最新大学英语六级考试写作应试指导PPT课件.ppt

大学英语六级考试写作应大学英语六级考试写作应试指导试指导 大学英语六级考试写作应试指导大学英语六级考试写作应试指导一、概述一、概述 教育部1999年最新六级考试大纲对写作的具体要求是：能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时做笔记、回答问题和写提纲，能就一定的话题或提纲在半小时内写出120-150词的短文，能写通知或便条，表达意思清楚，无重大语言错误。纵观近10年的大学英语六级考试，作文内容偏重工作、学习、交通及社会文化等方面的问题。考试形式中，给出英文题目和中文提纲式作文占68.4%，图表作文21%，给出英文题目及中文提示作文5.3%大学英语六级考试作文评分原则来取总体评分，就文章的总体印象给分及奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。如14分作文的标准是：切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误。此外，大学英语考试委员会从1997年6月起，正式实施了“作文最低分”的规定：作文分大于0分，小于6分，在计算成绩时要在总分中减去6分；如果作文得10分，则最后成绩一律计为59分。5介绍环境式的开头即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是:It was a rainy and windy morning.The sky was gloomy,the temperature was low,and the street was nearly empty.I was on my way back to school.Suddenly,a speeding car came round the corner.6交待写作目的的开头。在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。如“Pollution Control”(控制污染)的开头：In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.英语中有哪些基本句式英语中有哪些基本句式?S十V主谓结构S十V十F主系表结构S十V十O主谓宾结构S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构 说明：S主语；V谓语；P表语；O宾语；O1间接宾语；O2直接宾语；C宾语补足语 五个基本句式详细解释如下：1S十十V句式句式在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi)。例如：He runs quickly他跑得快。They listened carefully他们听得很仔细。He suffered from cold and hunger他挨冻受饿。China belongs to the third world country中国属于第三世界国家。The gas has given out煤气用完了。My ink has run out我的钢笔水用完了。2S十十V十十P句式句式在此句式中，V是系动词(link v)，常见的系动词有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，become，turn等。例如：He is older than he looks他比看上去要老。He seen interested in the book他似乎对这本书感兴趣。The story sounds interesting这个故事听起来有趣。The desk feels hard书桌摸起来很硬。The cake tastes nice饼尝起来很香。The flowers smell sweet and nicc花闻起来香甜。You have grown taller than before你长得比以前高了。He has suddenly fallen ill他突然病倒了。He stood quite still他静静地站看。He becomes a teacher when he grew up他长大后当了教师。He could never turn traitor to his country他永远不会背叛他的祖国。注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO句式，例如：He looked me up and down他上下打量我。He reached his hand to feel the elephant他伸出手来摸象。They are tasting the fish他们在品尝鱼。They grow rice in their home town他们在家乡种水稻。Hes got a chair to sit on他有椅子坐。Please turn the sentence into English请把这个句于泽成英语。3S十十V十十O句式句式在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt)，因此有宾语。例如：I saw a film yesterday我昨天看了一部电影。Have you read the story?你读过这个故事吗?They found their home easily他们很容易找到他们的家。They built a house last year他们去年建了一所房子。Theyve put up a factory in the village他们在村里建了一座工厂。They have taken good care of the children这些孩子他们照看得很好。You should look after your children well你应该好好照看你的孩子。4S十十V十十O1十十O2句式句式在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。例如：He gave me a book/a book to me他给我一本书。He brought me a pen/a pen to me他带给我一枝钢笔。He offered me his seat/his seat to me他把座位让给我。注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：Mother bought me a book/a book for me.妈妈给我买了一本书。He got me a chair/a chair for me他给我弄了一把椅子。Please do me a favor/a favor for me请帮我一下。He asked me a question/a question of me他问我个问题。注意，下边动词只有一种说法：注意，下边动词只有一种说法：They robbed the old man of his money他们抢了老人的钱。Hes warned me of the danger.他警告我注意危险。The doctor has cured him of his disease医生治好了他的病。We must rid the house of the rats我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。They deprived him of his right to speak他们剥夺了他说话的权利。5S十十V十十O十十C句式句式在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。They made the girl angry他们使这个女孩生气了。They found her happy that day他们发现那天她很高兴。I found him out我发现他出去了。I saw him in我见他在家。They saw a foot mark in the sand他们发现沙地上有脚印。They named the boy Charlie他们给这个男孩起名为查理。I saw him come in and go out我见他进来又出去。They felt the car moving fast他们感到汽车行驶得很快。I heard the glass broken just now我刚才听到玻璃碎了。He found the doctor of study closed to him他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。怎样写好英语句子（一）怎样写好英语句子（一）学生的作文主要有以下几个方面的问题：第一、英语底子太薄。第二、词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。第三、表达思想不清楚。下面我们以考生的实际作文来进行一下分析。1）Some one consider that fresh water will not touch its end.(96年1月，2分)2）One mans life lack of money,he will impossible to live on.（95年1月，5分）3）As is know,that there are much fake commodities in todays society.(97年12月，6分)这里引述的例句与考生通篇作文的写作水平是一致的，其中5、6分的例句具有典型性，代表了近乎中等水平考生的写作水平。从这些例句中不难看出，中等水平的考生，事实上也包括中上等水平的考生，在写作上存在的主要问题是表达思想不清楚。表达思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中严重汉化的英语，即中式英语，比如：man can live happiness，Man is iron,and food is steel.,Women are half side sky.“。此外，语言错误的普遍性和严重性十分惊人，比如，主谓不一致，名词单复数不分，动词时态语态滥用，常用词拼写错误比比皆是。这些严重地影响了思想的表达。考试实践表明，多数考生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法，而是最基本的单句写作能力。文章无论长短，都是由句子组成的，句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此，句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚，将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。大学英语四、六级考试和研究生入学英语考试的实践都表明，考生写作成绩长期得不到明显提高的主要原因是欠缺写好单句的能力。否定结构否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词，be和have后面加not之外，还有许多不含not的否定结构。若能正确使用他们，文章会显得生动活泼，增加写作的闪光点。下面我们就来看看:1 含有否定意义的词汇和短语以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义，因此无需用否定词。介词against,beyond,but,except,without,.形容词和动词absent,deny,differ,different,fail,free,ignore,miss,refuse,the last,used to,reluctant,lack,want,.短语keep.from,protect.from,prevent.from,let alone,at a loss,in vain,instead of,out of the question,rather than,too.to,by no means,anything but,.我们看以下例句：1）Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries.在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利。2）This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis.这不是解决能源危机的最好的办法。3）We should protect trees from being destroyed.我们应保护树木，不让它们受破坏。4）In old China we could not make a nail,let alone(make)machines.在旧中国，我们连一个钉子都造不了，更不用说制造机器了。2 含有半否定意义的词语barely,hardly,few,little,rarely,scarcely,seldom,not all,not everyone,not everything,.具有半否定的意义。例句：1）We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago.几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。2）These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来读。3 不含否定意义的否定结构 有些词和词组形式上是否定结构，但其含义是肯定的，比如：cannot but,cant help,no sooner.than,not.until,in no time,none other than,nothing but,等等。例句：1）We cant but face the reality.我们只有面对现实。2）These old buildings will be replaced by modern apartment buildings in no time.这些旧建筑将很快为现代化的公寓所代替。4 否定结构的倒装语序我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在句首，这时句子结构应倒装。例如：1）On no account should we follow blindly.我们决不应当盲从。2）No where has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in ourcountry.没有任何其他地方有我国这样高的学习热情。五、含有it的结构考生病句：1.As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society.2.It is known to us,practice makes perfect.正确表达：1.It is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society.(或:As is known to all of us,science.)2.It is known to us that practice makes perfect.(或:As is known to us,practice.)评议与分析：很显然，两个考生混淆了it和as的用法。如果用it作形式主语，后面的主语从句必须由that引起；如果用as，则后面不能用that，因为as是关系代词，代表practice makes perfect。It 在英语中是个相当活跃的代词，在写作中我们常要使用它。以下几种用法应熟练掌握，并能灵活运用。1作形式主语It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully.It makes difference whether we could purify the air or not.2.作形式宾语We find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that.Modern science has made it possible for babies to grow healthily and for people to live longer.3.引导强调句It is only by this way that we can achieve success.It was then that people began to realize the importance of controlling population.从语法结构来看，上述的句子都不难，或者可以说是考生相当熟悉的。然而在写作考试中，多数考生缺乏运用自己已掌握的句式的意识，而以自己头脑中拼凑的中式英语取而代之。其实，只要能恰当地运用上述的任何一个句式，考生的作文就会出现闪光点，就会取得比较好的成绩。怎样写好英语句子（二）怎样写好英语句子（二）二、比较结构考生病句：1.Comparing with the bike,the car runs much faster.2.The climate in Walton is colder than other cities.正确表达：1.Compared with the bike,the car runs much faster.2.The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities.在例1中，对两个事物进行比较的句式为Compared with A,B.,只能用compare的过去分词，不能用现在分词，因为B是分词的逻辑主语，只能被比较。在例2中，考生误将“天气”与“城市”进行比较，而二者没有可比性，只有将后者改为“其他城市的天气”才符合逻辑，很显然，考生的错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。比较结构是常用结构，正确地使用这一结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写作成绩。一般说来，考生若能恰当、正确地运用这一结构，其写作成绩应在5分以上。下面是比较结构的一些常用的表达方法。1 同级比较1）In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years.2）We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years in the past.2 比较级1）Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before.2）We can live longer without food than we can(live)without water.3 最高级1）This is the most interesting book Ive ever read.2）Of all his novels I like this one best.4 the morethe more结构1)The harder you work,the greater progress you will make.2)The more a man knows,the more he discovers his ignorance.5 选择比较1)I prefer staying at home to going out.2)They prefer to work rather than(to)sit idly.3)He prefers to work alone.注意：这里的1）句用的是Prefer A to B结构，to为介词，后接名词或动名词；2）句是以不定式作prefer的宾语；3）句用法同2），只是不把rather than部分表达出来。6 对比1)Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.2)He is tired out,whereas she is full of vigour.注意：while 和whereas均可用于连接两个意义对立的分句，相当于汉语的“而”字。许多考生能较好地运用这一句式，尤其在图表作文中。三、表达原因的结构考生病句：1.The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.2.The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.正确表达：1.The real reason for our failure is not far to seek.2.The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.评议与分析：第一位考生不知道reason不与to搭配而应接介词for，第二位考生犯了一个中国学生常犯的错误，就是用because引起表语从句，because这个词不能引起表语从句，在本句中只能改用that才正确。掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的，几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或可以写原因。在大学英语四、六级考试、研究生入学英语考试以及TOEFL考试中，写作的文体基本上是议论文，而议论文的基本模式是摆事实、讲道理，讲道理就是说明原因。写作测试的文体决定了表达原因结构的重要性。英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多种。我们可用as,because,since,seeing that,considering that,now that,not that.等词组引出表示原因的从句。例如：1.Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes,we feel more proud than ever of our country.2.Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.3.Since we live near the sea,we enjoy a healthy climate.4.Pollution is still a serious problem,not that we dont have the ability to solve it,but that some people have not realized the consequences of the problem.我们还可以借助某些词语用简单句表达原因结构。例如：1.The reason for this change is quite obvious.2.Diligence is the key factor of success.3.Idleness is the root of all evils.4.He was ashamed to have made the mistake.(=He was ashamed that he had made the mistake.=He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.)除了上述的例句外，英语中还有很多或易或难的表达原因的结构。我们在进行写作训练的时候，不能满足于一知半解，要讲究书面语言的正确性和准确性。比如，because是最常用的引导原因从句的连词，语气最强，表示直接的原因，若because置于句首，后面的主句不能再用so。用as引导的原因从句语气较弱，所说明的原因是附带的，而since表示的原因暗示着是稍加分析之后才能推断出来的原因。四、否定结构考生病句1.Some people think we neednt to worry about fresh water.2.Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies,too.正确表达：1.Some people think we neednt worry(或dont need to worry)about fresh water.2.Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies,either.评议与分析：例句1 的错误在于该考生混淆了need作为情态动词和作为普通动词的用法。need作为情态动词时，主要用于否定句，后面的动词不带to,neednt worry，作we的谓语。need作为实意动词时，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句，dont need to worry 中的to worry作dont need的宾语。例句2的错误在于该考生混淆了too和either的区别，这两个词都表示也的意思，但是在英语中too,also只能用于肯定句，而either只能用于否定句。怎样使句子多样化？怎样使句子多样化？句子可长可短，同一件事，可以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单句，文章必定很单调乏味。如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句，读起来也很费力。最好的方法是以简单句为基础，配合适当的并列句和复杂句。简单句可长可短，通常要加些附属成分，如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词短语，以及节缩成分。总之，作者可根据情况，使句子多样化，使文章灵活多姿。例如下列五个句子的基本概念一样，但是句式不同，内容重点也有些差别：(1)The goats grazed peacefully in the farm and were unaware of the approaching hunter.(并列分句(1)+2)(2)Grazing peacefully,the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter.(现在分语短语+简单句)(3)In the farm,the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the approaching hunter.(副词短语+并列分句(1)-(2)(4)There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm,unaware of the approaching hunter.(简单句+形容语短语)(5)As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm,they were unaware of the approaching hunter.(原因副词从句+主句)(1)和(5)的句式最常见；如果加上其他三种互相交替，句子不是更多样化吗？最后，看看这两个句子要如何多样化呢？(6)The young pilot was on his first overseas training.(7)He felt very uneasy.(a)The young pilot on his first overseas training felt very uneasy.(b)The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training.(c)The young pilots first overseas training made him feel very uneasy.(d)Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas training.(e)The young pilot was on his first overseas training,feeling very uneasy.(f)It being his first overseas training,the young pilot felt very uneasy.(g)Being on his first overseas training,the young pilot felt very uneasy.(h)The young pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy.(i)The young pilot,who was on his first overseas training,felt very uneasy.(j)When the young pilot was on his/first overseas training,he felt very uneasy.(k)As the young pilot was on his first overseas training,he felt very uneasy.(l)The young pilot was on his first overseas training,so that he felt very uneasy.在上述12个句子中，(a)-(g)是简单句；(h)是并列句；(i)-(l)是复杂句。简单句除(b)和(g)之外，其他五样，用的人并不多。人们最喜欢采用复杂句，尤其是(j)和(k)这两句；接着便是并列句(h)。如果大多数人的句子只限于(b),(g),(h),(j)和(k)这五种，而其他的则弃如敝屣，不是很可惜吗？英文句子的上下连贯，段落的过渡衔接，主要靠“结构词”来表示。(1)如分段叙述某一个问题或表示顺序时，可用First，Second，Third或Inthefirstplace,Inthesecondplace,Lastbutnottheleastimportant来表示衔接。(2)举例说明时可用for example，for instance，to illustrate 来表示。(3)进一步阐述时可用furthermore，in addition，similarly，moreover来加以提示。(4)强调某一点的重要性时，可用surely，truly，undoubtedly，clearly，indeed，as a matter of fact来加强句子的力度。(5)作结论时可用therefore，in summary，consequently，in conclusion，in short,in a word等来导出。(6)分析因果时可用because，due to，so that，as a result等来表现主从句之间的逻辑关系。(7)转换思路时，可用but，however，nevertheless，otherwise等以示转折，而on the one hand,on the other hand;on one side of the coin,on the other side of the coin 则可用来连接两个相反的事实或观点。(8)It follows that.It can be inferred that.It suggests that.则将读者引入作者的逻辑推理思路。英语写作用词的准确表达一般来说，要把握选词的准确性,可以从下面三方面入手。一、要有广泛的阅读积累，才能了解词与社会、历史、文化及政治因素的关系，选词时才能符合语言习惯并与社会文化诸多背景一致。例如，英美人对landlord和peasant两词的理解与中国人截然不同。英美人对前者的理解首先是“房东”，然后才是“地主”；而peasant一词对他们来说意味着“粗俗”与“无知”，此词多少带有贬义色彩。再如propaganda一词在中国并不带有西方人所理解的贬意；而First lady（第一夫人）绝不能理解为汉语的原配夫人，因此在写作中应特别注意这类词，否则会导致冒犯和误解。由于东西方社会历史文化的差异，许多词所引申或代表的内容也大相径庭，Phoenix在西方象征“复活”、“再生”，而汉语的这一词却表示“祥瑞”。Peach在汉语中象征“长寿”而在英语中却用以指代“特别讨人喜爱的人或物”。又比如在表示色彩的词中green是青春的颜色，常表示希望、活力，但在英语中green又与“妒忌”（to be green with envy，green-eyed）和“没有经验的”（a green horn）联系起来。如果没有广泛的阅读积累，养成经常查字典的良好习惯，单凭想当然地选词，势必会词不达意。即使同一事物，在美国和英国也可能有不同的表达。例如：corn一词在美国指“玉米”而在英国泛扮“谷物”；“地铁”在英国用tube或under-ground美国则用subway。此类的例子还有pavement/sidewalk,Chemists shop/drug store等。二、在英语写作中特别要注意区分同义词，选词时要考虑主题、对象及情景（subject,audience,situation）。由于历史的原因，现代英语除本族语外，还包括大量的法语和拉丁来源的饲，这就使英语的同义词相当丰富。总的来讲，英语本族语大多是短词，小词，听起来朴素）亲切，大量用于口头表达：法语来源的词庄重文雅，多与行政、宗教、军事、服饰、饮食等有关；拉丁来源的词，书卷味浓,如ask，question，interrogate这三个不同来源的同义词在不同的主题、对象、情景下用法就不一样。同义词除了来源的不同会影响措词的选择外，它们在程度、感情色彩上也有不同。比如“瘦”可以用slender，slim，lean,thin，underweight，gaunt,lanky，skinny等来表达，而slender表示“苗条”是褒义的，skinny却是贬义的，underweight则是中性的词。即使同是褒义词，表达的感情色彩也不同。比如little和petite两个同义词当用来描绘女子时，都意为“个子小”的，但petite同时还有“匀称”的意义，而little更强调“可爱的”或“可怜的”，根据不同的上下文，它还有“纤小”、“娇小”或“弱小”等不同意义。因此在选词表达思想时，一定要分清主题，对象及情景。另外让中国学生头痛的是一些同义词的习惯搭配。比如large和big都指“大”，但large通常用来修饰诸如number，amount及quantity（a large number of students，a large amount of money，a large quantity of wine，etc）。但象“勇气”，“信心”，”能力”、“智慧”等表示个人素质的名词，人们通常用great而不用big或large来修饰。由此可见，在英语写作实践中，区分同义词的用法是相当重要的。三、选择措词应把握好英语和汉语词汇无法对应的部分不是所有的英语词汇都有相应的汉语表达，一些不同的英语词汇也有可能用同样的汉语来表达，这就使我们在用英语来表达思想对面临更多选择上的困难。比如family和home两词都可译成汉语的“家”，但它们却不是同义词。Family主要指家庭成员，与人有关，而home主要指所居住的地点、住宅。Except和besides有时都译成同样的汉语“除了”,但他们的意思却是相反的。因此我们不能依赖于单纯的汉语译意。否则我们可能会被误导。尽管许多英语对应的汉语词汇都能表达它们真正的意思，但往往有些英语词汇没有准确的汉语对应词；所以只有在不同的上下文中才能确定它们真正的意思，比如send一词，如果单把它理解成汉语的“送”的话，象这样的句子“她送信给我”也许会被写成she sent me the letter.而英语准确的表达应是she brought me the letter.再如“他将送朋友去机场”，如果写成He will send his friend to the airport。就又错了。正确的表达应该是He will go to the airport with his friend