高中英语语法系列--数词讲义.doc
数词1 基数词数词是表示数目和顺序的词,分为基数词和序数词两种。基数词表示数量,序数词表示顺序。1-1 最基本的基数词下表是英语中最基本的基数词,其他的基数词均由这些词组合成。1 one, 2 two, 3 three,4 four,5第一组 five,6 six,7 seven,8 eight,9nine, 10 ten,11 eleven,12 twelve13 thirteen,14 fourteen,15第二组 fifteen,16 sixteen, 17 seventeen,18 eighteen, 19 nineteen20 twenty,21 twenty-one,30第三组 thirty, 40 forty,50 fifty,60 sixty,70 seventy,80 eighty,90 ninety100 a/one hundred (百),1, 000 athousand (千),10,000 tenthousand (万),100, 000 one第四组 hundred thousand(十万),1,000,000 one million(百万),10,000,000 ten million(千万),100,000,000 one hundred million(亿),1,000,000, 000 one billion(美、法:千亿;英、德:方花,近年来英国日趋把billion作十亿用),one milliard(十亿)1-2 基数词的构成方法及注意要点1)-teen从13到19的基数词加-teen构成(参见上表第二组)。但要注意,13是thirteen,要把three改为thir+teen, 15是fifteen,要把five改为fif+teen,18是eighteen,省去原来的字母t。2)-ty从20到90的整十位数加-ty构成(参见上表中第三组)。但要注意,40是forty,不是fourty,50是fifty,80是eighty。3)两位数词两位数词的构成方式为:“十位数-个位数”,中间用连字号连接。21twenty-one 33thirty-three 46forty-six98>ninety-eight4)三位数词三位数词的构成方式为:百位+and+十位和个位,百位+and+(无十位)个位。这时,数词“百”一概用单数形式。101one hundred and one355three hundred and fifty-five789seven hundred and eighty-nine提示在美国用法中,这种用法的and往往省略。5)四位数词四位和四位以上的数词依次为:thousand(千),million(百万),billion(十亿)。四位以上的数字每三位数为一段,用逗号分开,从后向前数,用 and连接最后的十位数或个位数,构成方式为:“x thousand, x hundred and 十位和个位”或“x thousand x hundred and个位”。另外,英语中没有“万”一词,表示“万”要用 thousand,如“两万人”要说成twenty thousand people。1, 003a/one thousand and three8, 672 eight thousand six hundred and seventy-two75,795 seventy-five thousand seven hundred and ninety-five577, 826five hundred and seventy-seven thousand eight hundred and twenty-six22, 535, 614 twenty-two million five hundred and thirty-five thousand six hundred and fourteen提示表示具体的确切数目时,hundred, thousand,million后不可加-s。例 如:900名 学 生:nine hundred students (正)nine hundreds students(误)。但如果是表示概指,意为“数百,成千”等,要加-s。例如:成百上千的工人hundreds and thousands of workers,数以万计的图书tens of thousands of books,百万大军thousands of thousands of soldiers2 序数词1)-th个位数的序数词个位数的序数词是在原基数词后加-th。第4fourth第6sixth第7seventh第10tenth但要注意,有六个个位序数词是不规则的,或是有特殊形式,或是字母有变动,它们是:第1fitst第2second第3third第5fifth第8eighth第9ninth2)-th从11到19的序数词从11到19的序数词是在原基数词后加-th。第11eleventh第15fifteenth但有一个例外,“第12”是twelfth,词中字母有变化。3)十位整数序数词十位整数序数词(如第20,第30)的构成方法是:把相应基数词词尾的y变为i,再加-eth,没有例外。第20twentieth(twenty)第50fiftieth(fifty)4)两位序数词两位或两位以上的基数词变为序数词时,只需把末位数词变为序数词,前面的其他数词仍用基数词。第21twenty-first(21st)第53fifty-third(53rd)第99ninety-ninth(99th)第152a hundred and fifty-second (152nd)第1,906one thousand nine hundred and sixth (1906th)第3, 888three thousand eight hundred and eighty-eighth(3888th)提示序数词的缩写形式为:阿拉伯数字+序数词的最后两个字母。例如:first1st, second2nd,third3rd, fifty-fifth55th。3 分数词1)分子基数词,分母序数词分数词是由基数词和序数词共同构成的,分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子是1时,作分母的序数词用单数,如果分子大于1,作分母的序数词要用复数形式。1/3>a/one third1/6>a/one sixth 2/3two thirds6/100>six hundredths2) half和quarter有些分数词也可用half和quarter表示。1/2a/one half(不说one second)1/4a/one quarter3/4three quarters/three fourths提示口语中用a half/third/fourth比用 one half/third/fourth普遍。3)带分数带分数中的整数用基数词表示,加and同分数词隔开。31 three and a half3-2 /4 three and two quarters52 five and two thirds29万 1twenty-nine and one fifth提示用分数词作定语修饰名词时,基数词和序数词之间要加连字号“-”,分数词单独使用或相当于名词时,用不用连字号都可以。三分之一英里a one-third mile三分之二的多数a two-thirds majority四分之三的钱 three-quarters(three quarters) of the money表示“几分之几”的具体东西时,要用“分数词+of+名词”结构。5/8 inchfive eighths of an inch八分之五英3/5 footthree fifths of a foot 五分之三英尺表示“几次方,乘方”时,指数用序数词,底数用基数词。10°the fifth power of ten (=ten to the fifth power)61°the tenth power of six (=six to the tenth power)10°the ninth power of ten (=ten to the ninth power)x*=y(x的4次方是y。)The fourth power of x is y.4 小数的表示法小数中的数词只用基数词,小数点“.”读作point,前后的数字应一一读出。0读作nought(美)或zero,或读作o u。0.7nought point seven/zero point seven/o point seven0.008nought point nought nought eight8.35eight point three five5 百分数的表示法百分数的表达结构为:基数词+percent。百分数常同by连用,作状语。The grain output has increased by 20% this year.今年粮食产量增加了20%。The price was reduced by 5%.物价下降了5%。Inflation is up by 2%.通货膨胀上涨了2%。6 数学算式的表示法表示加、减、乘、除的数学算式均用基数词,分别 为:plus(加),minus (减),times(乘),divided by(除)。7 币制表示法1C(1美分)one cent/one penny1p (1便士)one penny/onep5p(5便士)five pence/five p£3.75 (3英镑75便士)three pounds seventy-five pence$1.25(1美元25美分)one dollar twenty- five/one twenty-five半美元half-dollar/fifty cents25便士半twenty-five and a half pence提示penny有两种复数形式:pennies,pence。1在英国,pennies指一个一个的值一便士的硬币,pence指数额。twelve pennies 12个1便士的硬币twelve pence 12便士(的数额)Please give me six pennies for this six pence.请给我把这个6便士换成6个1便士的硬币。2在美国,通常用pennies指数额,不用pence。He gave the beggar twenty pennies.他给了那个乞丐20便士。8 倍数表示法表示“2倍”,用 double,twice,twofold,但不可用 two times;表示“3倍”或“3倍以上”,用“数词+times”,也可用“数词+fold”。You are twice her age.你比她的年龄大1倍。She is double my age.她的年龄是我的2倍。The price has doubled in the past few years.价格在过去几年里上涨了1倍。(作动词)This river is twice as wide as that one.这条河比那条河宽1倍。(是·····的2倍宽)This dictionary is three times as thick as that one.这部词典是那部词典的3倍厚。(比······厚2倍)The value of the house has increased four times/ four fold since 2001.房价自2001年以来增加了3倍。(是原来的4倍)Output of cotton is five times as great as that of last year.棉花产量比去年增加了4倍。(是去年的5倍)9 温度表示法英语中表示温度,用zero 表示“零度”,zero point 表示“零点”,point 表示“小数点”,degree 表示“度”,centigrade 表示“摄氏”,minus 表示“负”。5(5摄氏度)five degrees centigrade 35 (35摄氏度) thirty-five degrees centigrade25.5(25.5摄氏度)twenty-five point five degrees centigrade28以上twenty-eight degrees over/above zero-5(零下5摄氏度)five degrees below zero (minus five degrees centigrade)-42(零下42摄氏度)forty-two below zero (minus forty-two degrees centigrade)零度 zero degrees/zero degree零下5摄氏度five degrees below zerobelow freezing 零度以下 above freezing零度以上10 度量表示法pound磅(略作lb.)ton吨kilogram千克kilometer千米foot英尺inch 英寸 meter米centimeter 厘米yard码ounce盎司一间长6米宽5米的房间a room 6m by 5m一间宽40英尺长80英尺的教室a classroom 40 feet by 80 (feet)这头猪重150磅。This pig weighs 150 pounds.This pig is 150 pounds in weight.这口井深达50米。This well is fifty meters deep.This well is fifty meters in depth.他身高5英尺6英寸。He is five foot /feet six inches.He is a five-foot six-inch man.He is five feet six inches in height.11 时刻、时间、编号等的表示法英语中表示时刻均用基数词。1)表示“整点”现在8点钟。It is eight(o'clock).他上午10点钟离开的。He left at ten (o'clock)in the morning.2)分钟+past/after+小时表示“几点几分”,不超过30分钟,包括半小时在内,用“分钟+past(英美通用)”或“after(美)+小时”结构。5点20分twenty(minutes) past/after five8点半half past eight提示如果分钟数不是以五递进的数字,一般应写出、读出minute。例如:8:07seven minutes past/ after eight3)所差分钟+to+下一钟点表示“几点几分”,超过30分钟,要用 to,表示“差多少分到下一钟点”,结构为“到下一钟点所差的分钟数+to+下一钟点”。8点35分twenty-five to(英美通用)/of(美)nine11点50分ten to twelve12点50分ten to one提示“几点几分”也可以按数字的顺序直接说出。7点25分seven twenty-five4)“几刻钟”的表示法“1刻”即15分钟,用quarter表示。2点3刻three guarters past two5)“某日上、下午几点钟”的表示法英语中在整点或分钟后用a. m.表示上午;用p. m. 表示下午。上午8点8:00 a. m. (读作eight a. m.)下午5点25分5:25 p. m. (读作 five twenty- five p. m.)提示o'clock只用于表示整点后,不可用于分钟后。在9点钟at nine o'clock在11点20分at twenty past eleven(不可说成at twenty past eleven o'clock)2a. m.和o'clock 都可用于整点后,但两者不可同时使用。在下午4点钟at four p. m. (不可说at four o'clock p. m.)a quarter 表示15分钟,half表示30分钟,不可用fifteen 代替 a quarter,也不可用thirty代替half。比较下面的结构:(a) quarter past seven(正) half past eight (正)7:15 fifteen past seven(误) 8:30 thirty past eight (误但:seven fifteen(正) 但:eight thirty(正)6)年、月、日、星期的表示法(1)某年“某年”用基数词表示,分两位一读。1998年nineteen ninety-eight1990年nineteen hundred ninety2005年two thousand and five2012年twenty twelve2020年two thousand and twenty(2)月份月份的名称第一个字母要大写,大多有缩写式。1月January(Jan.)2月February (Feb.)3月March(Mar.)4月April(Apr.)5月May6月June7月July8月August(Aug.)9月September(Sept.)10月October (Oct.)11月November (Nov.)12月December(Dec.)(3)某月中的某日某月中的“某日”用序数词,序数词前可以加the,也可以不加。5月1日 May (the) firstthe first of May 7月15日- July (the) fifteenththe fifteenth of July提示英语中年、月、日的读法顺序是:先读月、日,后读年。例如:2008年7月1日读作July (the) first,two thousand and eight(写作July1,2008)。在以阿拉伯数字表示某年某月时,英美人表达习惯不一样。例如:1/8,英国人习惯读成August(the) first,而美国人则习惯读成January(the)eighth。(4)公元的表示法“公元前”用B.C.表示,“公元后”用A.D.表示。公元前608年读作:six O eight B. C.或six hundred and eight B. C. (写作:608 B. C.)公元452年读作:four five two A. D. 或four hundred and fifty-two A. D.(写作:452 A. D. 或A. D. 452)(5)世纪、年代的表示法“第几世纪”用序数词表示,“多少年代”用整十位数的基数词复数形式表示。21世纪读作:the twenty-first century (写作: the 21st century)20世纪90年代读作:the nineties of the twentieth century (写作:the nineties/90's/90s of the 20th century)(6)周日周日的起首字母要大写,并有缩写式。星期天Sunday(Sun.)星期一Monday(Mon.)星期二Tuesday(Tue.)星期三Wednesday(Wed.)星期四Thursday(Thu.)星期五Friday(Fri.)星期六Saturday (Sat.)提示表示周日用on。on Sunday在星期天on Friday morning在星期五早上2表示月份、年代用in。in May在五月in 2003在2003年in the sixties of the twentieth century在20世纪60年代表示时刻用at。at four o'clock在4点钟at six in the afternoon在下午6点钟7)编号的表示法(1)编号一般用基数词结构: 名词+基数词L 第18号Number 18(读 作:number eighteen,缩写为No. 18)203房间Room 203或 Room No. 203或the No. 203 Room (读作:two 0 three)第5路公共汽车Bus 5或 Bus No. 5或the No. 5 Bus第一中学(the) No. 1 Middle School第210页 Page 210 (读作:page two hundred and ten)第5行Line 5(读作 line five 或 the fifth line)电 话:025-34848488 Telephone No.025-34848488 (读作: zero, two, five, (dash),three four eight four eight four eight eight 或 zero, two, five, (dash), three four eight four eight four double eight)中山路1888号1888 Zhongshan Road邮政编码210094postcode 或 zip code 210094(读作:two-one-0-0-nine-four)(2)如果数字较小,编号可用基数词和序数词两种形式,但结构不同结构: ,名词+基数词the+序数词+名词第八课Lesson Eight或the Eighth Lesson第三部分part three 或 the third part第六段paragraph six或 the sixth paragraph第11页page eleven或the eleventh page第二次世界大战World War Two或the Second World War英王乔治六世King George VI(读作 King George the sixth)拿破仑三世Napoleon (读作 Napoleon the third)8)某人“几十岁”的表示法表示某人“几十岁”,要用基数词的复数形式。例如:20几岁in one's twenties40出头in one's early forties快50岁in one's late forties50多岁in one's fifties65岁左右in one's mid sixties提示“十几岁”要用in one's teens,不可说in one'stens。12 数词的用法1)作主语Three plus/and five is/are eight. 3 + 5=8.The first of October is our National Day.10月1日是我们的国庆节。2)作宾语The cost has been reduced to less than 20%.成本降低到20%以下。She likes the second (picture).她喜欢第2张(画)。He goes to school at seven every day.他每天7点钟上学。(介词宾语)3)作定语He bought three English books last month.他上个月买了3本英语书。Her room is on the fourth floor.她的房间在四楼。The output value has registered a 20 percent increase over last year.产值比去年增加了20%。提示基数词常修饰表示度量衡单位的名词作定语。60米宽sixty meters wide10米高ten meters high200码two hundred yards4)作表语It is ten o'clock now.现在10点钟。He was the first to come. 他是第一个来的。5)作状语Their school is twice as big as ours. 他们的学校是我们学校的2倍。(比······大1倍)This river is ten times longer than that river.这条河的长度是那条河的10倍。(比······长9倍)This road is one-third wider than that one.这条路比那条路宽1/3。She came out first in the match.她在比赛中获得第一名。6)作同位语You three can live in the room.你们3人可以住在这个房间里。Who is that girl,the first in the second row?第二排第一个女孩是谁?提示英语中有些固定词组是由基数词或序数词构成的,这类词组在句中可作状语等。They are taking a walk in the park in twos and threes. 他们三三两两地在公园里散步。The students came into the hall one by one.学生们一个一个地进入大厅。Everything in the house is at sixes and sevens.房子里乱七八糟。Trouble always comes in threes.麻烦总是接二连三地到来。He will fly first class.他将坐飞机的头等舱。2基数词可以用作名词。There are five twos in ten.10里面含有5个2。“How would you like your money?"“In fives please.”“你要票额多少的钱?”“请给我5元一张的吧。”3序数词前不用定冠词the的情况。序数词前一般要加定冠词 the,但在下面几种情况下不可用the 或可省略the:某些固定搭配或短语中;序数词前有物主代词时;序数词加名词构成复合形容词时;序数词表示“又一,再一”时;表达几月几号。come out first得第一名take/gain first place 获得冠军from first to last 从头至尾a second-hand car二手车April (the) tenth 4月10号try a second time再试一次every sixth day每隔5天,每6天my first day in school我上学的第一天13 几个疑难用法1) dozen的结构dozen意为“一打,12个”,常见结构如下:a dozen一打,a dozen or so+复数名词十几个,dozens of几十个,许多。dozens of times(许多次),for dozens of years(好几十年)。two/many/several dozen+复数名词两/许多/数打。Two dozen eggs(两打鸡蛋),several dozen pencils(几打铅笔)。注意:dozen 与确指数词或 many,several连用时,要用单数形式,如不可说two dozens eggs。比较:Some dozens of students are sitting on the grass.有几十个学生在草地上坐着。(some表示“一些”)Some dozen (of) students are sitting on the grass.大约有12个学生在草地上坐着。(some 表示“大约”)She bought several dozen of these pencils.(正)她买了几打这样的铅笔。(pencils前为these 修饰,同 dozen 之间要用of)She bought several dozen these pencils. (误)2) score的结构score意为“20”,常见结构如下:a score20个,as core or so20多个,(many/several/a few) scores of+复数名词许多,数十个。例如:scores of people(许多人), scores of times(许多次)。a score of+复数名词20。例如:a score of years(20年), a score of people(20人),a score of them(他们中的20个)。two score+of+复数名词。例如:two score of chairs (40把椅子),four score of books(80本书)。注意:score 与确指数词连用时,要用单数形式,如不可说two scores of chairs。3) hundred 的结构hundred意为“百”,常见结构如下:a/one hundred 100, several (some) hundred (s) of+复数名词几百。例如:some hundreds of trees(几百棵树)。这种结构中的hundred常用复数,也可用单数。hundreds of+复数名词许多,数以百计。例如:hundreds of flowers(许许多多的花)。hundreds of 等表示泛指的数目,不可被确指的数词修饰,但可用several, a few,many等表示概指的词修饰。这类数目词还有:tens of 数十tens of hundreds of数千a few hundreds of 数百thousands of 数千millions of数百万millions of millions of 数百万的many millions of好几百万thousands of millions of千千万万的tens of thousands of 数万hundreds of hundreds of成百成百的several thousands of数千thousands of thousands of 成千上万的25