考研英语写作分册2.pdf

考研英语写作分册主讲：汪江涛欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材WWW.KOOLEAftN.COM说明：本讲义是面授班所发教材的全部，word文档的页码跟书是一样的。考研英语写作要求与评分细则1.大纲对写作的要求 全国硕上研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语考生）在考试说明部分要求考生掌握的写作技能：考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。短文写作时.，考生应能：1）做到语法、拼写、标点正确、用词恰当；2）遵循文章的特定文体格式；3）合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯；4）根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当选用语言。2.考研写作试卷结构写作是全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试卷的第三部分。该部分考查考生的书面表达能力。共 30分。A 节：考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括信件、便笺、备忘录等。满 分 10分。B 节：要求考生根据提示信息写出一篇160200词的短文（标点符号不计算在内）。提示信息的形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。满 分 20分。3 .考研英语写作评分标准（一）评分原则和方法1.A节应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确性、格式和语域的恰当。对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题做调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。B 节作文的评分重点在于内容的完整性、文章的组织连贯性、语法结构和词汇的多样性及语言的准确性。2.评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来给分。评分人员在档内有13 分的调节分。3.A 节作文的字数要求是100词左右。B 节作文的字数要求是160200词。文章长度不符合要求的，酌情扣分。4.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时，视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。5.如书写较差，以致影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。（二）一般评分标准第五档 A 节分）B 节（1720分）很好地完成了试题规定的任务o一包含所有内容要点；使用丰富的语法结构和词汇；一语言自然流畅，语法错误极少；有效地采用了多种衔接手法，文字连贯，层次清晰；格式和语域恰当贴切。对目标读者完全产生了预期的效果。第四档 A 节（7-8分）B 节（13.16分）较好地完成了试题规定的任务。一包含所有内容要点，允许漏掉1、2 个次重点；一使用较丰富的语法结构和词汇；语言基本准确，只有在试图使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇时才有个别语法错误；一采用了适当的衔接手法，层次清晰，组织较严密;一格式和语域较恰当。对目标读者完全产生了预期的效果。第三档 A 节（5-6分）B 节（912分）基本完成了试题规定的任务。虽漏掉一些内容，但包含多数内容要点；一应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的需求；一有一些语法及词汇错误，但不影响理解；一采用了简单的衔接手法，内容较连贯，层次较清晰；格式和语域基本合理。对目标读者基本完全产生了预期的效果。第二档 A 节（34 分）B 节（58 分）未能按要求完成试题规定的任务。漏掉或未能有效阐述一些内容要点，写了一些无关内容；一语法结构单调、词汇项目有限；一有较多语法结构及词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解；一未采用恰当的衔接手法，内容缺少连贯性；一格式和语域不恰当。未能清楚地传达信息给读者。第 一 档 A 节（12 分）B 节（L 4 分）未完成试题规定的任务。一明显遗漏主要内容，且有许多不相关的内容；一语法项目和词汇的使用单调、重复；一语言错误多，有碍读者对内容的理解，语言运用能力差；未采用任何衔接手法，内容不连贯，缺少组织、分段；无格式和语域概念。未能传达信息给读者。零档（0分）所传达的信息或所使用语言太少，无法评价；内容与要求无关或无法辨认。4.应用性短文2005年考研英语大纲样题：Directions:You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books.Write a letter to thesales department of a bookstore to ask for:1)detailed information about the books you want,2)methods of payment,3)time and way of delivery.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the endof the letter.Use“Li Ming instead.You do not need to write the address.(10 points)Sample letter:Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing for information about test preparation materials for the IELTS test.I wonder if you have a vocabulary book covering the words required for IELTS,as well aspast examination papers with keys and model essays.Besides,how should I pay for thesebooksby cash,cheque,or any other means?If possible,I would like to use my credit card.Finally,how will these books be shipped and when is the approximate time I can receive them?The express mail is preferable if the additional charge is not too much.I would appreciate it if you would send me a reply at your earliest convenience.Yours sincerely,Li Ming步骤一：阅读并分析题目：1)信息点和内容Explaining a situation:Requesting information:2）语言Vocabulary:Sentence structure:3）格式和语域（对比：便笺、备忘录）Format：salutation,body,complimentary close,name of senderRegister：informal or formal?步骤二：开始写作写称呼语：Dear Sir/Madam.To whom it may concern.Dear Mr.Bush.Dear George表明写作 目 的：lam writing for/about/concerning.!am writing to.I am writing because.提供/询问信息：I wonder if.Would it be possible for you to.I would like to.要求采取行动：I would appreciate it if you could.I should be grateful if you could.Could youplease.Would you mind.结束语：Thank you for your attention/kindness.!look forward to seeing you/your reply.签名：Yours sincerely.Yours faithfully.Best wishes.Lots of love步骤三：检查检查内容：检查语言：检查卷面：书信写作语言点：语法点一般过去时Im sorry,I was late for the class this morning.I really enjoyed your dinner last week.现在完成时I have been studying English for 10 years.The oven has been broken for over a week.一般现在时My class starts at 8:30.They have parties every night.请求Would it be possible for me to borrow your notes?Could you send me information about the trip?提问Do you know where the books can be found?What clothes should I bring?When does the course start?原因和结果I cant go because it is too expensive.It is too expensive so I cant go.对比He studied very hard but he failed in the exam.He was always late.However,he got the best test result.词汇不太正式与较为正式：She gets good money-She receives a good salary.People are worried about the environment The environment is a major issue.Im not really sure,but.It is possible.People say.It is often said.模拟题：Directions:You have borrowed several books from the university library.Unfortunately,you cannot return thebooks on time.Write a letter to the chief librarian1)explaining what has happened,2)telling what you want to do about it,and3)saying when you can give the books back.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the endof the letter.Use“Li Ming instead.You do not need to write the address.(10 points)Directions:You travelled by plane last week and your suitcase was lost.You have still heard nothing from theairline company.Write a letter to the airline to1)explain what happened,2)describe your suitcase,and3)find out what they are going to do about it.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the endof the letter.Use“Li Ming”instead.You do not need to write the address.(10 points)Directions:You have a friend who will go on holiday to a town which you know very well.Write a letter tohim/her,including:1)recommendation of a place to live,2)where he/she should go,3)things to carry with.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the endof the letter.Use“Li Ming instead.You do not need to write the address.(10 points)Directions:You saw an advertisement seeking tour guides for a local travel agency.Write a letter to thepersonnel department to state1)your interest in the job2)why you are qualified,3)when you can start the job.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the endof the letter.Use“Li Ming?,instead.You do not need to write the address.(10 points)Directions:You moved to a new dormitory.Write a letter to your friend to1)tell him/her the reason of moving,2)describe the new dormitory,3)invite him/her to visit you.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the endof the letter.Use“Li Ming,instead.You do not need to write the address.(10 points)Directions:You planned to attend your friends birthday party.However,something emergent happened andyou were not able to join the party.Write a letter to1)explain the emergency you met,2)express your apology,3)tell how you will make up for it.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the endof the letter.Use“Li MingM instead.You do not need to write the address.(10 points)考研英语写作常见问题及对策1.无话可说，难以下笔。这主要是由于考生平时很少看文章，很少构思所导致。事实上，考研英语写作一般考的是人们普遍关注的社会性话题，既不出偏题怪题，也极少出现过于复杂的热门话题。要做到考试的时候写作不愁内容，一方面在于平时的积累，另一方面在于正确的构思。首先，考生不能临时抱佛脚，寄希望于背儿篇范文照抄，而是应该多看报纸杂志，扩大知识面，关注普遍性的社会话题。如果看的是中文的，主要应该从内容方面了解，如果看的是英文的，还可以同时积累一些常用表达。其次，要做到有话可说，还应该掌握一些基本的构思方法。比如，考生可以用归纳法(induction)构思，然后以演绎法(deduction)写作。2.有话可说，但不对路。有的考生不愁没话说，甚至洋洋洒洒，但没有说到点子上，导致严重跑题。考研英语写作属于非开放性话题(controlled w riting),不是可以随意创作的。考生应该严格按照题目要求进行。考生的作文应该是对于题目的合理回应(response to the task requirement)因此，在写作的时候，考生要注意仔细审题。审题可能涉及到题目、提纲、图画图表、及文字说明等儿个方面。对于题目中的解释性文字和图画图表要仔细理解斟酌。在平时练习的时候，考生可以采取用历年真题来练笔。自己先写一遍，然后看看高分作文是怎么写的，分析琢磨好的作文，进行模仿和学习。考生要避免东拉西扯加上与题目无关的内容.3.文章安排，极不合理。考生文章条理方面的缺乏往往是因为没有紧扣题目要求(directions)所造成。现行考研英语作文 般采用三段论的布局。题目中般有三条要求，考生完全可以相应地写三段话回应。文章不分段或者分段过多都是不合理的。题目中的要点，一个都不能少。不能忽略题目中的提示，以免结构混乱失衡。段落要有主体句，要按照一定的逻辑框架写作。4.结构混乱，缺乏关联。考生写作的时候，可能内容方面都面面俱到，而且也写了三段，但是每段话内部缺少有机联系。这主要是因为没有采用正确的论证方法和文章衔接手段(cohesivedevices)运用不成功造成。一般说来，在提出论点(thesis statement)的时候要明确清晰。在进行论证的时候要运用恰当的语篇模式(如exemplification举例说明，cause and effect因果论证,comparisonand contrast比较对比等）。层次要清晰，要有逻辑性。阐述要合乎情理，衔接要流畅。衔接手段主要有语法手段（照应、省略、替代、连接）、和词汇手段（重复、同义反义、上下义、具体笼统、语义场）。5.语言表达，错误众多。考生在练习了一段时间的考研写作之后，往往发现内容和结构相对已经能够把握，但依然出现众多语言错误。事实上，12分以上的作文，在内容和结构方面已经很少有什么差异,区别主要就在语言质量上。如果用词不当，句不成句，语法错误连篇累牍的话，拿 12分以上是天方夜谭。考生应该在了解基本语法的基础上掌握语言的基本运用。其次需要明白写作中经常出现的语言错误的种类。这可以通过反复写作反复修改以及学习琢磨范文加以提高。6.用词贫乏，句式单一。许多考生的作文错误倒不多，相当符合语法要求，但用词贫乏，过多使用如more andmore,I think,as you know等表达，并且句子结构过于简单。统计结果表明，差的作文中简单句多，而好的作文简单句少；差的作文从句、连词、分词结构出现的频率大大低于好的作文;差的作文中关键词和同义表达出现的频率低于好的作文。用词的丰富和句式的多样应该主要通过多看好文章，仔细琢磨好文章中的用词和句子来提高。换句话说，也就是要从阅读中学习写作。7.时间限制，无法完成。每次考试都有相当一部分考生时间来不及，或者匆匆忙忙收尾。作文考试，既要求有准确度，又要求有速度。写得好而慢，或者快而差，都是不可取的。要想做到写作既快乂好，别无捷径，只有靠多写多练。8.字迹不清，影响阅卷。如果考生由于龙飞凤舞，字迹混乱，从而导致阅卷老师在判卷的时候发生理解上的障碍,那么就会导致失分。考生在平时写作的时候，就应该养成书写清晰，字体适中的习惯。如何准备考研英语写作英文里有句谚语：Practice makes perfect.（熟能生巧）。作文要想写好，没有什么诀窍，主要靠多练习。练习作文的时候，可以掌握以下六个字：“多写、多读、多改。”多写首先要练习考研英语写作真题。只有练了真题才能对于出题思路和题目构成有清晰完整的了解。在练习的时候要注意应该在规定时间内完成。只有在有时间限制的压力下写作，考生才能在考试的时候发挥自如。当然，如果考生离考试时间还有三个月以上的话，那么可以适当放松时间方面的要求，先力求写得精彩，等到考前三个月的时候再加快写作速度。事实上，如果没有一定量的积累，速度是不可能上去的。在练习写作的时候也不一定非得要写完整的文章，有时候可以进行段落论证的写作。比如，专门花时间练一练开头段或结尾段的写作。有时把文章分解了写可以更能磨练写作技巧。有时候也可以专门练习某种论证手法的写作，甚至对于常用的句型可以进行造句练习。在练习频率上，基本应该保持星期写篇以上。多读如果考生只是一味埋头苦练的话，那只能提高写作速度而在写作水平上不一定会有长足的进步。只有看了好的文章，考生才会知道应该往哪方面努力以及自己的文章到底有什么不足。最重要的是要看历年考生高分样文。看的时候不要只看懂就行，而要着眼于三个方面：高分范文是如何提出观点并进行论证的，运用了哪些论证手法；范文是怎么安排段落的，段落之间以及句子之间是怎么连接在一起的，运用了哪些衔接手段；范文里有什么精彩的词、词组和句型是值得我们模仿的。如果考生能够举一反三，仔细思考并且适当借鉴的话，那么看一篇就会有一篇的受益。除了考生高分范文以外，其它的一些优秀范文也可以参考。各种精彩段落，包括考研英语阅读文章以及大学时候英语课本里面的一些论证方法和有用表达也可以成为学习的对象。此外，英文报纸杂志也是值得多看多学习的。多改有时候考生越看范文会越觉得郁闷甚至沮丧，因为发现自己的低水平文章和高分作文之间似乎存在着不可逾越的巨大鸿沟。要想跨越这条鸿沟，弥补其中的差距，关键在多修改。考生应该自己先在规定时间内完成作文，然后对照范文，看看自己作文中存在的问题。有没有审题错误？结构是否混乱？有没有表达不清的地方？然后仔细琢磨一下，范文是怎么展开论证的？看数遍范文以后可以试着根据刚才学习范文的体会和收获来修改自己原先写过的文章，把论证不够充分的地方重新论证一下，关联不当的地方修补一下，错误表达改正过来。这样,练一篇，看 篇，改一遍。写一次就会有一次的收获。只要考生做到了多写、多看、多改，那么，要想不考好考研英语写作都是一件极其困难的事情。考研英语写作步骤审 题（Analyze the question）构 思（Brainstorm）列提纲（Outline）写 作（Writeup）检 查（Check up）许多考生在写作文的时候由于担心时间不够，往往拿到题目以后就立刻开始写。但这样做以后却经常由于没有仔细审题和充分思考导致不同程度地跑题，从而失分。以下三步骤写作流程能帮助考生有条不紊地写作。首先，考生可以用5-6分钟时间做一些准备工作。拿到题目先花1 分钟仔细审题（Analyze thequestion）,多看几遍。如果题目里面有生词的话，尽可能地通过上下文推断意思。还要把题目中的核心词（keywords）划Hl来。然后进行Brainstorm（构思）。想,想这道题考的是什么方面的话题，应该从哪些方面展开，可以有什么样的论据。接下来进行Outline（列提纲）。列提纲不是给阅卷老师看的，而是让自己写作文的时候有个基本清晰的框架结构，可以用英文，也可以用中文。列提纲的时候要注意不需要写出完整的句子，只要能通过这个过程整理思路，形成观点，写些词组下来就行。第二个步骤是Write up（着手写）。考生可以在刚才所列提纲的基础上敷衍成文。如果说在第一个步骤里面考生主要应该关注写作的内容的话，那么在本步骤里面则是根据第一步骤的成果用通顺流畅的表达进行具体的论证说明。最后个步骤是用2-3分钟时间Check up（检查）。许多考生不注意写完以后检查文章当中的语法、词汇、拼写和标点等方面的错误导致失分。有时候，检查与不检查可能相差数分之多。考研英语写作题型分类可以用很多种方法对考研英语写作进行分类。如果按照提示信息的形式来分的话，可以分成以下几大类：一.提纲式作文(1991 1996)二.图表作文(1997,1999)三.图画作文(1998,20002004)四.情景作文一.提纲式作文1991DIRECTIONS:A)Title:WHERE TO LIVE-IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?B)Time limit:40 minutesC)Word limit:120-150 words(not including the given opening sentence)D)Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with thegiven opening sentence.E)Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:1.Conveniences of the city2.Attractions of the country3.Disadvantages of both4.My preference1992DIRECTIONS:A)Title:FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN PARENT AND CHILDB)Time limit:40 minutesC)Word limit:120-150 words(not including the given opening sentence)D)Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with thegiven opening sentence.E)Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:1.Present situation:Lack of communication between parent and child2.Possible reasons:1)Different likes and dislikes2)Misunderstanding3)Others3.Suggestions:1)For parents2)For children1993DIRECTIONS:A)Title:ADVERTISEMENT ON TVB)Time limit:40 minutesC)Word limit:120-150 words(not including the given opening sentence)D)Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with thegiven opening sentence:Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TVscreen.”E)Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:1.Present state2.Reasons3.My comments1994DIRECTIONS:A)Title:ON MAKING FRIENDSB)Time limit:40 minutesC)Word limit:120-150 words(not including the given opening sentence)D)Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with thegiven opening sentence:As a human being,one can hardly do without a friend.”E)Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:1.The need for friends2.True friendship3.My principle in making friends1995DIRECTIONS:A)Title:THE PROJECT HOPE”B)Time limit:40 minutesC)Word limit:120-150 words(not including the given opening sentence)D)Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with thegiven opening sentence:Education plays a very important role in the modernization ofour country.E)Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:1.Present situation2.Necessity of the project3.My suggestion1996DIRECTIONS:A)Title:GOOD HEALTHB)Time limit:40 minutesC)Word limit:120-150 words(not including the given opening sentence)D)Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with thegiven opening sentence:tfcThe desire for good health is universal.E)Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:1.Importance of good health2.Ways to keep fit3.My own practices二.图表作文1997DIRECTIONS:A.Study the following set of picturescarefully and write an essay in no less世界烟草总产最世界吸烟人口比例世界人口 58亿，其中烟民约11亿.约占20%世界每年吸烟损失2000亿美元300万人than 120 words.B.Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.C.Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:1.Interpret the following pictures.2.Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.1999DIRECTIONS:A.Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least 150 words.B.Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.C.Your essay should cover these three points:1.effect of the countrys growing human population on its wildlife2.possible reason for the effect3.your suggestion for wildlife protectionTHE UPS AND DOWNS OF POPULATION GROWTH(SNOnllw)xd。3d&umawnN1800 1820 1840 IMO 1880 1900 1920 1940 I960 1980 200dY E A ROSUSIa130/30,JOOfhMU S sm us DCTMFON(M tR M t三.图画作文1998Directions:A.Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 150words.B.Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET ILC.Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:1.Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2.Give your comments.如 此 承 诺各行各业兴承诺欢迎监督不推托原本皆为分内事何须高唱“文明歌”2000Directions:Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay to1.Describe the pictures.2.Deduce the purpose of the drawer of the pictures,and3.Suggest counter-measures.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET IIA Brief History of World Commercial Fishing2001Directions:Among all the worthy feelings of mankind,love is probably the noblest,but everyone has hisor her own understanding of it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper.Write an essay to thenewspaper to1)Show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the pictures below.2)Give a specific example,and3)Give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET II.2002Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write anessay entitled Cultures-National and InternationaF,In the essay you should1.describe the picture and interpret its meaning