考研英语长难句笔记.pdf

句子一定有主谓，主语一定是动作发出者，如果有宾语一定是动作接收者英语句子的基本结构1、主谓2、主谓宾 谓 语：实义动词3、主谓表（主系表）谓 语：系动词*be*感官动词look（=seem=appear）smell taste（名词喜爱喜好）sound（名词声音，形容词甜美）feel*变化 become get turn grow fall*保持 keep stay remain stand4、主谓双宾语 I bought him a dog 不能 he is dog5、主谓宾宾补 You should keep the room clean and tidy 有关系区别在于：只需要在最后俩个宾语之间加个be动 词，如果读起来意思对则有关系（很重要）句子的成分-词性的问题谓语1、谓语的成分有时态的实义动词或系动词充当谓语2、一句话当中动词能不能多？*绝对不能多，一句话中只能有一个动词并且充当谓语，多余的动词全部变成非/谓语动词他穿上外衣，锁上门，离开了家He（putting on his jacket,locking the door）,left home大熊猫 Pandas are the rarest members in bear family.mainly living in the forest of Chinesesouthwest长江流经不同的生态体系，是诸多濒危物种的栖息地，灌溉了中国五分之一的土地。Yang Zi River flowing through diverse ecological system,keeps the home of a sea ofendangered species,irrigating Chinese 1/5 land我爱你，你爱我I loving you,you love me 独立主格冬天来了，春天就不远了Winter approaching,spring will(be around the corner)我是一个老师，我很喜欢唱歌Being a teacher(分词做状语，和独立主格一个意思),I have passion for singing songs*动词能不能少(能不能没有谓语)绝对不能，当一句话需要动词而没有动词的时候，永远加be动 词，并且be动词没有意思I(am)against you,Your mother must(be)very beautiful谓语只能是动词动词只能做谓语 两者是一个东西，分析上来找动词所以我们需要把一句话当中所有不做谓语的动词全部变成不是动词-非/谓语动词(ing主 动，ed被 动，to d o 目的)谓语的总结一句话当中，有且只能有一个，有时态的实义动词或者是系动词的存在，并且充当谓语主语主语的成分名词代词非谓语动词从句-引导词+句子Handsomeness and strength are his natureBeing handsome and strong is his nature主语能不能少绝对不能，那一句话没有主语怎么办呢？1、加 it作主语：必须与天气，温 度，时间有关系It feels（系动词替换 be）exceedingly in the cabin2、there be句 型,听到“有”的时候使用there exist a host of undergraduates being fascinated with me3、被 动：当听到一句话没有主语或者是人称代词作主语都可以考虑写成被动Persistence must be pointed out outstandingly（非 常）crucial（重 要）Overfishing is claimed more than（后面加形容词做非常的意思）fearful（严重的）byan increasing amount of professors三种情况无被动动词后面有介词时，无被动系动词没有被动Have表达“有”的意思时，无被动4、人称代词：I you w e 最好不用如果有梦想，就会成功If there exists a dream,glories are supposed to be achieved宾语名词代词非谓语动词宾语从句表语名词代 词 x is me非谓语动词从句形容词介词短语in ChongqingI like(实义动词带宾语)being in CQLadies love beauty(being beautiful)简单句的考点分析1、写作*1、所有写不来的长难句都先写成简单句，一定要语法正确*2、所有写不来的单词都可以写成自己会的词汇，反正老师不知道我的意思2、长难句分析*1、找动词也就是谓语，从而找到主谓宾，如果一句话找到多个动词，就确定主句的谓语动词(前面没有引导词的那个动词就是主句的谓语动词)P29妒嫉本身就是一种仰望Being jealous is a kind of worship有意义就是好好活Being meaningful proves(is)to(已经有动词)live well好好活就是有意义Living well seems(is)to do meaningful things什么是并列句：就是用连词连接俩个句子英语中常见的连词平行关系：and,not only-but alsoSimilarly,equally,likewise,at the same time,in the meanwhile转 折:but,yet,while,whereasHowever,nevertheless,on the contrary,converselyUnexpectedly unfortunately选 择:o r,whether-orAlternatively因 果:fo r,so 纯连词Therefore,thus,consequently,as a result递 进:thenBesides,furthermore,moreover,additionally,subsequentlyIn addition并列句的考点分析写 作：只要写作的上下句之间有逻辑关系，就一定要用逻辑关系词（连词、副词、介词和介词短语）P64爱情早已不在了，他还在留恋过去Romance has evaporated,逗号可有可无）but she still misses the past.On the contrary,she still misses the past,and on the contray she still 连词和其他的逻辑关系词的区别在于连词的前面，有无逗号都可，而其他的逻辑关系词的前面，要么用句号要么加and有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎There remain an army of companies coming from afar,and consequently（所 以）,I feelmore than delighted都说我如水百变，可是我清澈不变I am claimed changeable like water.By contrast,my clarity keeps consistentDo you still keep that day in mind?I failed to past CET4,and as a result,I shed tears inthe rain alone.At the same time,you came up to me and subsequently you bet my shoulderand told me there exists no destination in life完 型：只需要读懂逻辑关系词前后俩句话的关系长难句分析：在分析长难句的时候，只要见到有并列连词的出现，通常都会有省略，翻译的时候先把省略的补上，分析的第二步就是找连词，但是当连词在连接俩个单词的时候就装作没看见，那如何查找省略的内容呢？一句话只要有省略，就一定是省略在连词后而不是前-所以连词后面有的成分连词前面通常（如果连词后只有一个成分，前面一定能找到，如果连词后有多个成分，连词前不一定都能找到）都要有一连词前面有而连词后面没有便是省略的内容P61 peculiar古怪的二 weird=odd peculiar to 什么什么所特有的，专属的Specific=concrete 具体的说名词和名词性从句名词能够充当的成分1、主语 the movie looks terrific2、宾语 I admire his mother3、表语 Gump is a man4、同位语 I enjoy the part,the beginning同位语：用来解释名词的成分就是同位语My mother,a typical housewife,enjoy playing Mahjong,a Chinese entertainment只要在作文中见到名词，都可以有意识地在他后面加个同位语，对该名词进行补充说明Persistence(,an active mentality,)plays a critical role in the glories of all childrenand adults同位语的成分名词代词非谓语从句什么是名词性从句名词在句子中能够充当的成分，从句都能充当，这就是名词性从句名词性从句的引导词That he has got divorce is my faultWhether he has got divorced is obviousWho he will marry is a secret名词性从句的引导词是按照引导词的类型分的类，一共把引导词分为三类1、That:当从句是陈述句时，并且that在从句中补充当任何成分也没有任何意思2、Whether:当从句是一般疑问句时。并且whether在从句中也没有充当成分，意思是是否3、所有的特殊疑问词：当从句是特殊疑问句时并且英语中所有的从句都一定是陈述句也就是引导词加主语加谓语的形式练习I am wondering whether aliens exist（宾语从句）That ladies tend to（总、是）be right remains（保 持,一直都是）common knowledge.（主语从句）My meaning seems that supporting the elderly remains a Chinese conventional virtueSomeday,one will perceive（发 现）that career,kinship and friendship prove（are）moreindispensable（重要的）than romance.（that 引导的宾语从句）The point seems when wealth will become（be）available for you.你什么时候有钱名词性从句的考点分析写作1、主语从句主语从句的满分表达就是，把主语从句放到句末去加it来做形式主语It.that.It is apparent that 显而易见It looks beyond dispute that 显而易见（超过争论）It has been widely accepted that 显而易见It is universally acknowledged that 显而易见It keeps my argument that 我认为主语从句的满分句型可以写在作文中任何一句话的前面用来拉长句子It looks beyond dispute that the issue about diligence has been brought into thelimelight2、同位语从句同位语从句既可以放在它所解释的名词后也可放在整句话的后面The matter（that he managed to find a girlfriend）makes his superiors rejoicedNothing can hide the truth that she is getting oldThe outlook proves wrong that private individuals（people）in HN seem all deceiversThe evidence（that flowers in the greenhouse fail to undergo storms）indicates（表明）that kids should by no means（no）be spoiled by their senior citizens（父 母）长难句分析能够识别各个名词性从句并把它们通顺的翻译出来1、如何识别主语从句只要见到有引导词放在句首并且从句后没有被逗号隔开，就一定是主语从句，主语从句从句首开始到主句的谓语动词之前结束，除此以外在分析长难句的时候，见 到 it.that也通常都是主语从句，主语从句从that开始到句末结束2、如何识别宾语从句只要实义动词后面有个引导词就暂定为宾语从句（状语从句还没有讲）P82 7 reason做动词 推理 in doing s th 在做什么的过程中3、如何识别表语从句只要系动词的后面有个引导词就是表语从句4、如何识别同位语从句只要名词的后面有个引导词，就暂定为同位语从句（更可能是定语从句）定语什么是定语只要听到的+名 词，的就是修饰这个名词的定语成分定语的成分1、形容词作定语The innocent（善良的）nightingale diedThe nightingale（brave and innocent）died2、名 词（短 语）作定语The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom3、介词短语作定语The n out of the window heard the sighs（感 叹）of the youngster4、非谓语动词作定语The singing n lost his life5、从句定语的位置前小后大：当一个单词修饰名词的时候通常放在名词前，当多个单词修饰名词的时候放在名词后This is a fiction about n and roseThe youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince 懂爱的年轻人The boy rejected looks pitiful（当过去分词修饰名词的时候，即使只有一个单词，也通常放在名词后）I have something important to tell you（当形容词修饰不定代词的时候，即使只有一个单词也通常放在名词后）定语从句定语从句的构成：n（先行词）+引导词+句 子（从 句）定语从句的引导词是按照先行词的种类分的类，一共分成五类1、当先行词是人的时候，引导词有who,whom,whose2、当先行词是物的时候,引导词有that,which,whose3、时 间，有 that,which,when4、地 点,有 that,which,where5、原 因，有 that,which,why谁决定引导词的用法I will never forget the day（when）副词 I met you 句子完整I will never forget the day（that）代词 we spent 缺宾语1、看先行词2、引导词在从句中能充当的成分以上共同决定定语从句引导词新的分类标准按照引导词本身的词性分类，分为三类1、代 词（在从句中一定要充当主语或者宾语的成分）:who whom that which2、副 词（在从句中不能充当任何主干成分）：where when why3、形容词（在从句中修饰离他最近的那个名词）：whoseIt has been validated by numerous facts that glories belong to those（人）who have dreamsWearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that thefeelings of others can be ignoredThe point of the issue seems who should be responsible for the decline of ethics（道德沦丧)He whose appearance looks indecent proves(is)noble in his mind 定语从句那些全力以赴去实现梦想的人，即使最终没有成功也不会感到遗憾，这很重要这很重要th a t人不会遗憾It seems indispensable that those(who spare no efforts to realize their dreams)never feelpitiful(遗 憾)although they fail to achieve gloriesStudents(who fail to concentrate in class but wish to pass examinations smoothly)tendto find that the consequence proves less impressive定语从句的特殊用法1、that在引导定语从句的时候，如果在从句中充当的是宾语，that可以省略，在分析长难句的时候，如果见到有俩个名词或者是代词，直接放在一起，中间没有被连词或者是标点符号隔开，通常都是省略了 th a t的定语从句I enjoy the book(that)my mother bought for me2、区别限制和非限制定语从句I love L,who is beautiful 非限制性I love L who is beautiful 限制性 我爱的是(漂亮的)L 会影响意思在分析长难句的时候，非限制定语从句就相当于插入语可以完全不看3、如果先行词和引导词之间有介词的话，人不用who只能用whom,物不能用that只能用 whichHe is the man from whom we should learnI will never forget the day on which I met4、区别 the same.as（像），the same.that（是）5、as和 which引导非限制性定语从句which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面整个句子,a s 也可以，但是which只能放在主句的后面而as则可前可后He enjoys talking with young ladies,which(as)drives me mad区别定语从句和同位语从句I have a dream that sounds funny 定语That I will become a rich lady 同位语相同点：都是先行词加引导词加句子不同点：1、看从句本身的意思，定语从句是对前面名词的修饰，而同位语从句是对前面名词的解释2、看引导词that在从句中是否充当成分，如果充当就是定语，如果没有就是同位语3、定语从句的先行词可以说所有名词，而同位语只能是抽象名词4、定语从句的引导词有八个，而同位语的引导词一般都是that定语从句的至难点寻找先行词：定语从句的先行词是离他最近的那个名词定语从句的先行词是他前面并列的几个名词定语从句的先行词是他前面的一个从句定语从句的先行词是他前面的一个句子定语从句的先行词和引导词之间被隔开了定语从句的考点分析写作只要在作文中见到名词，都可以有意识地加一个定语的成分Pets(which look cute as well as healthy)can reduce loneliness(of senior citizens withoutany children who can take care of them)Reading books(which keep beneficial to our physical and mentor health)can addknowledge(of all children and adults)Which look.as well as.Books such as.英汉差异对比1、意合形合句子结构上逻辑关系词的使用上2、汉语多主动，英语多被动In the past decades,a variety of actions were adopted by the authorities to preventdisasters3、汉语多短句，英语多长句Wuzhen is a water town in ZJ province.It locates near the river from BJ to HZ非谓语动词Wuzhen is a water town in ZJ province,locating near the river from BJ to HZ加连词Wuzhen is a water town in ZJ province,and locates near the river from BJ to HZ从句Wuzhen,which locates near the river from BJ to HZ,is a water town in ZJ provinceI played football yesterdayDoors will be decorated by couplets whose topics are involved in health,wealth andgood luck长难句分析能够找到一句话当中的定语成分，并且把它们通顺的翻译出来如何找到定语：关键是找名词，只要名词后有一坨东西，只要不是动词，就暂定为定语成分（还可能是状语）定语从名词后开始到主句的谓语动词前面结束。如果定语在主句的谓语动词之后开始的话，定语就从名词后开始，通常到句末结束例 外：如果定语后有连词的话，定语不再是到句末结束而是到连词之前结束一个大定语中通常都会有无数个小定语，每一个小定语都是到下一个名词后结束（固定搭配除 外）状语形容词、副词能够充当的成分1、形容词放在系动词后面作表语，放在名词前做定语2、副词adv修饰实义动词He cried s a d ly 状语修饰形容词he looks especially sad 状语修饰副词he cried rather sadly 状语修 饰 整 个 句 子 actually,he c rie s 状语什么是状语状语就是在一个句子中，用来修饰实义动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分（即状语在一句话当中除了名词不能修饰，什么都可以修饰）状语的成分1、副 词（是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词）2、介词短语she cried sally like（就 像,介词短语）a boy3、非谓语动词 She cried,sitting their4、从句 She cried when she sat there状语的位置：随便状语从句状语从句的引导词是按照引导词的本身意思分的类，一共九类1、时间状语从句When=while（也有但是的意思）=as 当 while翻译成“当什么时”后面要跟进行时态BeforeAfterSince只要一句话带sin ce,主句一定用现在完成时I have fallen in love with you sinceI met youThe moment=as soon asBy the timeUntilNot.until状语从句的时态问题When love comes,I will hold her hands在所有的状语从句中，如果主句和从句的动作都尚未发生的话，主句一般将来时，从句一般现在时（主将从现）When love came,I failed to hold her hands都发生，该什么是什么区别 until 和 not.untilI will wait here until you comeI will not leave until you come区别在于，主句的谓语是瞬间动词/延续性动词，如果延续性动词，就用until,瞬间not untilI did not realize the greatness of mothers until I grew upWhen引导的时间状语从句省略的情况When（I was 可 省 略）a kid,I enjoyed singing songs.W hen引导的时间状语从句，如果主句和从句的主语一致并且从句的谓语中有be动 词，此时从句的主语和be动词可以同时省略2、地点状语从句WhereThe kind of trees grow well where it is moist（in moist place）做地点状语的通常都是介词短语很少是从句3、原因状语从句(1)Because 弓 I导词AsSinceIn thatSeeing thatConsidering thatNow thatGiven that(2)fo r连词(3)because o f 介词短语Due toOwing toThanks toFor the sake ofAs result ofHe had a car accident because he was carelessHa had a car accident for he was carelessHe had a car accident(because of his carelessness)状语4、目的状语从句(1)to in order to so as to+v引导词(2 )so that表示目的通常放在句末不放在句首 in order thatWe will ascend higher in order to overlook farther(further 是抽象的远)In order that we overlook farther5、结果状语从句So.that so的后面需要跟形容词或者副词Such.that such后面跟名词It feels so hot today that I wear my dressMy mother proves so kind that she is respected by all her staff/colleaguesSo.that可替换very,作文中只要见到形容词或者副词的地方，都可以写成so.that的句子6、让步状语从句引导词AlthoughThoughEven thoughEven if 前四个虽然尽管AsA s引导的让步状语从句，从句的表语可以放在句首构成部分倒装As I seem ugly,I keep gentle=Ugly as I seem,I keep gentleSimple as the chart looks,the outlook behind proves far reaching（影响广泛的）-national products become increasingly popular with Chinese customersWhile翻译虽然尽管只能放句首，while三个意思，其他俩个是“当什么时”（后面跟进行时但是（连词在俩句话中间）Rising pets can cultivate the loving heart of kids although they might be injurious totheir neighbors7、方式状语从句As/The way As if/thought 翻 译：好 像，似乎By/though/by means of/in.way/mannerShe looks as if she were（虚 拟）made of iceShe talks with me as if she were my mother8、条件状语从句Suppose thatSupposing thatIfUnlessProvided thatAs long asSo long as只要有一丝希望，我也不会放弃If there seems a ghost of hope I will never give up9、比较状语从句As.as比较结构than引导词，从句作状语介词短语作状语You are as beautiful as I（am beautiful省 略）因为第二个as后面跟从句，且 am 和beautiful 省略状语和状语从句的考点分析写作作文中任何一句话的旁边都可以给他加一个状语的成分把句子拉长I love you=l love you for my whole lifeOne can live as if he were a pig.Conversely,he can never be(as)delighted as a pig长难句分析能够快速地识别一句话当中的状语成分，并且把他们通顺的翻译出来那如何识别状语呢？一句话当中除了句子主干和定语以外，其他都可以认为是状语。只要在句子中见到以下一坨东西就一定是状语：1、副词2、比 较，条 件，结 果，原 因，让 步，目的，方 式，伴 随(with)状语在分析长难句的时候如果见到n 加时间/地点，就需要区别是定语还是状语I love a boy in Zhejiang university如果无法确定定语还是状语的时候，定语优先，只有翻译成定语很恶心的时候才翻译成状语句子所有成分主干成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语修饰成分：同位语、定语、状语、补语总 结：举例主干成分主语谓语宾语表语名 词，代 词，非谓 语，从句实义动词，系动词名 词，代 词，非谓 语，从句名 词，代 词，非谓 语，从 句，形容 词，介词短语修饰成分同位语定语状语名 词，代 词，非谓语动词，从句名 词，代 词，非谓 语 动 词，从句,形容词，介词短语副 词，介词短语，非谓语动词，从句My ma is an elegant lady=my ma is a lady of elegance=my ma is a lady as elegant as a lily=My ma is a lady looking as elegant as a lily=my ma is a lady who looks as elegant as a lilyShe killed her husband with a sharp knife=she,applying a sharp knife,Idled her husband=when she applied a sharp knife,she killed her husbandThat I met you is my honor=meeting you is my honorMy dream is to pass the examination of postgraduates=my dream is that I pass.长难句的模样：（状 语），主 语（定语/同位语/状语）谓 语 宾 语（定语/同位语/状语）English is vital=English,a universal language throughout the world,is vital although it ishard to recite these wordsI（,a university student undergraduate,）will recommend you a tourist attraction（whichkeeps popular with Chinese travelers.补充状语从句特殊用法补充as专题A s意思总结1、As+n 作为2、V+.+a s此时a s 的意思取决于前面名词的意思3、As+句 子 as的意思有当.时候/因为/虽然尽管/好像似乎a s 引导状语从句补充than专题Not so much as=not even 甚至不/没有He cannot so much as spell a wordNot so much A as B 与其说A 倒不如说BHe is not so much a teacher as a poetMore A than B 与其说B 不如说AHe is more a poet than a teacherMore than.后加名词 不仅仅是后加形容词/副词非常后 加 数 词 多 于综合练习TeachersDay approaching,I express my sincere appreciation to teachers who have givenme assistance by the chance.The truth has been accepted by the mass that life becomes so short that every day shouldbe valuedStudents who failed to concentrate in class but wish to pass examinations perceive（发 现）that the consequence proves less impressive（不能令人满意）I in order to realize my dream,am considering whether I should depart my boyfriendWhere there exists a school,drivers should go slowly特殊结构1、强调句型It is.that.I met my old flame in the street yesterday=lt was l（原词套）that.强调句型可以强调句子中所有成分，唯一不能强调谓语It is to realize my dream that I am considering.There remain abundant（很多的）elements（原 因）to account（解 释）for the issue考点分析写 作：写作中所有的句子都可以写成强调句型长难句分析2 倒装句型什么是倒装：倒装就是把一句话写成一般疑问句的形式，也就是给一句话加一个助动词或者是把be动词放到句首倒装的具体使用*1 否定词放在句首用倒装I can hardly speak Japanese hardly can I speak JapaneseNot only does playing phones influence the physical and mental health of youngsters butalso wastes their precious time*2 so/nor/neither放在句首表示承前句子的肯定或否定时倒装I can cook.So can I.I can not cook.Nor can I*3 so.that句型把s o 引导的部分放在句首用倒装I feel so rejoiced that I lose my sleep for the whole nightSo rejoiced do I feel that.*4 only加状语放在句首用倒装Only deeply do I love youWhen romance comes,I will hold his hands=Only whe