考研英语历年真题.pdf

2022年考研英语(一)真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWERSHEET.(10 points)The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s;the term plantneurobiology,was(1)around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be(2)to intelligence inanimals.(3)plants lack brains,the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggeredresponses that(4)consciousness,researchers previously reported.But such an idea is untrue,according to a new opinion article.Plant biology is complex and fascinating,but it(5)so greatly from that of animals that so-called(6)of plants,intelligence is inconclusive,the authors wrote.Beginning in 2006,some scientists have(7)that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormonesand neurotransmitters,(8)a plant nervous system,(9)to that in animals,“said lead study author LincolnTaiz,“They(10)claimed that plants have brain-like command centers at their root tips.”This(11)makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain,(12)it to an array of electricalpulses;cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals.(1 3),the signaling in a plant is only(14)similar to the firing in a complex animal brain,which is more than“a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,Taizsaid.“For consciousness to evolve,a brain with a threshold(15)of complexity and capacity is required,he(1 6).Since plants dont have nervous systems,the(17)that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”And whats so great about consciousness,anyway?Plants cant run away from(1 8),so investing energy in abody system which(19)a threat and can feel pain would be a very(20)evolutionary strategy,according tothe article.1.A.coinedB.discoveredC.collectedD.issued答案：A2.A.attributedB.directedC.comparedD.confined答案：C3.A.UnlessB.WhenC.OnceD.Though答案：D4.A.coped withB.consisted ofC.hinted atD.extended in答案：c5.A.suffersB.benefitsC.developsD.differs答案：D6.A.acceptanceB.evidenceC.cultivationD.creation答案：B7.A.doubtedB.deniedC.arguedD.requested答案：C8.A.adaptingB.formingC.repairingD.testing答案：B9.A.analogousB.essentialC.suitableD.sensitive答案：A10.A.justB.everC.stillD.even答案：D11.A.restrictionB.experimentC.perspectiveD.demand答案：C12.A.attachingB.reducingC.returningD.exposing答案：B13.A.HoweverB.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.Otherwise答案：A14.A.temporarilyB.literallyC.superficiallyD.imaginarily答案：C15.A.listB.levelC.labelD.local答案：B16.A.recalledB.agreedC.questionedD.added答案：D17.A.chancesB.risksC.excusesD.assumptions答案：A18.A.dangerB.failureC.warningD.control答案：A19.A.representsB.includesC.revealsD.recognizes答案：D20.A.humbleB.poorC.practicalD.easy答案：BSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1People often complain that plastics are too durable.Water bottles,shopping bags,and other trash litter the planet,from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench,because plastics are everywhere and dont break down easily.But someplastic materials change over time.They crack and frizzle.They“weep out additives.They melt into sludge.All ofwhich creates huge headaches for institutions,such as museums,trying to preserve culturally important objects.Thevariety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying:early radios,avant-garde sculptures,celluloid animation stills from Disneyfilms,the first artificial heart.Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didnt always know how to mixingredients properly,says Thea van Oosten,a polymer chemist who,until retiring a few years ago,worked for decades atthe Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands.Its like baking a cake:If you dont have exact amounts,it goeswrong,she says.The object you make is already a time bomb.”And sometimes,its not the artists fault.In the 1960s,the Italian artist Piero Gilardi began to create hundreds ofbright,colorful foam pieces.Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen“naturecarpets95large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins,cabbages,and watermelons.He wanted viewers to walkaround on the carpets-which meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately,the polyurethane fbam he used is inherently unstable.Ifs especially vulnerable to light damage,andby the mid-1990s,Gilardis pumpkins,roses,and other figures were splitting and crumbling.Museums locke d some ofthem away in the dark.So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardis sculptures.They infused somewith stabilizing and consolidating chemicals.Van Oosten calls those chemicals“sunscreens“because their goal was toprevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers.She is proud that several sculptures have even gone ondisplay again,albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.Despite success stories like van Oosten?s,preservation of plastics will likely get harder.Old objects continue todeteriorate.Worse,biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate,are increasingly common.And more is at stake herethan individual objects.Joana Lia Ferreira,an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School ofScience and Technology,notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history-Stone Age,Iron Age,and so on-after examining artifacts in museums.We now live in an age of plastic,she says,and what wedecide to collect today,what we decide to preserve.will have a strong impact on how in the future well be seen.21.According to Paragraph 1,museums are faced with difficulties in.A.maintaining their plastic itemsB.obtaining durable plastic artifactsC.handling outdated plastic exhibitsD.classifying their plastic collections答案：A22.Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are.A.immune to decayB.improperly shapedC.inherently flawedD.complex in structure答案：B23.Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardis artworks to.A.keep them from hurting visitorsB.duplicate them for future displayC.have their ingredients analyzedD.prevent them from further damage答案：D24.The author thinks that preservation of plastics is.A.costlyB.unworthyC.unpopularD.challenging答案：D25.In Ferreiras opinion,preservation of plastic a r t i f a c t s.A.will inspire future scientific researchB.has profound historical significanceC.will help us separate the material agesD.has an impact on todays cultural life答案：BText 2As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate applications and weigh up their options,it may be worthconsidering just how the point,purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Gen Z need to consider as they startthe third stage of their educational journey.Millennials were told that if you did well in school,got a decent degree,you would be set up for life.But thatpromise has been found wanting.As degrees became universal,they became devalued.Education was no longer a secureroute of social mobility.Today,28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles;a percentage which isdouble the average amongst the OECD.This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree,but,rather stress that a degree is not for everyone,thatthe switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.Thankfully,there are signs that this is already happening,with Gen Z seeking to learn from their millennialpredecessors,even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset.Employers have long seen theadvantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees thangraduates.Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.For those for whom a degree is the desired route,consider that this may well be the first of many.In this age ofgeneralists,it pays to have specific knowledge or skills.Postgraduates now earn 40 per cent more than graduates.Whenmore and more of us have a degree,it makes sense to have two.It is unlikely that Gen Z will be done with education at 18 or 21;they will need to be constantly up-skillingthroughout their career to stay agile,relevant and employable.It has been estimated that this generation due to thepressures of technology,the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity will work for 17 different employersover the course of their working life and have five different careers.Education,and not just knowledge gained oncampus,will be a core part of Generation Zs career trajectory.Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense:I am a geographer or I am aclassisf.Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing;its as if they already know that their degree wont definethem in the same way.26.The author suggests that Generation Z s h o u l d.A.be careful in choosing a collegeB.be diligent at each educational stageC.reassess the necessity of college educationD.postpone their undergraduate application答案：c27.The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles r e f l e c t.A.Millennials opinions about workB.the shrinking value of a degreeC.public discontent with educationD.the desired route of social mobility答案：B28.The author considers it a good sign t hat.A.Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degreeB.school leavers are willing to be skilled workersC.employers are taking a realistic attitude to degreeD.parents are changing their minds about education答案：C29.It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree s h o u l d.A.make an early decision on their careerB.attend on the job training programsC.team up with high-paid postgraduatesD.further their studies in a specific field答案：D30.What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?A.Lifelong learning will define them.B.They will make qualified educators.C.Depress will no longer appeal them.D.They will have a limited choice of jobs.答案：AText 3Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun.These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe theirexperience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers.Nearly40%of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said,they had collaborated with artists;andalmost all said they would consider doing so in future.Such an encouraging results is not surprising.Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help themcommunicate their work to new audiences.44Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotionalconnections that enhance lcaming.One respondent said.One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the SydneySymphony Orchestra perfomed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldis The Four Seasons.They reimagined the300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season-provided by Monash UniversitysClimate Change Communication Research Hub.The perfbimance was a creative call to action ahead of NovembersUnited Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow,UK.But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street.Fewer artist than scientists responded to the Nature poll,however,several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements.Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study.The alliances are most valuable when scientists andartists have a shared stake in a project,are able to jointly design it and can critique each others work.Such an approachcan both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art.More than half a century ago,the Massachusetts Instituteof Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies(CAVS)to explore the role of technology in culture.Thefounders deliberately focused their projects around light-hence the“visual studies in the name.Light was a somethingthat both artists and scientists had an interest in,and therefore could form the basis of collaboration.As science andtechnology progressed,and divided into more sub-disciplines,the centre was simultaneously looking to a time whenleading researchers could also be artists,writers and poets,and vice versa.Natures poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever,but,to make a collaboration work,both sides needto invest time,and embrace surprise and challenge.The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessarypurpose of research communication,and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other.Artists andscientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention,and challenge and critique are core to both,too.31.According to paragraph 1,art-science collaborations ha ve.A.caught the attention of criticsB.received favorable responsesC.promoted academic publishingD.sparked heated public disputes答案：B32.The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show t hat.A.art can offer audiences easy access to scienceB.science can help with the expression of emotionsC.public participation in science has a promising futureD.art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations答案：A33.Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science p a r t n e r s h i p.A.their role may be underestimatedB.their reputation may be impairedC.their creativity may be inhibitedD.their work may be misguided答案：A34.What does the author say about CVS?A.It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.B.It exemplified valuable art-science alliances.C.Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.D.Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.答案：B35.In the last paragraph,the author holds that art-science c o lla b o ra tio n s.A.are likely to go beyond public expectationsB.will intensify interdisciplinary competitionC.should do more than communicating scienceD.are becoming more popular than before答案：CText 4The personal grievance provisions of New Zealands Employment Relations Act 2000(ERA)prevent an employ erfrom firing an employee without good cause.Instead,dismissals must be justified.Employers must both show cause andact in a procedurally fair way.Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from unjustified dismissals.The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct bymanagement.Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives.Ascountless boards and business owners will attest,constraining firms from firing poorly performing,high-earningmanagers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance.The difference between C-grade and A-grademanagers may very well be the difference between business success or failure.Between preserving the jobs of ordinaryworkers or losing them.Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.Con