国际结算全集合.ppt

国际结算全集合国际结算全集合ChapterOneIntroductionvConcept vCategory vEvolutionvPlayers and theirs rolesvFactors in payment decisionsvCharacteristics and developing trendvCorrespondent banking relationship thefinancialactivitiesconductedamongdifferentcountriesinwhichpaymentsareeffectedorfundsaretransferredfromonecountrytoanotherinordertosettleclaimsanddebts,emergedinthecourseofpolitical,economicorculturalcontactsamongthem.MeaningofInternationalSettlementqNegotiable intsruments(票据票据):bills of exchange,promissory notes,checksqPayment techniques:remittances,collections,letters of credit,bank guarantees,international factoring and forfaitingqDocuments:bills of lading,insurance policies,certificates of origin,etcTradesettlement:paymentsforvisibletradesNon-tradesettlement:1、invisibletradesettlement：paymentsforservices,technologytransfer,patentsandcopyrightcontracts,etc2、financialtransactionsettlement：buyingandsellingoffinancialassets,overseasmoney-raisingandinvesting3、paymentsbetweengovernments：aidsandgrants4、others:overseasremittances,inheritances,etcCategoryofinternationalsettlementFromcashsettlementtonon-cashsettlementFromgoodstradingtodocumentstradingFromdirectpaymentbetweentraderstopaymenteffectedthroughafinancialintermediarysafety,highefficiency,lowcost,standardizationElectronicsettlementSWIFTCHIPSCHAPSFEDWIRETARGETEvolutionofinternationalsettlement SWIFT(Society for worldwide interbank financial telecommunication)环球同业银行金融电讯协会环球同业银行金融电讯协会 特点特点:标准化标准化;安全可靠安全可靠,自动加核密押自动加核密押;高速度高速度,低费用低费用.业务分类业务分类:客户汇款客户汇款(customer transfer);银行头寸调拨银行头寸调拨(bank transfer);外汇业务外汇业务(foreign exchange confirmations);托收业务托收业务(collections);证券业务证券业务(securities);贵金属和银团贷款业务贵金属和银团贷款业务(precious metals and syndication);信用证和保函信用证和保函(documentary credits and guarantees);旅行支票旅行支票(travelers cheques);银行帐单处银行帐单处理业务理业务(statements).Exportertogetpromptpayment;minimizenon-paymentrisksImportertoreceivegoodsasordered;payaslateaspossibleFinancialintermediarytomaximizerevenues;creditrisksassociatedwithfinancingextendedtobuyersorsellersPlayersandtheirroles To exporters:v protection against non-payment risks by the importers,such as:commercial risks,financial risks;political risks;risks in control of title to the goods,etc.v convenience;v cost;v commercial competitivenessFactorsinthepaymentdecision1.thescaleandscopeofinternationalsettlementgetgreaterandgreater2.Internationallendingandfinancingiscloselycombinedwithinternationalpayments3.Onthebasisofinternationalcustomsandpractice4.Internationalguaranteesappliedtointernationalsettlement5.Morediversifiedvehiclecurrencies6.Theproportionofcommercialcreditininternationalsettlementgetsbigger7.AmuchfacilitatedinternationalbankingnetworkconnectedwithelectronictelecommunicationCharacteristicsanddevelopingtrendCorrespondentbank代理行代理行 the basis for cooperation of commercial banks all over the world to fulfill international settlement “a bank having direct connection or friendly service relations with another bank.”Selectingacorrespondentbank:reputation and creditworthiness;size and financial status;location;services offered by it;polices and strength of itCorrespondentbankingrelationship The establishment of a correspondent bankCorrespondent arrangementControl documents控制文件控制文件Specimen of authorized signatures授权签字样本授权签字样本Telegraphic test key/SWIFT authentic key密押密押Schedule of terms and conditions费率表费率表ChaptertwoNegotiableinstrumentsGeneralintroductionBillofExchange/DraftPromissoryNoteCheckWhatisanegotiableinstrument?FormsofcirculationCharacteristicsofnegotiableinstrumentsFunctionsofnegotiableinstrumentsPartiestoanegotiableinstrumentTitletoanegotiableinstrumentNegotiableinstrumentlawsGeneral introduction inabroadsense,anegotiableinstrumentreferstoanycommercialtitleownership.inanarrowsense,anegotiableinstrumentisawrittendocumentthatcontainsanunconditionalpromisebythedrawertopaythepayeeoranunconditionalorderbythedrawertothedraweetopaythepayeeafixedamountofmoneyatadefinitetimemeaningofnegotiableinstruments过户转让（过户转让（assignmentassignment）非流通非流通 特点：书面形式特点：书面形式 转让通知原债务人或登记过户转让通知原债务人或登记过户 受受让让人人权权利受前手缺陷利受前手缺陷的影响的影响 当事人：转让人、受让人、原始债务人当事人：转让人、受让人、原始债务人交付转让交付转让(transfer)transfer)准流通或半流通准流通或半流通特点：特点：交付背书转让交付背书转让 不通知原债务人不通知原债务人 受让人的权利受前手权利缺陷的影响受让人的权利受前手权利缺陷的影响当事人：当事人：转让人，受让人转让人，受让人流通转让流通转让(negotiation)negotiation)完全流通完全流通特点：特点：正当受让人权利优于前手，不受其缺陷的影响正当受让人权利优于前手，不受其缺陷的影响formsofcirculation举举例例说说明明：甲甲欠欠乙乙100元元而而出出具具以以乙乙为为债债权权人人的的字字据据给给乙乙，让让其其凭凭字字据据找找丙丙去去取取，同同时时乙乙原原来来曾曾欠欠丙丙30元元未未还还，随随后后乙乙将将此此字字据据又又转转让让给给丁丁。问问丁丁能能否否从从丙丙处处获得全额款项？获得全额款项？如如是是字字据据，按按民民法法原原则则，丙丙可可采采取取将将其其对对乙乙的的30元元债债权转让给丁的办法来冲抵而只需付权转让给丁的办法来冲抵而只需付70如如是是票票据据，按按票票据据法法原原则则，必必须须全全额额付付款款，而而不不能能用用乙的权利缺陷来对抗丁的正当票据权利乙的权利缺陷来对抗丁的正当票据权利NegotiabilityNon-causativeRequisiteinformLiterallydeterminedcontentPresentingforpaymentCharacteristicsofnegotiableinstruments案例分析案例分析 19971997年年8 8月，某市月，某市A A公司与新加坡公司与新加坡B B商签订了一份进口胶合板的合同。合同总金商签订了一份进口胶合板的合同。合同总金额为额为700700万美元，支付方式为付款交单，允许分批装运。第一批价值为万美元，支付方式为付款交单，允许分批装运。第一批价值为6060万美元的万美元的胶合板准时到货，质量良好，对双方合作很满意。就在第二批交货期来临之际，胶合板准时到货，质量良好，对双方合作很满意。就在第二批交货期来临之际，B B商向商向A A公司提出：鉴于贵公司资金周转困难，为了帮助贵方，我方允许贵公司采取公司提出：鉴于贵公司资金周转困难，为了帮助贵方，我方允许贵公司采取远期付款。远期付款。贵公司作为买方，可以给我方开出一张见票后一年付款贵公司作为买方，可以给我方开出一张见票后一年付款700700万美元的汇万美元的汇票，请中国人民建设银行某市分行承兑。承兑后，我方保证将票，请中国人民建设银行某市分行承兑。承兑后，我方保证将700700万美元的胶合板万美元的胶合板在一年内交货。贵方全部收货后，再付给我方在一年内交货。贵方全部收货后，再付给我方700700万美元的货款。万美元的货款。A A公司以为现在不公司以为现在不付款，只开张远期票据就可得到货物在国内市场销售，于是欣然接受了付款，只开张远期票据就可得到货物在国内市场销售，于是欣然接受了B B商的建议，商的建议，给给B B商签发了一张见票后一年付款商签发了一张见票后一年付款700700万美元的汇票。但万美元的汇票。但A A公司始料不及的是，公司始料不及的是，B B商将商将这张承兑了的远期票据在新加坡的美国银行贴现这张承兑了的远期票据在新加坡的美国银行贴现600600万美元。从此却一张胶合板都万美元。从此却一张胶合板都不交给不交给A A公司。事实上，公司。事实上，B B商将这笔巨款骗到手后便无影无踪了。商将这笔巨款骗到手后便无影无踪了。一年后，新加坡的美国银行持这张承兑了的远期票据请建行某市分行付款。尽一年后，新加坡的美国银行持这张承兑了的远期票据请建行某市分行付款。尽管管B B商没有交货，某市分行却不得以此为理由拒绝向善意持票人美国银行支付票据商没有交货，某市分行却不得以此为理由拒绝向善意持票人美国银行支付票据金额。最后，由于本案金额巨大，报请国务院批准，由建行某市分行付给美国银行金额。最后，由于本案金额巨大，报请国务院批准，由建行某市分行付给美国银行600600万美元而结案。万美元而结案。对于这张远期票据，对于这张远期票据，A A公司为出票人，公司为出票人，B B商为收款人，建行某市分商为收款人，建行某市分行为付款人。行为付款人。A A公司与公司与B B商之间的胶合板买卖合同是该票据的原因商之间的胶合板买卖合同是该票据的原因关系，使得关系，使得A A公司愿意向公司愿意向B B商开立这张汇票。商开立这张汇票。A A公司曾经向建行某市公司曾经向建行某市分行提供了资金，它们之间的这种资金关系使得建行某市分行愿分行提供了资金，它们之间的这种资金关系使得建行某市分行愿意向意向A A公司提供信用，承兑了这张远期汇票。美国银行与公司提供信用，承兑了这张远期汇票。美国银行与B B商之间商之间有对价关系，美国银行善意地付了有对价关系，美国银行善意地付了600600万美元的对价而受让，从而万美元的对价而受让，从而成为这张汇票的善意持票人。但票据的最大特点就是，票据法律成为这张汇票的善意持票人。但票据的最大特点就是，票据法律关系一经形成，即与基础关系相分离。票据基础关系的存在和有关系一经形成，即与基础关系相分离。票据基础关系的存在和有效与否并不对善意持票人的票据权利而产生影响。所以，效与否并不对善意持票人的票据权利而产生影响。所以，B B商实际商实际上没有交货，或者上没有交货，或者A A公司并没有足够的美元存在建行，都不影响美公司并没有足够的美元存在建行，都不影响美国银行对承兑人的付款请求权。对美国银行来说，这张票据上并国银行对承兑人的付款请求权。对美国银行来说，这张票据上并没有写胶合板，只有一句话：没有写胶合板，只有一句话：“见票后一年付见票后一年付700700万美元万美元”。票据。票据法律关系应依票据法的规定加以解决，票据基础关系则应以民法法律关系应依票据法的规定加以解决，票据基础关系则应以民法规定加以解决。规定加以解决。B B商正是利用了票据的特性才行骗得逞的。商正是利用了票据的特性才行骗得逞的。举例：举例：甲交给乙一张经付款银行承兑的期票，作为甲交给乙一张经付款银行承兑的期票，作为向乙订货的预付款，乙在票据上背书后转让给丙以向乙订货的预付款，乙在票据上背书后转让给丙以偿还原欠丙的借款，丙于到期日向承兑银行提示取偿还原欠丙的借款，丙于到期日向承兑银行提示取款，恰遇当地法院公告该行于当天起进行破产清理，款，恰遇当地法院公告该行于当天起进行破产清理，因而被退票。丙随即向甲追索，甲以乙所交货物质因而被退票。丙随即向甲追索，甲以乙所交货物质次为由予以拒绝，并称已于次为由予以拒绝，并称已于10天前通知银行止付，天前通知银行止付，止付通知及止付理由也已通知了乙。在此情况下丙止付通知及止付理由也已通知了乙。在此情况下丙再向乙追索。乙以票据系甲开立为由推诿不理。丙再向乙追索。乙以票据系甲开立为由推诿不理。丙遂向法院起诉，被告为甲、乙与银行三方。你认为遂向法院起诉，被告为甲、乙与银行三方。你认为法院将如何判决？法院将如何判决？甲、乙的拒付理由不成立，银行已破产清理，只需甲、乙的拒付理由不成立，银行已破产清理，只需向甲、乙追索即可。向甲、乙追索即可。支付工具支付工具paymentinstrument流通工具流通工具transferableinstrument信用工具信用工具creditinstrument融资工具融资工具financinginstrumentFunctionsofnegotiableinstrument出票人出票人drawer付款人付款人payer/drawee收款人收款人payee背书人背书人endorser承兑人承兑人acceptor持票人持票人holderPartiestoanegotiableinstrument正当持票人正当持票人/善意的持票人（善意的持票人（holder in due course/bona fide holder）：）：The instrument should be complete and regular on its face;The instrument is before maturity and the holder did not notice its previous dishonor,if any;The holder took it in good faith and for value;The holder did not notice any infirmity in the instrument or defect in the title of the person negotiating it付对价持票人付对价持票人holder for value:a person who possesses an instrument for which value has been given by himself or by some other person prior to him in forms of money,goods,or services.ACDEBDrew a draft on BEndorsed and lost itPicked it up and transferred it to E for valueAccepted the draftFGave it as a presentClaimforpayment(第一次请求权，主权利第一次请求权，主权利)Recourse(第二次请求权第二次请求权)Onlywhentheclaimofholderforpaymentcantbesatisfied,canrecourserightbeeffected.TitlestoanegotiableinstrumentBritishlawUKBillsofExchangeActof1882USUniformCommercialCodeof1962,Article3FrenchandGermanlawUniformlawforBillsofExchangeandPromissoryNotesofGenevaof1930ConventionProvidingaUniformLawforInternationalBillsofExchangeandInternationalPromissoryNotesandConventionProvidingaUniformlawforInternationalChecksUnitedNations1988NegotiableInstrumentLawofPeoplesRepublicofChinaNegotiableinstrumentlawsConceptEssentialitemsrequiredinabillofexchangeActsrelatingtoabillofexchangeClassificationofbillsofexchangePracticeofbillsofexchangeBillofexchangesection3,billofexchangeact,1882,UK ABillofexchangeisanunconditionalorderinwriting,addressedbyonepersontoanother,signedbythepersongivingit,requiringthepersontowhomitisaddressedtopayondemandoratafixedordeterminablefuturetimeasumcertaininmoneytoortheorderofaspecifiedpersonortobearer.definitionv汇票是由一个人（汇票是由一个人（drawer）v向另一个人签发的向另一个人签发的(drawee)/受票人受票人v无条件的无条件的unconditonalv书面命令书面命令order in writingv要要求求其其在在见见票票时时或或在在未未来来某某一一规规定定的的或或可可以以确确定定的的时间时间(tenor)v将一定金额的款项支付给某一特定的人或指定的人，将一定金额的款项支付给某一特定的人或指定的人，或持票人或持票人(payee)AbsolutelynecessaryitemsRelativelynecessaryitemsItemsatwillEssentialitemsrequiredinabillofexchange出票（出票（Issue）背书（背书（Endorsement）提示（提示（Presentation）承兑（承兑（Acceptance）保证（保证（GuaranteeorAval）付款（付款（Payment）拒付（拒付（Dishonor）追索（追索（Recourse）参加承兑和参加付款参加承兑和参加付款（Acceptance/Paymentforhonor)ActsrelatingtoabillofexchangeAccordingtothedrawer:BankersdraftandtradersdraftAccordingtotheacceptor:BankersacceptanceandtradersacceptanceAccordingtothetenorDemanddraft/sightdraftandtime/usancedraftAccordingtowhethercommercialdocumentsareattachedtheretoCleandraftanddocumentarydraftClassificationofbillsofexchangeDiscountingofabillofexchangeAccommodationbill融通汇票融通汇票PracticeofbillsofexchangeDiscountingistosellatimebillalreadyacceptedbythedraweebutnotyetfallenduetoafinancialinstitutionatapricelessthanitsfacevalue.Calculatingformula：D=Vtd/360N=V-DD:discountinterestV:facevaluet:tenord:discountingrate(n%p.a.)N:netproceedsCreditworthiness:StandingofthedrawerandtheaccepterDrawnclauseshowingthereasonforissuingthedraftDiscountingofbillsofexchange 被融通人开出融通汇票，没有付给对价，要被融通人开出融通汇票，没有付给对价，要求融通人（高资信的非债务人）承兑汇票（提高求融通人（高资信的非债务人）承兑汇票（提高汇票的信用身价以便贴现），再交给贴现人予以汇票的信用身价以便贴现），再交给贴现人予以贴现，获得票款；等到汇票到期日前，被融通人贴现，获得票款；等到汇票到期日前，被融通人应把足额票款交给承兑人，此时贴现人向承兑人应把足额票款交给承兑人，此时贴现人向承兑人提示要求付款，承兑人使用被融通人交来资金付提示要求付款，承兑人使用被融通人交来资金付款给贴现人，结清这笔融资业务。款给贴现人，结清这笔融资业务。Accommodationbill图示图示伦敦出口公司向墨尔本一家公司出口货款为伦敦出口公司向墨尔本一家公司出口货款为6600英镑，由出英镑，由出口商开出远期汇票，出票后口商开出远期汇票，出票后60天付款。伦巴第银行为伦敦某承兑公天付款。伦巴第银行为伦敦某承兑公司。司。1.TheissueofadraftAdraftforUSD100,000.00isdrawnbyTheAmericanExporterCo.,Ltd,Tampa,Florida,U.S.AontheFrenchIssuingBank,Paris,Francepayableat60daysaftersighttotheorderofourselvesdated15May.,2006marked“DrawnunderTheFrenchIssuingBank,Paris,FranceL/CNo.12345dated25Feb.,2006.”2.Adraftindicatesthat“at10daysfrom11may,2006paytotheorderofAcompany”,thematurityofthedraftfallson_3.Adraftispartlyshownasfollows:exchangeforGBP12,500.00NewYork,23May2006at60daysafterB/Ldate23/May/2006paytotheorderofourselvesthesumofUSdollarsonethousandonly.Supposetheaccepteddraftwasdiscountedon23may,2006bythecollectingbank,BankofAsia,Londonattherateof9%perannum.Pleasecalculatediscountamountandnetproceeds.Exercises1.Exchange forUSD100,000.00 Tempa,15 May,2006 2.At 60 days after sight pay to the order of Ourselves the sum of US dollars one hundred thousand only.3.“Drawn under The French Issuing Bank,Paris,France L/C No.12345 dated 25 Feb.,2006”4.To The French Issuing Bank.For The American Exporter Co.,5.Paris Ltd,Tempa 6.signature7.2.When ISBP does not put into force,the maturity falls on 20 May,20068.when ISBP puts into force,the maturity falls on 21May,20063.Discount amount:1250060/365 9/100=184.934.Net Proceeds=12500-184.93WhatisapromissorynoteEssentialitemsofapromissorynoteThedifferencebetweenabillandanoteTypesofnotesPromissorynote本票是出票人签发的，承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定的金额本票是出票人签发的，承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或持票人的票据。给收款人或持票人的票据。UKBillsofExchangeActof1882,Article83Apromissorynoteisanunconditionalpromiseinwritingmadebyonepersontoanother,signedbythemaker,engagingtopayondemandoratafixedordeterminablefuturetimeasumcertaininmoneytoortotheorderofaspecifiedpersonortobearer.UniformLawforBillsofExchangeandPromissorynotesofGenevaof1930MeaningofPromissorynoteTheword“promissorynote”AnunconditionalpromisetopayNameofthepayeeSignatureofthemakerPlaceanddateofissueTenorAsumcertaininmoneyPlaceofpaymentEssentialitemsofapromissorynoteAnordertopay&apromisetopayBasicpartiesinvolved:three-partyinstrument&two-partyinstrumentForms:inaset&onecopyActsinvolved:forapromissorynote,neveracceptedMainobligor:for a draft,the drawer is primarily liable for paymentbefore acceptance,but after acceptance the acceptorbecomesprimarilyliableforpayment.forapromissorynote,makerisalwaysprimarilyliableforpayment.Whendishonor,protestisneededforforeignbillbutnotforpromissorynote.differencebetweenabillandanoteTradersnotesBankersnotes国际小额本票（国际小额本票（InternationalMoneyOrder）旅行支票（旅行支票（TravellersCheque）中央银行本票（中央银行本票（CentralBankersNotes）NegotiablecertificatesofdepositVariousbondsTypesConceptandessentialitemsDifferencebetweenabillandachequeTypesCheques出票人签发的，委托办理支票存款业务的银行或其他出票人签发的，委托办理支票存款业务的银行或其他金融机构在见票时无条件支付确定金额给持票人或收款人金融机构在见票时无条件支付确定金额给持票人或收款人的票据。的票据。Acheckisabillofexchangedrawnonabankpayableondemand;Acheckisanunconditionalorderinwriting,signedbythepersongivingit,requiringthebanktowhomitisaddressedtopayondemandasumcertaininmoneyto,ortotheorderof,aspecifiedpersonortobearer.ConceptandessentialitemsCheck-paymentinstrument&bill-paymentandcreditinstrumentActs:certifiedandcrossedLimitationsonthedraweranddrawee:foracheck,thedraweemustbethebankwithwhichthedraweropensacheckingaccountAcheckcanbecancelledbeforepaymentwhileforabill,thepaymentisirrevocableafteracceptanceinaset&onecopyDifferencebetweenabillandacheque划线支票（划线支票（crossedcheck):acrossingisineffectaninstructionbythedrawerorholdertothepayingbanktopaythefundtobankonlyinsteadofoverthecounterofthepayingbank.现金支票现金支票(opencheck)保付支票（保付支票（certifiedcheck)TypesvAcheckiscertifiedbythedraweebank.Onceacheckiscertifiedbythedraweebank,allotherobligorsonthecheckwillbedischargedoftheliabilityofthepayment.v保付保付&保证保证：1)保付只是支票的行为，保证是三种票据的共同行为保付只是支票的行为，保证是三种票据的共同行为2)保付只能由支票的付款人作出，保证人则可是除票据债务人以外保付只能由支票的付款人作出，保证人则可是除票据债务人以外的任何人的任何人3)3)保付人成为绝对的债务人，出票人和背书人的责任便免除，保证保付人成为绝对的债务人，出票人和背书人的责任便免除，保证人和被保证人都是汇票的债务人人和被保证人都是汇票的债务人4)4)全额保付全额保付5)5)支票保付人向持票人支付了支票金额，票据关系消灭，保证人支支票保付人向持票人支付了支票金额，票据关系消灭，保证人支付后，还可向被保证人和其前手追索付后，还可向被保证人和其前手追索CertifiedchecksvTheword“exchange”vAnunconditionalordertopayvAfixedamountofmoneyvNameofthepayee 1)1)限限制制性性（Restricted Restricted OrderOrder）不不能能流流通通转转让让,只只有有汇汇票票上上指指定的收款人才能接受票款定的收款人才能接受票款 e.g.pay to*only;not e.g.pay to*only;not tranferrabletranferrable 2)2)指示性指示性（Demonstrative OrderDemonstrative Order）可经背书转让可经背书转让 pay to the order of*/pay to*(or order)pay to the order of*/pay to*(or order)3)3)来人抬头（我国不允许）来人抬头（我国不允许）pay to b