考研英语课堂笔记.pdf
18+12+25=5512+12+30题目命题特点骨肉相连+通用素材法主题;结构性:句内的连接,句间的连接,层间的连接,段落的句子数量;丰富的词汇:高级词汇代替低级词汇语法句型:倒装句、强调举例:内容充实一、题目的命制分值:2 0 分,1 6 0-2 0 0,2 4 0;1 0,8 0-1 0 0,1 2 0试题特点:(1)3 个没有图片没有给主题,需要自己判断。论点没有给出,需要我们提取出具有社会引申含义的论点。分析的素材没有给,需要自己准备。必须要符合主流价值观或者社会期望。(3)3个有给有图片或图表,把基本的方向进行了界定,图片中有细节性的暗示深度社会意义的信号。有 写 作 手 法 的 要 求:describe brieflyIntended mean i ngSuggest ion(s),comment,examp I e(s)有中文的说明,要充分理解和使用(二)考题走向1.十年一变:0 0年之前考过的主题2.四大主题(1)个人品质类:努力、奋斗、信心、选择、抗挫折、公正(2)个人与他人关系:照顾老人、教育儿童、帮助他人、沟通(3)生活:健康、新通讯工具、节约和浪费、安全社会:文化、环境、效率、保 护(动物、文物)第二部分大作文一、审题1 .读懂图片,理解中文注释,抓住关键词2.转换图片意思,成为具有社会含义的观点。(1)放大隐藏的矛盾聚焦/III(2)识别出表示条件的信息3.检查主题,符合价值观(1)如果为正面话题,可以直接写正面观点。(2)如果为反面话题,先要简单肯定一下积极意义,然后转向分析其负面意义。二、图片题(-)首段第1层:骨架(承接图片)+小肉(整体描述图片意思),1句第2层:大肉,详细描述图片的细节,1-2句第3层:骨架:用套话或提出观点,1句。1 ,单图片 第1层:As w e c a n s e e i n t h i sp i c t u r e,a f i r e i s b u r n i n gb r i g h t l y i n t h e d a r k n e s s.1 1-1 2把人作主语今物作主语低级词换作高级词增加描写细节的形容词,形成句内小对比,初步暴露矛盾现象0As can be depicted in this drawing,a little lamp isburning brightly in the vast/complete/deep darkness/用非谓语或独立主格结构来表示主体的细节状态。,主语相同,非谓语1=1 i k i n g s i n g i n g,I d e c i d et o s i n g w i t h 主语不同时,用独立主格S h e I i k e s A,s o I d e c i d e t od o A.S h e I i k i n g A,I d e c i d e.主语+谓语W i t h逻辑主语+分词结构s e e-s h o w-d e p i c t-i I l u s t r ate-clarify-portraypictu r e-ca r toon-d r aw ingAs can be depicted in this drawing,a little lamp is burning vigorously,shining through the vast darkness./+with its light shining through.11:As.,two tourists are seatedon a boat,eating and throwingoff dirty rubbish into theclean lake./+with dirty foodr e m a i n s b e i n g t h r o w n o f f i n t ot h e c l e a n l a k e b y t h e m.小结:首句写作公式如图所示的句型(物、高)+优化后的句子描写整体情况,初步暴露矛盾+非谓语或独立主格描写对比性的状态。(2)第2层:详细描述细节、动作、过程。要求:使用中文注释,或用自己的话来说。Love is just I ike this lamp;the darker thesurrounding is,the brighter this lamp is.建立结构性。首先,第一句话和 第 二 句 之 间 可 以 加 词:Obviously;其次,间建立从句关系.ObviousIy,love is justwhich is even brighter两个短句之I ike this lampin the darkerplace.字数不够,或者感觉没有清楚,可以用自 同其说的感叹句。请注意:形容词的色彩一定要和本文的主旨一致。How amazing/impressive this cartoon is indescribing/explaining the deep meaningof.第3层:骨架:使用套话:好事一让我们有启示;坏吧一一给我们警告。T h e d r a w e r s i n t e n t i o n i sh i g h I y s e I f-e v i d e n t a n d s e t s u st o b e t h o u g h-p r o v o k i n g.a n d w a r n s u s o f t h i s s o c i a lp r o b l e m/i s s u e.直接提出自己的观点:。2.双图题(对比型、一致型)第1层:注意:不要开始分别描述图片内容。T w o i n t e r e s t i n g p i c t u r e s a b o v ea t t r a c t m y a t t e n t i o n/c a t c h m ye ye b a 1 1 s t h a t p o r t r a y ap o p u l a r/c o m m o n+a p h e n o m e n o n o f +n (抽象的名词:w o r s h i p)a s c e n e/s i g h t o f +n (具体名词:f a t e)Ho w +a d j+t h e t w o p i c t u r e s a r ei n d e s c r i b i n g/p o r t r a yi n g o n eo f t h e m o s t w i d e s p r e a d/h i g h l yd e b a t e d s o c i a l p r o b l e m sc o n c e r n i n g .第2层:分开描述两幅图片的内容(第一幅画的中文翻译),m e a n w h i l e/s i m i l a r l y9+.(第二副图)A yo u n g m a n w r i t e s t h e n a m e o fB.o n h i s f a c e,m e a n w h i Ie,a n o t h e r m a n s p e n d s 30 0 yu a nh a v i n g h i s h a i r c u t/m a d e i n Bss t y I e.若为对比关系,m e a n w h i I e可换为:,h o w e v e r/n e v e r t h e l e s s,.Al t h o u g h.,.W h i Ie.g r e e n h o u s ew i n d a n d r a i nt h u n d e r s t o r mg r o w h e a l t h i l ybloommove out)into.exposed to.die at oncewitherA fIower is blooming in thegreenhouse/in the protectionof the greenhouse,however,itquickly withers when it ismoved out into the thunderstorm第3层:可以参考单图题。注意:始终在谈到图片的时候,要用复数(二)分析段第 1 句:Topic Sentence,1 0-1 5w第2-4句:论证1,40w第5-7句:论证2,40w第1句:使用揭示主题的句子+主题内容。清注意:一定要把握好情感一致性;一定要将具体人或物抽象为群体,事非事,人一定要非人。The picture(s)revea I s(s)thatin current China,many youngpeopIe hold their blindworship/reverence toidols/stars.e x c e s s i v e,t o o m u c hT h e m e a n i n g/i m p l i c a t i o nc o n v e ye d i n t h e p i c t u r e(s)i st h a t+主题c h i Id r e n i n Ch i n a i s s o f r a g i Iet h a t t h e y c a n t o v e r c o m ed i f f i c u l t!e s/s e t b a c k s/o b s t a c Ie s i n t h e s o c i e t y d u e t o o v e rp r o t e c t i o n/e x c e s s i v e l o v e f r o mp a r e n t s.四大通用素材1 .个人品质:E n d e a v o r/f i g h ti n g f o rf u tu r e/O v e r c o m i n go b sta c Ie s/Pe r si ste n c y/C o n f i d en c e/Ju sti c e/E x p e r i e n c e/C r e a tiv i ty/S e n se o fr e sp o n si b i Ii ti e s/S e l f-d i sc i p li n e/H o n e sty/1n d e p e n d e n c e/B e Iie f.i s a ke y tr a i t to o u r su c c e ss.论证1:Ju d g e d f r o m th e p e r so n a l a sp e c t,th i s tr a i t p l a y s a n i m p o r ta n tr o l e a s a n i n d i sp e n sa b I ed r i v i n g f o r c e tO ke e p u p o u r sp i r i ta n d to a ssi st u s to f u l f i 11 th e stu d y a n d w o r k.M o r e o v e r,th i s tr a i t,i fIo o ke d o n f r o m th e so c i a l l e v e l,i s a l so a ni m p o r ta n t(s i g n i f i c a n t)q u a Ii ty f o r a n a ti o n.2.个人与他人(1)教育儿童、照顾他人、帮助他人 It i s o u r i m p o r ta n td u ty/o b Ii g a ti o n/r e sp o n si b i I i ty to e d u c a te X X th e r i g h tw a y(p r o p e r l y)to ta ke c a r e o f X Xto h e l p o th e r s.F o r o n e r e a so n,f r o m th ei n d i v i d u a l a n g l e,a c c o r d i n g toth e T h e o r y o f N e e d p u t f o r w a r db y M a s I o w,e v e r y m a n h a s th en e e d o f b e i n g e d u c a te d p r o p e r I yo f b e i n g Io o ke d a f te ro f b e i n g o f f e r e d a h a n d,e sp e c i a 11y w h e n h e i s i n n e e d.F o r a n o th e r r e a so n,f r o m th eso c i a l p e r sp e c ti v e,a so c i e tythat advocates and emphasizescaring for the。/d m u st b e a o n ei n w h i c h c h i Id r e n/o l d m e n/w ea r e a b l e to m a ke h a p p yIi v i n g(l e a d a h a p p y Ii f e,)合作、互助、沟通 C o o p e r a ti o n/M u tu a Ih e I p/C o m m u n i c a t i o n w h i c h i s a ni m p o r ta n t p e r so n a l i ty p l a y s ag r e a t r o l e i n o u r e v e r y d a yI i f e.=(.i s o f g r e a ti m p o r ta n c e to.)Ab o v e a l l,f r o m th ei n d i v i d u a l a sp e c t,i n a so c i e tyw i th sp e e d,n o b o d y i s a b l e toa c c o m p I i sh a ta sk a l I b yh i m se l f.T h e r e f o r e,w e n e e dc o n str u c ti v e a d v i c e,i d e a s o rsu p p o r t f r o m o th e r s,a n dsi m i l a r l y,o th e r s a r e a l so i nn e e d o f o u r h e l p.F u r th e r m o r e,.i s a l sosi g n i f i c a n t to o u r so c i e ty i nth a t(,f o r)i t i s a b l e toi m p r o v e so c i a l e f f i c i e n c yIm p r o v e m u tu a I u n d e r sta n d i n g,so l v e o u r p r o b l e m s.A so c i e ty w h i c h e n c o u r a g e s a n da d v o c a te s.m u st b e a o n e f u l Io f v i g o r a n d h a r m o n y.O p p o seT h e tw o p i c tu r e s r e v e a l th a t w en e e d m u tu a I h e l p i n o r d e r tom a ke p r o g r e ss e sp e c i a l l y w h e ni n d i f f i c u l ti e s.Ab o v e a l ly f r o m th ei n d i v i d u a l a sp e c t,w h e nso m e o n e i s i n tr o u b l e s,h e i su n a b I e to a c c o m p I i sh a ta sk a 11b y h i m se l f.T h e r e f o r e,h e n e e d sc o n str u c ti v e a d v i c e,i d e a s o rsu p p o r t f r o m o th e r s,a n dsi m i l a r l y,o th e r s a r e a l so i nn e e d o f o u r h e l p w h i l e i no b sta c Ie s3.生活(1)cx 1/DO:a d d i c tIn te r n e t,T V,c o m p u te r,c e l I p h o n e,su p e r sta r最好用让步的手法来写,表明其分析的立场比较客观。C e l l p h o n e a d d i c t i o n i s ac o m m o n m e n ta l p r o b l e m/i IIn e ssth a t h a s a n e g a t i v e e f f e c t o no u r n o r m a I Ii f e.F i r st o f a l l,a l th o u g h.p r o v i d e s u s w i th e n te r ta i n m e n t,relaxation and so on,excessiverelying on.weakensinterpersona I re I ationships byreducing the norma Iopportunities for talking,dialogue,etc.Thus,it wi 11make peopIe menta11y fartherand farther away from eachother.Next,undeniably,.suppl iesus rich information/greatconven i ence/i nstantcommuni cat ion,A,B and CA and B as we 11 as Chowever,the more we dependon the less able we are tostudy and work independently.健康、运动 A s a Chinese proverb/adagegoes,wea I th is nothing withoutheal th/1 ife Iies in motion.From the personal aspect,wecant agree more that goodheaIth/exercises/sportsalways provides us with ful Ienergy and strength,and keepsus clear of diseases.B e si d e s,f r o m th e so c i a lp e r sp e c ti v e,a so c i e ty w i th a l Ii ts p e o p Ie i n g o o d h e a I th w i 11h a v e a b e tte r n a t i o n a I q u a Ii tya n d e n j o y h i g h e r l i v i n gsta n d a r d.S p o r ts a l so w o r k a s ab r i d g e/c o n n e c t i o n/ti e b e tw e e nc o u n tr i e s to se t u p a w a y f o rc u l tu r a l/e m o ti o n s Ic o m m u n i c a t i o n.节约和浪费sa v e r e so u r c e sso l a r,g e n e r a te,e n e r g y,c h e r i sh ti m ew a ste,sq u a n d e rb e a w a ste o f.J i a n g h u a x u e x i f a.b l o g.16 3.c o m4.社会类文化、环境(1)文化 C u l tu r e th a t w o r ks a s ab a si c f e a tu r e o f a so c i e ty o ra n a ti o n i s v i ta l f o r o u r b e i n g.若考文化概念:F r o m p e r so n a I p e r sp e c ti v e,e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l i s sh a p e d b yth e c u l tu r e i n w h i c h h e Ii v e s.T h a t i s,th e p a tte r n o f ac e r ta i n c u l tu r e m o r e o r l e ssd e te r m i n e s i ts c i ti z e n s5 w a y o fth i n ki n g,th e sty l e o f I i f e a n dth e v a l u e o f th e b e i n g.C u l tu r e,i f a sse sse d f r o mso c i a l a n g l e,i s ah o tp o t/m e Iti n g p o t f o rd i f f e r e n t e Ie m e n ts su c h a str a d i ti o n,l a n g u a g e,h i sto r i c a l r e Ii c s,r e Ii g i o u sb e l i e f a n d so o n.若考实物:T h i s o l d te m p I e/b u i Id i n g/r e l i cw h i c h i s ty p i c a I o fh i sto r y/v a l u e c a r r i e s o u rn a ti o n a I c u l tu r e.It n o t o n l ysh o w s to u s th e h a p p e n i n g s i nth e p a st b u t a l so c o n v e y s u si m p l i c a ti o n s f o r th e f u tu r e.(3)环境b l o g(二)通用素材的扩展方法1.因果轮回法由果求因:.i n th a t+T h a ts b e c a u se+th e c o n ti n u o u s e f f o r ts g i v e u sIa sti n g i m p e tu s f o r u s to g of o r w a r d.由因求果:果:C o n se q u e n t I y,w e a r e m o r ec a p a b Ie to d e f e a t/c o n q u e r a n yd i f f i c u l ti e s i n o u r w a y.2.正话反说方法:用 w i th o u t,i f.n o t,o nth e c o n tr a r y等话来引导一句与前面相反意思的话,可以换用反义词或在原词前加h a r d l y,b a r e l y,n e v e r,n o t.W i th o u t th i s tr a i t,w e w i 11l o se o u r sp i r i t a n d a l so l o sesu p p o r t to a c c o m p Ii sh o u rl e a r n i n g a n d ta sk.3.举例说明(1)假冒非中国古代名人-适合于文科主题PIa to,S o c r a ti c,Ar i sto tIe,R o u sse a uF o r e x a m p l e,a s Pl a tor e m a r ks/a s i s r e m a r ke d b y th ea n c i e n t p h i I o so p h e r Ar i sto t I e,c u l tu r e.R o u sse a u o n c e r e v i e w e d th a t+真理、常理,用一般式。(2)假冒一下统计机构的数据一一适用于社会自然科学类C AS SC h i n e se Ac a d e m y o f S o c i a lS c i e n c e sC N IE R:C h i n e se N a ti o n a l In sti tu te f o rE d u c a t i o n a I R e se a r c hAc c o r d i n g to a r e p o r t r e l e a se dr e c e n tl y b y ,+若列数据,最好有小数点,最好不要太接近100%(3)拿自己举例M y e x p e r i e n c e i s j u st a c a se toth e p o i n t.+2简单的故事,用过去时。I d i d n t I i ke sp o r ts l a st y e a r,a n d I f e 11 i 1 1 f o r th r e e ti m e s.论证1:个人层面+拓展论证2:社会层面+拓展(三)结论段1.第1层:总结观点注意先分后合:Comment/suggestA.Comment:Al I in al I/To sum up/To endup/As far as I am concerned/Inmy stance/In my eyes+my points ofview/standpoi nts/v iewpointsare com i ng/1 i sted as be Iow.Al I in all,my standpo i nt is+观点的同义改写。.i s v e r y c r u c i a l to o u ra c h i e v e m e n t.B.su g g e stAl I i n a l l,i t i s su g g e ste dth a t+观点的同义改写。Al I i n a l l,i t i s su g g e ste dth a t i s so c r u c i a l to u s th a tw e n e e d to ke e p i t w e l l.Al I i n a l I,m y su g g e sti o n s a s toth e b e st w a y to c o p e w i th (负面的那个主题)a r e a s f o l l o w s.第二层:三个角度:个人-态度/意识;社会-行动;政府-政策或法律Ab o v e a l l,e v e r y c i ti z e n sh o u l dh o l d ke e n c o n c e r n s o n ,th e n,o u r so c i e ty a s a w h o l e i ssu p p o se d to ta ke a c t i o n so n,l a st n o t l e a st,o u rg o v e r n m e n t o u g h t tom a ke/f o r m u I a te p o l i c y a n d I a w sto e n c o u r a g e th i s q u a Ii ty/toIi m i t o r p u n i sh th i s d e e d.第3层:套话倒装:O n l y b y f o l l o w i n g th e m e a su r e sa b o v e c a n w e so l v e th i sp r o b l e m/c r a c k th e h a r d n u t.c a n w e g o o n d o i n g a b e tte r j o b.省略:In E n g I a n d d e a th i s p r e ssi n g,i n C a n a d a i n e v i ta b Ie,i nC a l i f o r n i a o p ti o n a I.If c o n c e r n s a r e h e l d,a c ti o n sta ke n a n d p o l i c y a n d l a w s m a d e,th i s p r o b l e m w i 11 b e so Iv e d/w ec a n d o a b e tte r j o b.Cons i st ofBe composed ofCompr i se ofAs can be cone IudedThe number of the aged is muchmore than that of the young.With the number of the oldincreasing rapidly and that ofthe neonate decreasing,set out to dose t a b o u t to d o i n gse t to d o i n gg e t d o w n to d o i n g三、图表题首段问题1.第1 层:整体描述数据趋势。(1 )图 表 的 称 谓:t ab l e,ch art,g raph.I i n ech art,b ar ch art,pi e ch art(2)要写出整体上的时间跨度。F ro m 180 0 t o 20 0 0D u ri n g t h e l as t 20 0 y e arsB e t w e e n 180 0 an d 20 0 020 0 y e ars af t e r 180 0写清楚什么事情一图表上写出来的主题,要充分摘抄图表上的主题,要判断两个主题时的彼此关系。(4)时态:一般过去时(5)趋势问题:变化+程度变化:上升:i n cre as e,g o u p,ri s e,cl i m b,g ro w,as ce n db e o n a ri s e,下降:d e cre as e g o d o w n,f al l,d ro p,re d u ce,d e s ce n db e o n a d e c I i n e不 变:s t ay s t ab l e,k e e pu n ch an g e d,s t ay s t e ad y变化:k e e p ch an g i n g,f I act u at e程度:s l o w l y,g rad u al l y,s i i g h t l y,d ram at i cal l y,s h arpl y,rapi d l yh i g h f l y h i g h第1层写作公式:如表所示的语言+图表的主题+整体趋势和整体时间段+两个图表的主题+二者相关趋势。a po s i t i v e/n e g at i v e re l at i o nl ay b e t w e e n A an d B +时间段A cco rd i n g t o t h e I i n e ch art s,there was a positive relationbetween the popuI at i on growthand species extinetion in USfrom 1800 to 1900.2.描述图表的数据变化,以分段为单位起终值,最值,要注意单位(纵坐标)(1)单图N 句,(N-1)句N句:一个趋势一个句子(数值+时间段+主题+趋势,但是不同句子之间应该有联系词)Th e d e m an d d e c I i n e d g rad u al l yf ro m u n i t 5 t o u n i t 2 b e t w e e n1965 an d 1975.Th e n,i n t h e n e x t t e n y e ars,i ts t ay e d s t ab I e at u n i t 2.N e x t,i t cI i m b e d rapi d l y t ou n i t 10 t e n y e ars af t e r 1985.N e x t,i t i n cre as e d rapi d l y b yf i v e t i m e s i n 20 0 5 co m pare dw i t h 1985.倍数法:描述以起点为基础上增加的倍数。n-1句法:第一个趋势用单独的句子,后面两个趋势用before来连接。It stayed stab I e at unit 2 ti 111985 before it cIi mbedrapidly.in the next 20 years双图 写 第 一 幅 图 的 趋 势,m e an w h i I e,s i m i l arl y,at t h es am e t i m e,第二副图的趋势。若趋势相反,即换h o w e v e r等词即可。I n t h e f i rs t ch art,t h epo pu I at i o n g re w s h arpl y t o 250m i l l i o n 20 0 y e ars af t e r 180 0,m e an w h i I e,t h e s pe ci e se x t i n e t i o n ro s e rapi d l y b ys e v e n t i m e s b e t w e e n 160 0 an d190 0.两个误区:(1)单纯的描述趋势而没有给出具体的数据;(2)不要去描述每一个数据第3层:跟图片作文一样,揩图片换为图表Tw o reasons m ay accountfor/explain the phenomenon.can be set up/established第三部分小作文第一类书信类一、书信的要素三个点,两类语言,一种风格(-)三个点1.称呼(1)和对方关系熟:Dear XX(2)和对方不熟,但知道名字和身份D e ar P ro f./D r./P re s i d e n t+X X/M r X X(3)不认识,没有名字:D e ar s i r o r m