名词复习讲义- 高考英语复习.docx
名 词 一、 可数名词1. 集合名词(1)people, cattle, police, folk, personnel(人员)(作主语谓语动词用复数)(2)class, government, committee, enemy, crowd, family, crew, group, team, public, audience, staff, couple, troop, association, party, union, band(帮,伙)(强调整体时,谓语动词用单数,强调成员时用复数)(3)mankind, man(人类),humanity(作主语谓语动词用单数)2. 个体名词(1)复数的构成A:一般在名词后加sB: 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词的后加es,但stomachstomachsC: 以-f或-fe结尾的名词:a: leaf, life, thief, wolf, knife, half, shelf, loaf, self, wife vesb: proof, roof, belief, chief, gulf, safe, reef, cliff, cuff(袖口), briefsc: handkerchief, scarfs/vesD: 以辅音字母加y结尾,把y改成i+es;以元音字母加y结尾,直接加sE: 以o结尾的名词一般加s但以下单词加es:Echo, negro, potato, tobacco, hero, tomato但Zero, volcano, mosquito, tornado, motto可加s或es.F: 不规则变化:FootfeetgoosegeesemousemicechildchildrenOxoxenmediummediaanalysisanalyseswomanwomenManmentoothteethphenomenonphenomenaCriterioncriteria(标准)bacteriumbacteria(细菌)Axisaces(轴心)GermanGermansG: 单复数同形:Deer, fish, specie, works, means, series, sheep, bison, Swiss, Chinese(1) 复合名词的复数A: 有中心词的在中心词后加复数B: 无中心词的在最后一个单词后加复数C: 含有woman和man 的两个都变复数D: 含有sports, customs, arms, clothes, sales和accounts等构成的复合名词不可省去”s”a sports car赛车a customs officer海关官员arms production武器生产a clothes shop服装店(2) 下列词组中常用复数A:成双成对的名词compasses, pants, shorts, trousers, glasses, cross-roads, jeans, socks, gloves, shoes, scissors, tweezers(镊子)B: 以ing结尾的名词Belongings, earnings, doings, findings, surroundings(4)有些词组中名词常以复数形式出现be/ make friends with与友好take pains下功夫make preparations for为做准备make arrangements做安排give respects to向致攻、敬意give regards to向问候shake hands with 与握手best wishestake turns轮流as follows如下in rags衣襟褴褛change buses/ trains换车sing the praises of赞颂in high spirits情结高昂(5) 有些学科名词虽然以s结尾,但是单数mathematics, physics, politics, statistics, economics二、 不可数名词1. 不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词,它一般只有单数,其数量常用量词来表示。a piece of papera block of stonea bowl of rice a cup of tea a slice of meata flash of lightninga burst of laughtera bottle of beera article of clothing2. 不可数名词也有复数形式,或加a/ an(1) 表示种类(2) 表示份数(3) 表示具体事物3.下列名词加复数意义产生变化air空气airs傲气armarms武器clothclothespain(疼痛)pains(努力)paperpapers(文件)workworks(著作)waterwaters(水域)sandsands(沙滩)spirit(精神)spirits(兴致)mannermannershairhairsgoodgoodsgreengreensironirons(脚镣手铐)timetimescustomcustoms(海关)brainbrains(智慧)looklooks(外表)damagedamages(赔偿费)forceforces(军队)woodwoodscompasscompasses(圆规)greengreens(青菜)三、 专有名词单个的专有名词一般不加冠词,而由多上普通名词构成的专有名词常常要加the四、 名词的所有格1. of一般与无生命的名词连用表同位关系 the month of September表整体与部分关系some of the students表动宾关系love of our country, study of a globe表所属关系the gate of our school2. s常常与有生命的名词连用my fathers pictures s也可与无生命的名词(时间,距离,国家,天体)连用(1)所有格s的构成形式:the teachers office Joness carToms father(2)双重所有格:表很多中的其中之一,或感情色彩a friend of my fathersthe car of Marys(3)直接接所有格表示某某家、教堂或与某一职业相关的场所Ill go to Marys tomorrow. St Pauls(3) my mothers and my fathers house与my mother and my fathers house五、 名词作定语:用单数表示时间、地点、原料a shoe shopa table lampafternoon tea当定语是有生命的名词时则用所有格形式childrens hospital, mens clothing shop学科网(北京)股份有限公司