高三英语一轮复习定语从句学案.docx

定语从句说到定语从句，大家一定不陌生。我们先来看下列句子：（1） A rich person is not one who has the most，but is one who needs the least一个富有的人，并不是因为他拥有的最多，而是因为他需要的最少。（2） There is this difference between happiness and wisdom: the person who thinks himself the happiest man really is so; but the person who thinks himself the wisest is generally the greatest fool.幸福与智慧的区别在于：认为自己是最幸福的，他真的就是最幸福的；而认为自己是最智慧的人，却往往是最大的傻瓜。在上面句（1）中，who has the most和who needs the least就是定语从句，用来修饰前面的代词one。同样，在句（2）中，who thinks himself the happiest man 和 who thinks himself the wisest 是定语从句，修饰 the person。所以，所谓定语从句，简言之，就是用来修饰名词（如the person）或代词（如one）的一个具有完整主谓结构的句子。这个被修饰的名词或代词因为总是在定语从句前面，所以我们称之为先行词。而引导定语从句的连词，称为关系词。1.1理解定语从句的关键：找到先行词1.1.1全面理解“先行词”我们知道，先行词和关系词是定语从句的两个重要概念，定语从句的核心内容就是围绕先行词和关系词展开的。正确理解定语从句的关键就是“找到先行词”。只有先正确找出先行词，才能明白定语从句所修饰的究竟是什么成分，才能正确理解句子前后各部分的逻辑关系，分清句子结构，从而正确理解句子意思。下面我们先来正确理解“先行词”。1. 一个词（通常是名词，也可以是代词）（3）Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street.妙语点睛：精品译文：(4) He laughs best who laughs last.妙语点睛：精品译文:2一个短语(5) Many life's problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve妙语点睛:精品译文:(6)For workers it can mean an end to the security,benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee妙语点睛:精品译文:(7) In the Europe, as elsewhere,multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers,magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.妙语点睛:精品译文:3一个分句(8) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.妙语点睛:精品译文:从这一真题我们看到，如果没能正确找到先行词，即未能看出上句中的关系词which的先行词是一个宾语从句，那么全句翻译必然走入误区。4一个完整的句子(9)He arrived an hour later, which annoyed his girlfriend very much.妙语点睛:精品译文:(10)My girlfriend likes dancing with other guys, which really drives me crazy.妙语点睛:精品译文: 综上所述，“先行词”并不一定就只是一个词，换句话说，定语从句所修饰的对象不一定就是一个单词，也可以是一个短语、一个分句或一个完整的句子。1.1.2先行词与关系词被分隔上文讨论的那些定语从句，除了例句（4）外，其他的先行词不论是一个单词、一个短语、一个分句还是一个完整的句子，都是紧靠在关系词前面的。这种先行词与关系词紧靠在一起的定语从句，其句法关系还是比较好理解的。比如下面这个句子，虽然比较长，但其句法结构并不难。(11)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.妙语点睛：精品译文：这里的先行词都与其各自的定语从句紧密相连，二者没有被其他成分分隔。但是在英语中，有很多复杂的定语从句，它们的先行词并不像常规那样紧靠着关系词，而是在先行词与关系词之间插入了其他成分，这时靠近关系词前面的名词就不是先行词了，即先行词与关系词被分隔。这种先行词与关系词被分隔的结构主要有三类：1先行词其他定语定语从句在先行词与关系词之间插有其他的定语，这种情形最常见。这是因为先行词同时带有多个定语造成的。而定语从句与其他定语相比，一般较长，结构也较复杂，因此，按照英语的“尾重原则”（principle of end weight），结构复杂的定语从句置于其他定语后边，从而造成先行词与关系词被分隔的状况。请看真题例句：(12)Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain妙语点睛：精品译文：(13)Today stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might-surprise！-fall off妙语点睛： 译文：(14)The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root妙语点睛：精品译文：2先行词状语定语从句(15)As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas精品译文：3作主语的先行词谓语部分定语从句(16)It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers妙语点睛：精品译文：1.1.3如何找先行词在1.1.1小节中，我们看清了先行词的全部“真面目”，揭示了先行词本身的结构特点；在1.1.2小节我们探讨了先行词与关系词“骨肉分离”的三种情形，揭示了先行词在句中的位置特点。上面这两点从英语句法结构特点入手，协助我们快速、正确地找到先行词。不过，因为先行词毕竟与它的修饰成分关系密切，即通过定语从句解释先行词，所以，要想正确找到先行词，我们首先应该正确理解定语从句本身的意思，然后根据从句的意思来找能与其构成逻辑语义联系的先行词。在寻找的过程中，可以结合上面讨论过的先行词的结构特点和位置特点。因此，找先行词的步骤如下：1）翻译定语从句，正确理解定语从句本身的意思；2）结合先行词的结构特点和位置特点，在关系词之前寻找与定语从句意思有逻辑语义联系的名词、短语或从句等，即为先行词。其实，这样一个寻找先行词的过程，在考研的完形填空真题中曾多次出现。真题再现：语法攻克“完形填空”(17)Even when homeless individuals manage to find a 12 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street. A.lodging B.shelter C.dwelling D.house正确答案 妙语点睛：精品译文：(18)Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others.A.assistance B.guidance C.confidence D.tolerance正确答案：妙语点睛：精品译文：（19）For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50that came from being a loyal employee,A.excitement B.conviction C.enthusiasm D.importance正确答案 妙语点睛：精品译文:1.1.4与先行词有关的考点1先行词的选择这在前面1.1.3小节中我们详细讨论过，在此不再赘述。2关系词的翻译在1.1.1小节中我们讨论的2004年第61题“英译汉”的句子：The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.这里which的正确翻译就是最好的例证，也不再赘述。3关系词的选择关系词与先行词密切相关，因为关系词是用来指代先行词，并且在从句中充当一定的成分。因此，在选择关系词时，必然要先看清先行词是什么。（20）The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener 45 interfere with his comprehension.A.who B.as C.which D.what正确答案 妙语点睛；精品译文：4定语从句中的主谓一致问题定语从句中谓语动词是用单数还是用复数，并不是取决于关系词，而是由先行词决定的。因此，对先行词的判断直接影响了定语从句的谓语动词是用单数还是复数。（21）Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that is not fully understood.正确答案 妙语点睛：精品译文：通过上面的分析，相信大家已体会到“抓住先行词”对于正确理解定语从句的重要意义。在今后的学习和考试中碰到定语从句的时候，首先要想到“抓住先行词”，只有正确找到先行词，才能理顺句子结构，弄清句子各部分之间的逻辑关系，从而正确理解句子的意思。1.2关系代词与关系副词定语从句的核心内容是围绕先行词和关系词展开的。正确找到先行词是理解定语从句的关键，而关系词的选择和使用则是定语从句的主要内容。下面我们先从总体上了解一下英文里的关系词。1.2.1关系代词关系代词在从句中可充当主语、宾语或表语。其中whose一定要与名词连用，表示所属关系。which可单独引导定语从句，也可用作限定词与名词连用。who，whom指人which指物that，whose指人或指物此外，英文中尚有特殊关系代词：what，as，than，它们都在历年考研真题中出现过，我们将在后文的相关小节中详细讨论。1.2.2关系副词关系副词有表示时间的when、表示地点的where和表示原因的why，它们只在定语从句中充当状语。值得注意的是，how不可作为表示方式的关系副词。在英语中，若表示方式，我们可以用“the way从句”，“the way that从句”，“the way in which从句”或“the manner that从句”这四种句型。例如：（22） During the 1940's science and engineering had an impact on the way that music reached its audience and even influenced the way in which it was composed.妙语点睛：精品译文：（23）You know the old golden rule, "Care for others the way you would like them to care for you.”妙语点睛：精品译文：(24)Confidence is probably one of the most noticeable traits in the Americans. They show confidence in the way they talk, the way they smile, the way they dress and the way they walk.妙语点睛;精品译文:(25)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.妙语点睛:精品译文:1.3关系代词 whichthatwhowhom最常用的关系代词主要有which，that，who和whom，这些都是大家很熟悉的，在此不再赘述，仅举几例予以说明。(26)In the Europe,as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.妙语点睛；精品译文：(27)The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.妙语点睛：精品译文：(28)Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the companys private intranet妙语点睛：精品译文：下面我们主要探讨其他关系词，如whose，what，as和than的用法。1.5关系代词 whatwhat作关系代词，用法很特殊，它可以看作是先行词和关系代词的结合体，因此，我们把它称为“缩合关系词”。大多数情况下，what在从句中不表示疑问意义“什么”，而应该被理解为 the things that，all that或something that。what在从句中充当主语或宾语等名词性成分。1.5.1使用what关系词的前提：what前面不能有先行词what相当于一个关系代词及其先行词。所以，what引导从句时，前面不应再出现先行词。换句话说，如果句中已有先行词，就一定不能用what引导。比如我们不能说 You can have everything what you like(35)All _is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.A.what is neededB.the things needed C.for our needsD.that is needed正确答案 妙语点睛:精品译文:(33) For Wiliams, those activities became what he calls “electronic heroin”.It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities妙语点睛:学科网（北京）股份有限公司