a sweater made of wool，不能说The sweater is woolen.)a wooden gun一杆木枪3) the outer space以下几个常用的形容词一般只用作定语：upper，latter, outer, inner,main, elder,former等。the upper lip/teeth上唇/上排牙齿one of the upper rooms楼上的一个房间outer walls/space 外墙/外太空inner city/emotions市中心/内心的感情1-7 既可作定语又可作表语的形容词有些形容词在某一意义上只能作定语，而在另一意义上只能作表语。例词 定语 表语病的，生病ill 坏的，邪恶的 的无疑的，确certain 某一，某种 信的late 已故的，前任的 迟到的present 现在的 出席的比较：Her late husband was a painter.她的已故丈夫是个画家。She is late for the film.她看电影来迟了。He has been ill for a long time.他已病很久了。He has an ill temper.他脾气不好。A certain John Smith came to see you this morning.一个名叫约翰·史密斯的今晨来看你。In a certain sense, he is right.在某种意义上，他是对的。I am certain of success. 我确信会成功。She is a fond mother.她是慈母。She is fond of roses.她喜爱玫瑰。He is a born musician.他是个天生的音乐家。He was born poor.他出身贫寒。It's a sorry sight.那是一幅悲惨的景象。He is sorry for the mistake he has made.他对所犯的错误感到懊悔。She is a sick woman.她是个病人。She is sick.她想呕吐。It's a sure proof.这是确凿的证据。It is sure to rain.一定会下雨。After due consideration he accepted the proposal.经过适当考虑，他接受了此项建议。The plane is due to take off at ten.飞机定于10点钟起飞。He is a well man.他是个健康的人。(美式英语)The wound is nearly well.伤快要好了。另外，有些形容词后可以接that从句，但不可接不定式复合结构，这类词有：clear(明显的)，likely(可能的)，certain(当然的，确定的)，probable(可能的)，apparent(明显的)等。It is likely for her to come.(误)It is likely that she will come.(正)她很可能来。It is certain for him to do it.(误)It is certain that he will do it.(正)他肯定会做那件事的。但可以说：She is likely to come this afternoon.她今天下午可能来。提示il 表示“病的，生病的”，前有副词修饰时，可作前置定语。They are mentally ill people.他们是精神病人。2 形容词在句中的位置2-1 形容词放在所修饰的名词前形容词作定语修饰名词时，大多放在名词的前面。几个形容词或修饰语共同修饰一个名词时，应注意先后排列顺序。通常情况是，同被修饰的名词关系最密切的词最靠近名词。一般规则如下：(1)表示形状、大小、长短的形容词位于表示颜色、材料的形容词前a tall red building一幢红色的高楼a big red rose一大朵红玫瑰a little icy bridge一座结冰的小桥a big stone house一所很大的石头房子a round white table 一张圆形的白色桌子wear long and dark hair留着黑色的长发(2)性质形容词位于表示大小、长短、高低的形容词前a pretty little girl一个漂亮的小女孩a cheap small cafe一家廉价的小咖啡馆a dirty narrow street一条又脏又窄的街道但要说：a small useful tool一件小而有用的工具(3)表示颜色、性质的形容词位于表示材料、国籍、产地的形容词前a piece of old black Chinese furniture一件古旧的中国家具a fine new white French vase一个精致的新的白色法国花瓶old brown Russian leather shoes旧的俄国产褐色皮鞋delicious Chinese food可口的中国菜a famous American military academy美国一所著名的军事学院(4)表示材料的形容词位于表示用途的形容词前a wood garden chair一把木制的花园用的椅子a stone kitchen table一张厨房用的石桌(5)表示年龄、新旧、程度的形容词位于表示颜色的形容词前a beautiful new red bookshelf一个漂亮的新的红色的书架A pretty new blue car一辆新的漂亮的蓝色小汽车those old grey stone bridges 那些古老灰色的石桥形容词顺序的再比较：冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词、名词所有格(the, this, my)2序数词(first,tenth,thirtieth)基数词(one,ten，thirty)大小、长短、形状(large, small, long,round)性质、状态(kind, fine, good, useful)新旧、程度(old，new， cool, hot)颜色(red, blue)8国籍(Chinese, Japanese)9材料(stone，brick，iron)名词(man, building)He still remembered the last few unforgettable sunny days on the island.他依然记得在那座岛上度过的令人难忘的最后几个阳光明媚的日子。That is a big stone house.那是一个很大的石头房子。(限定词大小材料)He is reading an interesting Chinese novel.他正在读一本有趣的中文小说。(Chinese比interesting同novel的关系密切)提示两个或两个以上的形容词修饰名词时，除了上面的规则外，还通常把音节短的形容词放在前面，音节长的形容词放在后面。He is a tall and powerful man.他个头高，又健壮。2-2 形容词放在所修饰的名词后1) something easy当形容词修饰不定代词something,anything,everything，nothing,somebody等时，要放在后面。I have something interesting to tell you.我有有趣的事情要告诉你。He has done everything possible to save her.为了挽救她，他已经尽了全力。I have nothing new to tell you.我没有什么新鲜事儿要告诉你。2) who elseelse要放在不定代词或疑问词后面。I have something else to tell you. 我还有别的事情要告诉你。Do you have anything else to say?你还有别的话要说吗？It's too noisy here. Let's go somewhere else. 这儿太吵闹，我们去别的地方吧。Who else wants to go there?还有谁想去那儿？What else did you buy?你还买了别的什么？How else can you solve this problem?你还能用别的方法来解决这个问题吗？提示more 表示“别的，另外的”，放在某些疑问词或不定代词之后，相当于else。Nothing more is needed. 别的什么也不需要了。(=Nothing else)He hasn't anything more to tell you.他没有什么别的要告诉你了。(=anything else)What more do you want?你还要别的什么吗？(=What else)3) all the workers,young and old用and或or连接的形容词短语修饰名词时，通常放在后面。All the workers, young and old, are for the decision.年轻的工人和老工人都支持这项决定。In the sky there hung a moon, round and bright.天空中悬挂着一轮又圆又亮的月亮。All nations, big or small, are equal. 所有的国家不论大小，都是平等的。He has no sister,elder or younger.他没有姐姐，也没有妹妹。提示形容词短语修饰名词时通常要后置。The students suitable for the work will stay here.能做这项工作的学生将留在这里。(相当于 who 引导的定语从句)2多个形容词修饰同一个名词时，有时可用一个作前置定语，而把其他的作后置定语。He stared at the still water,clear and clean.他看着那静止的水，清清的，很洁净。4) a book difficult to read形容词后面有不定式短语或介词短语时，形容词要后置。这种后置的形容词修饰语相当于定语从句。This is a novel (which is) easy to read.这是一本容易读的小说。He is a man (who is) worthy of our praise.他是一个值得我们赞扬的人。These are children short of food and clothing.这些都是缺衣少食的儿童。5)half a mile wide形容词修饰数词短语时，要放在后面。The building is about 200 meters high.这座大楼约有200米高。The street is five miles long.这条大街有5英里长。6) a hall forty meters long and thirty meters wide带有修饰词的形容词，要放在名词后面。It is a hall forty meters long and thirty meters wide.那是一个40米长30米宽的大厅。He has a room big enough for us to sleep in.他有一个足够大的房间可供我们睡。7) the teachers presentpresent和proper在某层意义上作定语时通常放在名词后面。the students present出席的学生，在场的学生Nanjing proper南京市区但：my present address我现在的住址，the present students现在的学生类似的还有一些固定搭配的表达法。Asia Minor小亚细亚president elect当选总统sum total总计the third person singular第三人称单数提示worth也作后置定语，不可作前置定语。She has a car worth over ten thousand dollars.她有一辆车，价值一万多美元。It is a book worth reading twice.这本书值得读两遍。提示alive 等形容词作定语时需后置，参见本章“几个疑难用法”中的第3条。Hopes of finding anyone still alive were fading.找到生还者的希望越来越渺茫。3 形容词的比较等级英语形容词有级的区分。形容词的本来形式为原级，另有比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两类。3-1 规则变化一般在单音节和部分双音节的形容词词尾加-er或-est。大部分双音节和多音节形容词在原级前加more或most。提示1以元音加-y结尾的词，则直接加-er或-est。gay gayer gayestgreygreyergreyest2maximum(最大的)和minimum(最小的)为表示量的一般性形容词，没有比较级和最高级形式。3-2 不规则变化英语中有少数形容词的比较级和最高级的变化是不规则的。见下表：原级 比较级 最高级good, well better bestbad，ill worse worstmany, much more mostlittle, few less leastfar farther, farthest,further furthestold , elder , eldest3-3 形容词比较等级的用法1) older, oldest和elder， eldestolder和oldest 指人的年龄“更大，最大”，也可指事物年代的久远，表示“更旧，最旧”。elder和eldest 指家庭成员之间的长幼关系，指血缘，意为“年龄较长，最长”。另外，elder不可同than连用，而older则可同than连用。His elder brother is a painter.他哥哥是一位画家。His eldest brother is a painter.他的长兄是一位画家。Tom is older than Jim.汤姆比吉姆年龄大。This is the oldest house in the village.这是村中最老的房子。提示在美式英语中，older和oldest 指家庭成员的长幼关系。Mike is her older brother.迈克是她的哥哥。Mary is his oldest daughter.玛丽是他的长女。2) later, latest和latter, lastlater和latest指时间，later意为“较迟，后来”，latest 意为“最近的”。latter和last 指顺序，latter 意为“后者”，同“前者”相对照，常用于“the former·the latter”结构中；latter也表示“后半的，后面的”。last 意为“最后的”。This is the latest news.这是最新消息。He will spend the latter half of the year in New York.他将在纽约度过后半年。Of the two cars the latter is better than the former.那两部车中，后一部比前头那部好。The former is a writer and the latter is a poet.前者是一位作家，后者是一位诗人。She is the last girl to enter the room.她是最后进入房间的女孩。3) farther, farthest和further, furthestfarther, farthest和further, furthest 均可指“距离，时间”，farther和further意为“较远，更往前”，farthest,furthest均可表示“最远，最往前”。但further和furthest还用于指程度，表示抽象概念，further 意为“进一步的”，furthest 意为“更进一步的，更深一层的”。而 farther，farthest 则不可表示程度。He lives at the farther/further end of the street.他住在街道的那一头。He went farther/further into the woods. 他向树林更深处走。They will make further investigation.他们将作进一步的调查。What's the farthest/furthest place you've been to?你到过的最远的地方是哪里？4) as+原级+as这种结构表示同级比较，也就是表示两个人或物在性质上相等或程度上相同。This book is as interesting as that one.这本书同那本书一样有趣。Helen is as tall as Mary.海伦同玛丽一样高。提示1表示甲在某方面不及乙时，用“not as/so+原级+as”结构。He is not as clever as she.他没有她聪明。It is not so cold today as it was yesterday. 今天没有昨天冷。该结构可用nearly, just, quite, twice, five times,not half,not nearly 等修饰。This pencil is twice as long as that one.这支铅笔是那支铅笔的两倍长。John is almost as tall as his sister. 约翰几乎跟他姐姐一样高。5)比较级+than这种结构表示两个人或物“一个比另一个(更).”。He is older than I am.他年龄比我大。They will make more TV sets this month than they did last month.他们这个月生产的电视机将比上个月多。I have never seen a bigger fish than this. 我从未见过比这更大的鱼。=This is the biggest fish I have ever seen.提示比较：She loves music more than him.她喜爱音乐胜于爱他。(=She loves music more than she loves him.)She loves music more than he.她比他更喜爱音乐。(=She loves music more than he loves music.)2 junior年少的，senior年长的，inferior 低下的，superior优越的，这几个词要用to表示比较，不可用than。Tom is junior to Henry.汤姆比亨利年龄小。6) less·than如果把两个人或物从较差的方面进行比较，常用“less··than”结构。He gave me less money than he gave her.他给我的钱比给她的钱少。It is less cold in Nanjing than in Beijing in winter.冬天的南京没有北京冷。(不可说less colder，因为less已经表示是比较级，后面的形容词要用原级)He looks less young than you (do).他看上去不如你年轻。提示lesser一词虽由less+er构成，它后面不跟than结构作比较，该词作形容词时只作定语，意为“较小的，更少的，次要的”。the flour mills,textile mills and lesser industries面粉厂、纺织厂和其他较小企业a lesser problem一个次要问题to alesser extent在较低/较小程度上Let me take the lesser of the two.我拿较小的那个。7) the+比较级，the+比较级这种结构表示“越越”。The bigger the bottle is, the more water it will hold.瓶子越大，装的水越多。The more money you give him,the happier he is.你给他的钱越多，他越高兴。提示1在这种结构中，“the+比较级”要放在句首。如果“the+比较级”修饰名词作定语，名词要紧跟在比较级之后。如果“the+比较级”作表语或状语，要连同表语或状语一起放在句首。比较：他得到的钱越多越想要。The more money he gets, the more he wants.(正)The more he gets money, the more he wants.(误)他走得越远，遇见的人越少。The farther away he walked, the fewer people he met. (正)The farther he walked away, the fewer he metpeople.(误)8)比较级+and+比较级这种结构用于强调人或物的发展或成长过程，意为“越来····越”，一般不接than。The weather is getting colder and colder.天气变得越来越冷了。He ran faster and faster.他跑得越来越快。9)the taller of the two形容词比较级前面一般不加定冠词，但是如果比较级后面没有than，而是紧跟of the two结构，则要加定冠词。He is the taller of the two. 他是两者中较高的一个。Which is the better of the two?两者中哪一个更好？10) much better还是very better比较级前可以用表示数量或程度的词修饰，这些词常用的有even, far, a lot, a little, much, still, no, a great deal, by far, rather, twice, three times, hardly any, somewhat, 10 %, slightly 等。但比较级不可用very修饰。He felt no better today.他今天的感觉并没有好一些。Tom is half a head taller than she.汤姆比她高半个头。This coat is far cheaper than that coat.这件大衣比那件大衣便宜得多。That car runs a little faster.那部车跑得稍快一点。She is by far better actress/the better actress byfar.她是个优秀得多的女演员。Hearing the news, Tom became even moredepressed.听到这个消息，汤姆更加沮丧了。11) n times + as +原级+ as这种结构表示“大小/数量等是······的n倍”。This book is three times as thick as that one.这本书比那本书厚2倍。(是······的3倍)This lake is twice as wide as that lake.这个湖比那个湖宽1倍。(是那个湖的2倍宽)12) n times+比较级+ than这种结构表示“比······大/多n-1倍”。This park is four times bigger than that park.这个公园比那个公园大3倍。(是····的4倍)提示表示“比·····大/多几倍”还可用x times over，x times that of,x times as against,double(2倍).treble(3倍)等表示，还可用“数词 + fold”表示。13) any other+名词和any+名词两种相同的事物在同一范围内进行比较时，than后的名词用单数或复数均可，但要加 any other 之类的词。这座大楼比该市其他大楼都高。This building is taller than any other building in the city.This building is taller than the other buildings in the city.This building is taller than the rest of the buildings in the city.This building is the tallest of the buildings in the city.钢比别的任何金属都更有用。Steel is more useful than any metal.(误)Steel is more useful than any other metal. (正)提示两种相同事物在不同范围内进行比较，或者两种不同事物在同一范围内进行比较，只能用any，不能用any other。The fish in this lake is more delicious than any fish in the ocean. 这个湖里的鱼比海洋中的任何鱼都鲜美可口。She is cleverer than any boy in that class.她比那班上任何男孩都聪明。He is cleverer than any other student (s) in his class. 他比他班上任何别的学生都聪明。(他是班上学生中的一员，同一范围内的比较，需用 any other与其他学生加以区分)14) no more than和not more thanno more than=only，意为“不过，仅仅”，表示“少”的意思；not more than=at most，意为“最多，至多”，有“也许不到”的意思，应注意它们所表示的确切含义。比较：I have learnt no more than twenty new words this week. 我这个星期才学了20个生词。(强调少，只有20个)I can learn not more than twenty new words thisweek.我这个星期最多只能学20个生词。(也许不到20个)She spent no more than fifty dollars on the co