2022年中考英语语法讲义（代词）.docx

代词、人称代词主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词I我memyminemyselfyou你youyouryoursyourselfhe他himhishishimselfshe她herherhersherselfit它ititsitsitselfwe我们usouroursourselvesyou你们youyouryoursyourselvesthey他们themtheirtheirsthemselves1.人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。Ilike table tennis.（作主语）Do you knowhim?（作宾语）2.几个人称代词并列做主语时，它们的顺序是单数形式（二三一）you,he,she and I you,Peter,Alice and I复数形式（一二三）we,you and they但是当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反，I在最前，you在最后。3.形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如：Our teacher is coming to see us.我们的老师将要来看我们。This is her pencil-box.这是她的铅笔盒4.名词性物主代词常用来避免和前面已提及的名词重复，其作用相当于名词并 且相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。Our school is here,and theirs is there*作主语）这里的theirs相当于their schoolIs this English-book yours?（作表语）一No.Mine is in my bag.这里的yours,mine相当于your/my English-bookIve already finished my homework.Have you finished yours?（作宾语）5.名词性物主代词可以用在of后做定语，相当于“。任名词所有格”表示带有部分 概念。例如：He is a friend of mine.他是我的一位朋友。A friend of my fathers is a doctor.我爸爸的一个朋友是医生。6.反身代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。Would you please express yourself in English?你能用英语表达自己的想法吗The girl in the news is myself.新闻里的女孩正是我自己。I myself washed the clothes(=1 washed the clothes myself.)我自己洗了 衣服。He knows himself well.他很了 解他自己。反身代词常用的短语teach oneself自 学learn by oneself自 学enjoy oneself=have a good time=have fun玩的高兴help oneself to随便吃come to oneself苏醒make yourself at home别拘束Exercise:1.His MP3 is the same as,but it is more expensive.A.himB.mineC.myD.her2.一Is this the Greens9house?-No.is over there.A.HisB.TheirC.TheirD.Them3.一Is this kite,Tom?Yes,its mine.Ifs made by.A.yours,myself B.mine,myself C.ours,himself4.-Is Miss White English teacher,Maria?一No,she teaches geography.A.your;myB.you;mineC.you;usD.your;us5.Who is the best friend of at school?I think Helen is.We often help each other.6.一How was the evening party yesterday?We enjoyed very much.A.usB.ourselvesC.itsD.itself7.His name is James but he calls Jim.A.hisB.himselfC.himD./8.-Betty,help to some soup.-Thanks a lot.A.youB.yourC.yourself D.yours9.-Help to some fish,children.-Thanks.A.youB.yoursC.yourself D.yourselves填空1.At the age of eight,the boy started teaching(he)mathematics.2.She said to(she),What a hard problem!3.The children all thought that they could look after(they).4.1 dont like the present(it),but the box.5.The visitors helped(they)to the cakes.6.It was noisy in the room.I could hardly hear(I)speak.二、指示代词这，这个那，那个这些那些A.mineB.hisC.yoursD.hersthisthatthesethosel.this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those则指时 间和空间上较远的事物或人。例如：This is a pen and that is a pencil.We are busy these days.In those days the workers had a hard time.2.有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this和these则是指下面将要讲到的 事物。例如：I had a cold.Thats why I didnt come.我感冒了，这是我没有来的原因。What I want to say is this:pronunciation is very important in learning English.我想说：学习英语时发音很重要。3.有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that或those代替。例如：Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.北京造的电视和上海造的一样好。The weather here is much hotter than that in Beijing.这里的天气比北京的热很多。4.this在电话用语中代表自己，that则代表对方。例如：Hello!This is Mary.Is that Jack speaking?你好，我是Mary.你是Jack吗？Exercise：1.The machines made in China are cheaper than made in Japan.A.onesB.thatC.thoseD.it2.一Look!Whats in the sky?一It looks like a kite.A.thisB.thatC.those D.these3.Have you found your lost mobile phone?一No,I haven9t found,but I bought this morning.A.one;that B.that;one C.it;oneD.one;it三、疑问代词疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分疑问词意思用法when什么时间问时间what time什么时间问具体时间，如几点钟who谁问人whose谁的问主人where在哪里问地点which哪一个问选择why为什么问原因what什么问东西、事物what color什么颜色问颜色what about.怎么样问意见what day星期几问星期几what date什么日期问日期how怎么样问情况how old多大年纪问年龄how many多少数量（可数名词）问数量how much多少钱，多少数量（不可数名词）问多少钱或数量（不可数）how about.怎么样问意见how often多久问频率how long多长时间问时间长度how far多远问多远；多长距离四、不定代词 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语 和定语。不定代词没有确定的对象，常用的有：all,each,every,both,either,neither,one,none,little,few,many,much,other,another,some any,no以及由some,no,any,every构成的复合词。both两者都all三者都neither两者都不none三者都不either两者（任一个）any三者（任一个）each两者（以上）每一个every三者（以上）每一个both of.两者都谓语动词复数形式neither of.两者都不谓语动词单数形式all of三者都谓语动词复数数形式none of.三者都不谓语动词单数形式each of.每一个都谓语动词单数形式both.and.两者都谓语动词复数形式either.or.两者任一谓语动词就近原则neither.nor.既不也不谓语动词就近原则not only.but also.不仅而且谓语动词就近原则as well as并且，以及谓语动词就远原则注：every后面不能直接加of辨析1.some与any的区别a.some多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”作形容词时，后面可以接不可数名词 或可数名词复数。例如：Look!Some students are cleaning the library.看！有些学生在打扫图书馆。2)any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表示“一些，任何用作形容词时，后面可以接不可数名词和可数名词复数。例如：If you have any questions,please ask me.如果你有任何困难，可以来问我。3)希望得到对方的肯定回答时，用some而不用any。例如：Would you like some tea?你想喝点茶吗？2.few,a few,little,a little在用法上的区别a.用作形容词表示肯定表示否定用于可数名词a few虽少，但有几个few不多，几乎没有用于不可数名词a little虽少，但有一点little不多，没有什么They had little money with them.b.a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点,稍微”，little表示“很少Im a little/a bit hungry.我有一点点饿。（修饰形容词hungry）Let him sleep a little.让他睡一小会儿。（修饰动词sleep）Mary,go a little faster,please.Mary,请走快一点。（修饰副词比较级）She slept very little last night.她昨天晚上只睡了一会儿。not a little=very much十分not a bit=not.at all一点也不3.other,the other,another,others,the others的区另U用法代名词形容词单数复数单数复数不定another另一个others别人，其他人another（boy）另一个（男孩）other（boys）其他（男孩）特定the other另一个the others其余那些人、物the other(boy)另一个(男孩)the other（boys）其余那些（男孩）1）other可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别的”。Where are hisotherbooks?他的其他的书在哪里？I haven*t anyotherbooks except this one.除了这本书我没有其他书了。Im going to buy a few apples.我去买一些苹果He can speak only a little Chinese.他只会说一点点中文。There is only a little milk in the glass.玻璃杯里只有一点点牛奶。He has few friends.他几乎没有朋友。他们身边几乎没钱2)other作代词时，可以有复数“others”,泛指“另外的人或物常与some搭配 构成“someothers意为“一些.另一些.Somewent to the cinema,otherswent swimming.This coat is too large.Show me some others,please.3)other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“theother，表示两个人或物中 的“另一个常与one搭配，构成“one,the other 意为一个另一个”He has two brothers.Oneis 10 years old,the otheris 5 years old.She held a ruler inonehand and an exercise book inthe other.4)“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。可与some和one搭配，构成“onethe others和somethe others.M意为“一个 其他的”和“一些.,其他的”We got home by 4 oclock,butthe othersdidnt get back until 8 oclock.In our class only Tom is English,the othersare Chinese.5)another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”,还可以跟代词one。也可以作代词用“另一个“，表追加。You can see another ship in the sea,cant you?Mary doesnt want to buy this skirt.Would you please show heranother one?Im still hungry after Ive had this cake.Please give me another.6）表示互相each other表示两者之间的互相one another表示三者及三者以上之间的互相We often write to each other.我们经常互相写信。The football players shake hands with one another before the match.比赛开始前足球运动员互相握手。区分：a.There aretwostudents in the classroom.（二者之间）Oneis reading a book,the otheris doing his homework.b.There are three students in the classroom.（三者之间）Oneis reading a book,anotheris doing his homework,the thirdis sleeping.c.There arefivestudents in the classroom.（特定的范围）One is reading a book,the othersare doing their homework.One is reading a book,the other studentsare doing their homework.One is reading a book,the other fourare doing their homework.One is reading a book,the restare doing their homework.d.There are forty students in the classroom.（特定范围）Someare reading a book,the othersare doing their homework.e.There are many students on the playground.（大范围）Someare playing football,othersare playing basketball.4.every与each的区别。eachevery1）可单独使用1）不可单独使用2）可做代名词、形容词2）仅作形容词3）着重“个别”3）着重“全体”，毫无例外4）用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人 或物4）用于三者或三者以上的每一个人 或物each ofevery one of当我们说each child,each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child Severy student时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every的 意思与all接近，表示他们都如此。Every student loves the English teacher.=All students love the English teacher.Every child likes playing.=All children like playing.5.too much与much too的用法too much后面接不可数名词，意为“太多”much too后面接形容词，意为“太”He is much too fat because he has eaten too much butter.他太胖了因为他吃了太多黄油。6.复合不定代词somebody某人anybody任何人nobody没人everybody任何人someone某人anyone任何人no one没人everyone任何人something某事anything任何事nothing没事everything任彳可事复合不定代词具有名词性质，在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语，但不能用作定语复合不定代词的指代对象a.含-body和-one的复合不定代词只用来指人，含-body的复合不定代词与含-one的复合不定代词在功能和意义上完全相同，可以互换。只是用-body时显 得较通俗些，多用于口语中，用-one时显得较文雅些，更常见于正式场合及书 面语中。如：Someone/Somebody is crying inthenext room.有人在隔壁房间哭。No one/Nobody is stupid.没有谁是愚蠢的。b.含-thing的复合不定代词只用来指事物。如：Are you going to buy anything?你会去买东西吗？I can hear nothing but your voice,我只听到了 你的声音。c.复合不定代词的属格(1)含-one和-body等指人的复合代词可有，s属格形式。如：Everybodys business is nobodys business.大家的事情没人管。Is this anybodys seat?这儿有人坐吗？(2)含-one和-body等指人的复合代词后跟else时，-s属格应加在else之后。如:Can you remember someone elses name?你还记得其他人的姓名吗？(3)含-thing等指事物的复合不定代词没有一s属格形式。d.复合不定代词的数(1)复合不定代词都具有单数的含义，因此通常被看成是单数第三人称。当它们充当句子的主语时，其后的谓语动词用单数形式。如：Is everyone here today?今天，大家都到齐了吗？Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.世上无难事，只怕有心人。(2)当要对一群人讲话时，可使用以复合不定代词作主语的祈使句，句中的动词 用原形。如：Nobody move!=Dont anybody move!都别动！程度好的Everyone lie down!统统趴下！Help yourselves to some sweets,everyone.大家随便吃点糖果。e.复合不定代词的替代问题由于复合不定代词都具有单数的含义，所以在正规的英语中用来替代它们的代词 也应该是单数形式。(1)含-one和-body等指人的复合代词，其代词应该是he/she,him/her,其，s属 格形式的代词应该是his/her,his/hers。如：Everyone has his/her own words,每个人都有他(她)自己的说辞。但是，这样一来就会因为性别的差异而使得在代词的运用上具有不确定性，所以 为了避免这种别扭的情况，我们一般都是用they/them/their/theirs,尤其是在口语中 以及非正式场合下。如：No one gave you a ticket,did they?没人给你票，是吗？Someone came in,but I didnt knowwho they were.有人进来了，但我不知道是谁。(2)含-thing等指事物的复合不定代词，不会因性别上的差异而使得在代词的运 用上产生不确定性，因此我们就使用it。如：Something goes wrong,doesnt it?出问题 了，是吗？f.不定代词的定语复合不定代词的定语必须后置，即放在复合不定代词的后面。如：Can you tell me something interesting?你能讲些有趣的事情吗？Is there anybody important here?这儿有大人物吗？g.复合不定代词的否定(1)“not every，表示的是部分否定，意为“并非都，不都:例如Not everything will go well.并非一切都会那么顺利。The teacher didnt call everyones name.老师并没有点所有人的名。(2)“not any-”和no-均表示全否定。例如:He listened,but heard nothing.他听了听，但什么也没听到。=He listened,but didnt hear anything.You havent called anyone/anybody up,have you?你没给谁打过电话，是吗？You have called no one/nobody up,have you?Exercise:选择题1.一Which one would you like to take,this one or that one?一I would like to take.A.twoB.bothC.allD.two of them2.These two pianos are very good.You can choose of them.A.both B.eachC either D.any3.Either Bill or Black said that he himself was right,and of themwould give in.A.noneB.bothC.noD.neither4.1looked through several books,and I liked of them.A.neitherB.noC.noneD.nothing5.On side of the street we could see shops and restaurants.A.either B.every C.bothD.all6.Please come at time.Fil show you my stamps.A.any,allB.all,anyC.some,someD.any,every7.1 m afraid I dont like these postcards.Can you show me some?A.another B.otherC.othersD./8.He has bought two colour TV sets.is made in Shanghai,andis made in Japan.A.One,anotherB.One,otherC.Each,otherD.One,the other9.The students are planting trees in the park.are watering thetrees.are digging.A.Some,the othersB.Some,othersC.Ones,otherD.one after another10.They said hello to when they met on the ship.A.each other B.one other C.one the other D.one,another11.They gave me some ideas,but of them can solve my problem.A.noneB.no C.not any D.nothing12.Soapy tasted the two dishes,and said he liked.A.neither B.any C.anything D.either13.At the party child was given a bag of sweets.A.every oneB.each C.everyone D.all14.said that the concert was very good.A.All studentsB.All of students1.All the studentsD.The all students15.Could you give me some books to read?will do.A.Anyone B.Any one C.Everyone D.Every one16.一Oh,youve bought a lot of food.Is coming this afternoon?一Yes,Mr Johnson.A.anyB.someone C.oneD.some one17.1 don*t know why I never had luck in exams.A.someB.anyC.noD.any of18.There are four foreign teachers in our school.One is English,areAmerican.D.three others19.1 didnt buy anything expensive in Europe.Just small things.A.fewB.a few C.some of D.a few of20.Could I have eggs please?一Yes.How many?A.someB.anyC.few D.plenty21.一Is here,Lily?一Yes.All are here except John.A.allB.everybody C.anyone D.somebody22.Td like milk in my tea.A.a littleB.littleC.a fewD.few23.the oranges are bad.Pick them out.A.SeveralB.Few of C.A fewD.Several of24.of the first three winners got a prize.A.EveryB.Each C.Everyone D.Everybody25.He has keptof the old photos.A.everyoneB.every oneC.everyD.anyone26.Two boys came in and I gave a bar of chocolate to.A.everyone B.allC.eachD.anyone27.were invited to the party.A.They mostC.Most of themA.the other threeB.another threeC.othersB.Most themD.Most they28.1saw him smoking one cigarette,then.I knew it was harmful toA.another,othersB.other,othersC.other,anotherD.another,other29.Itfs not mine.It could be.A.someone else*sB.someones elseC.someone elseD.someone else130.Dont tell others her story.Itrs only between.A.you and meB.yourself and myselfC.you and ID.yours and mine31.The sick old man hoped would stay to look after him.A.one B.anyC.not one D.someone32.The sports car was beautiful,but many people liked.beside it.A.oneB.the one C.itD.that用不定代词填空1.All of us were invited,but n of us came.2.The weather in Shanghai is different from t in Baotou.3.The bottle is empty.There is n in it.4.Today,too many trees are still being cut down s in the world.5.These sweaters are too small for me.Please show me a one.6.“Which of the two dictionaries do you like better?”I like,because theyYe not useful.7.They were all very tired,but of them would stop to take a rest.8.My father is very busy with his work.He has time to do the housework.课堂检测1.-Is OK,Lucy?-No,my maths is not as good as English.A.everythingB.somethingC.nothingD.anything2.The boy was so attracted by the computer games that he forgot else.A.anythingB.nothingC.somethingD.everything3.-Whats in the box?-Its empty.There is in it.A.noneB.no oneC.nothing D.something4.of them knows French,so I have to ask a third person for help.A.NeitherB.EitherC.BothD.None5.It rained heavily this morning,but of my classmates were away from school.A.neither B.noneC.allD.both6.-Which do you prefer,a CD player or a Walkman?-.I prefer the new kind of MP4.A.BothB.NoneC.Neither D.Either7.Shirley had to buy these CDs because she didnt know which one to take.8.-Heres coffee and tea.You may have.-Thanks.A.eitherB.eachC.oneD.it9.Obey the traffic rules and learn to protect yourself.is more important than life.B.Something C.Everything D.Anything1.1 1 have to do.Please give me to read.A.something,anythingB.nothing,somethingC.nothing,everythingD.anything,nothing1.2-Got any information about High School Examination?-Well,1 was trying to,but found.A.oneB.no oneC.noneD.some1.15s watching TV.Lets turn it off.A.Somebody B.Anybody C.Nobody D.Everybody13.-Do you want tea or coffee?-.I really dont mind.A.BothB.NoneC.Either D.Neither14.Money is important in my life.But it isnt to me.A.everything B.something C.nothing D.anything15.Can you hear the strange noise from the washing machine?must be wrong with it.A.Anything B.NothingC.Something16.Mrs Smith has two children,is a driver and is a nurse.A.allB.noneC.eachD.bothA.NothingA.one,anotherB.one,the otherC.one,otherD.one,others17.Put it down,Richard.You mustnt read letter.A.anyones elsesB.anyones elseC.anyone else*sD.anyone else18.The parents go to the cinema.A.want both toB.both want toC.want both toD.want to both19.Please keep together.We want of you to get lost.A.noneB.someC.many20.You are not right.Im not right,either“means.A.Either of us are not rightB.Neither of us is rightC.Both of us are right