考研英语常用翻译技巧.pdf

定语从句：定语从句是由一些关系代词或者关系副词引导的从句组成，用来修饰名词中心词。Person has pieced togethter the workd of hundereds of researcher around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest date when we can expect hundreds of key breakthrough and discoveries to take place.皮而森汇集了生产出独特的千年历，这种千年历(它)能够定语的翻译要特别注意位子上的变化，即：如果是单词修饰名词就放在中心词的前面，这和汉语的词序是一样的；如果定语太长，定语就要放在中心词的后面，这时就要注意断句，重复先行词，例如：1.1 have the same problem as you concerning the learning of English在学英语的问题匕我和你有同样的问题。2.She has a perfect figure.她身材不错。3.This is indeed a most pressing problem.这的确是个非常棘手的问题。4.The only other people who knew the secret were his father and mother.别的知道这个秘密的人就是他的父母。5.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities有效的维持纪律通常是由一些学生来做的，而这些学生则负责给学校的领导提建议。6.The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting a d fishing during the last Ice Age which began about 35,00 B.C.and ended about 10,000 B.C.作出这些刻记的游牧人，依靠狩猎和捕鱼生活在冰河时代的晚期。这段时期大约始于公元前35,000年而结束于公元前10,000 年。7.For several hundred years,cases have been reported of children who have been reared in the wild by animals kept isolated from all social contact.在过去的儿百年中，已经有记载说，确实有被动物养大的与世隔绝的狼孩的存在。另外，翻译成汉语时还要注意未省略关系代词和关系副词的定语从句，翻译时所遵守的原则和上述的一样：关系代词引导的定语从句：8.He is the very person(whom)Im looking for.他正是我要找的人。9.This is the flexible policy that our government has pursued consistently.这就是我们政府一直追求的灵活政策。1 0.Those whose families cannot afford board and expenses can be allowed to receive scholarship.那些家里提供不起食宿的学生可以得到奖学金。11.There are forms that occasionally occur which should not be taught to students.有些形式是不能告诉给学生的。关系副词引导的定语从句：12.I took Mr.John to the village,where I had spent my carefree childhood.我把约翰先生带到我度过无忧无虑童年的乡村。13.1 still remember the time when we studied in the same university.我还记得我们一起上大学的日子。具体翻译来说，定语从句的翻译可分为限制性和非限制性定语从句两种，翻译成汉语时不论是在语序方面还是重复先行词方面都有一定的讲究：限制性定语从句的翻译可分为以下几方面：1.前 置：这种定语从句一般比较短，翻译起来比较方便，和汉语的词序完全一样，例如：a.This is the finest weather that I have ever seen this month.这是这个月我所看到的最好的天气。b.Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing.我们两国是友谊长存的友好邻邦。c.Teachers generally like the students who achieve high scores in tests.老师通常喜欢考试中成绩好的学生。d.他不是一个轻易服输的人He is not the one who will give up easily.以上的这些例子告诉我们，如果定语很短的话，我们可以把他象汉语一样放在中心词的前面。但是，有的时候，如果定语太长，读起来就不符和汉语的习惯，因此，往往要后置，重复先行词，这就是下面要提到的定语从句的“后置”问题，例如：2.后置：a.Misers are often lonely and obscure men whose wealth is revealed only after their death.吝啬鬼经常是看起来年很孤单、不为人所主意，可他们的财富只有等到他们死了以后才暴露出来。3.“综合性”的翻译法。综合性”的翻译就是，翻译时不需要关系词，其中的关系完全靠上下文的意思来表现出来，例如：a.This is the place where the accident occurred.这就是发生交通事故的地方。b.The person who delivered the letter to him is his neighbor.他的邻居把信交给了他。c.There is a big oak tree that stands just in front of the village.村子前面有棵大象树d.Most of our patients welcomed another human being with whom they could talk openly,honestly,and frankly about their trouble.大多数病人想找人坦率、诚实地倾诉他们的苦衷。非限制性定语从句：这里，也可以分为以下几种：1.前置：a.We need a chairman,in whom everyone has confidence我们需要个人人都信赖的主:席。b.The worldly well-known actor,who had been ill for two years,meet thunderstorm applause when reappeared on the stage.那个病了很多年的著名演员，一上台观众就报以雷鸣般的掌声。c.Piccaso,whose works inspired many artists,lived until he was a ripe old age.毕加索的作品曾鼓励了很多人，后来年纪很大时，作品也日趋成熟。2.后置：这里包括：重复先行词，译成并列分句。这是比较常见的翻译方法：a.He deposits a little sum of money in the bank,by which means he hopes to deal with any potential emergency easily.我们每个月都在银行里存一些钱，这样，碰到有任何危机时，我们就可以应付了。b.A table has four legs,one of which is broken.桌子有四条腿，其U 的一条腿是坏的。c.Living in the central Australian desert has its problems,of which obtaining water is not the least.生活在澳大利亚中部有很多问题，其中取水还不算最艰苦的。d.He decided to resign,which is the best thing he could do under the circumstances.他决定辞职，而这是他目前所能做的最好的事。e.He is late for class today,as is often the case.他今天迟到了，而这是经常的事。以上的句子在翻译成汉语后，要重复先行词。其中的“which”可以是指前面的整个句子，也可以单指某个先行词。3.省略先行词这种句行就象前面讲的“综和性”翻译一样，直接把整个句子的意思讲出来，例如：a.The two universities signed an agreement,under which they would exchange students and scholars.这两个大学，签定了协议，决定交换学生和学者。b.He caught a young soldier coming to the farmhouse,whose face turned pale for too much loss of blood.他看见个士兵走进农舍，脸色因失血过多而苍白。c.He passed the exam,which can be read from his the light on his face.我从他脸上就可以看出他已通过了考试。d.He arrived at the railway station in time,which is expected.他果然准时到了火车站。4.译成状语从句有些作定语的句子听起来却有点象状语从句，因此翻译时可以将其译成状语似的从句：a.You should take advantage of the opportunity to learn English well,which is very valuable原因）你应该利用这个机会好好学习英语，这太重要了。b.We examine the quality of our products,which is why they are so reliable.（原因）我们检验产品很仔细，因此产品都很可靠。c.l never believe the stories,which is appealing让步）我从不相信他所说的故事，即使它很动听。5.“as”引导的句子：除了以上这些例子以外，还有一些特殊的由“as”引导的句子，翻译时可参考“as”的比 较结构从句：a.He is not such as fool as he looks他并不象看上去的那么傻。b.They were not such questions as could easily be disposed of.这些问题可不是那么容易就能处理好的。c.It wasnt such a good dinner as she had promised us.这顿饭可没有她向我们说的那么好。直译与意译直译是基础，意译是补充能直译就尽量直译，不能直译就采取意译1.Their accent couldnt fool a native speaker.A.他们的口音不能愚弄本地人B.本地人是不会听不出他们是外乡人的。C.本地人一听他们的口音便知道他们是外乡人的。2.Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful,nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.意译：砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。直译：砸镜子并不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。3.He felt a rush of fear churning his stomach.直译：他感到一阵恐惧涌上胃口意译：他感到一阵恐惧涌上心头4.He bent solely upon profit.A.他只屈身与利润之前B.只有利润才使他低头。C.他惟利是图5.Would there be any possibility of having breakfast on the train before we are decanted in Munich?A.当我们在慕尼黑被腾出车厢之前有任何在火车上吃早饭的可能性吗？B.我们在慕尼黑被腾出车厢之前，有可能在火车上吃早饭吗？6.He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.A.他找到工作的机会和当选芝加哥市长的机会差不多B.他找到工作的机会简直跟当选芝加哥市长同样困难。C.他找到工作的机会简直微乎其微。正说与反说1 .The administration was free corruption.这届政府没有腐败现象2.Wet paint.油漆未干3.I remained confused about the problem.这个问题我还是不懂4.They are dependent on each other.他们谁也离不开谁5.He is far from what I expected.他远不是我想象的那样。6.let bygones be bygones.既往不咎7.As was expected,he passed the exam easily.果不出所料，他轻而易举地通过了考试8.We will live up to what our Patty expects of us.我们决不辜负党对我们的期望。9.I hate the lack of privacy in the dormitory.我讨厌宿舍里没有独处的机会。10.You evidently think otherwise.你显然有不同的看法11.He will die of hunger before he will steal.他宁愿饿死，也不愿去偷。12.That little bridge is anything but safe.那座桥点也不安全。13.So far from taking my advice,he went and did just what I warned in ainit.他不但不听我的劝告，反而去做了我警告他不要做的事情。14.He was more frightened than hurt.他没有受什么伤，倒是受惊不小正说15.Dont unstring your shoes.把鞋带系上16.Ml the teachers,without exception are to attend the meet Sunday.所有的老师都要参加星期五的会议。17.She carne into the room without shoes on.她光脚走进了房间。18.The doctor lost no tune in getting the sick man to hospital.医生立即把病人送往医院。19.I have no doubt that you will succeed.我相信你会成功。20.Its no distance at all to the school,only a short walk.从这到学校很近，只需要很短段路。正、反说分析21.If he had kept his temper,the negotiations would probably have been a success.如果他克制脾气，谈判可能早就成功了。22.Some people refrain from expressing their gratitude because they feel it will not be welcome.有些人不愿意表达他们的感激之情，因为觉得着有可能不受欢迎。23.If you forward the transcripts yourself,they can be considered official only if the school envelope has remained sealed.如果证件由申请人本人递交，则本人不得擅自启封，否则证件将被视为无效。24.We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life.我们对生活要永远抱乐观的态度。25.We strongly disapprove of the companys new policy.我们强烈反对公司的新政策。拆句单词拆译26.Incidentally,I suggest that you have the telephone moved to the sitting-room.顺便说一句，我建议你把电话移至起居室。27.He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.他有个习惯叫人受不了，意思反复不定，会一个主张。短语拆译28.Throughout his life,Benjamin Franklin continued his education,learning from human contacts as welI as from books.本杰明。富兰克林整个一生都在受教育，他不仅从书本中学习，而且也从与人交往中学习。29.Energy can neither he created nor destroyed,a universally accepted law.能量即不能创造也不能消灭，这是一条公认的规律。30.The meeting ended with protestations of friendship from everyone.会议结束，人人表示彼此将友好相处。31.His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因为他没能遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。32.His weak chest predisposes him to winter colds.他的肺部很弱，冬天容易感冒。33.He shook his head and his eyes were wide,then narowed in in-dignation.他摇了摇头，两眼睁的圆圆的，接着有眯成条线，脸上露出了愤怒的神情。句子拆译这里主要指英语复合句，尤其是长句的拆译。34.He had left a note of welcome for me,as sunny as his face.他留下一封段信，对我表示欢迎，那信写的热情洋溢，一如其人。35.While I was waiting to enter university,I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived.当我等着进大学期间，我在份地方报纸上看到则广告，说是在离我住处大约10英里的伦敦某郊区，有所学校要招聘一名教师。顺序法36.Your presumption that I would want to share a flat with you is false.你认为我会和你同住套公寓，那就错了。37.Researchers have established that when people are mentally en-gaged,biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive（认知的）areas such as attention and memory.研究人员证实：人们在动脑筋时，头脑会产生很多的变化，使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更有效地活动38.During the ice ages,human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of the time would often make their homes in caves.在冰河时代，人们面临当时较为寒冷的气温，常常在洞穴里安家。逆序法39.It was extended and preserved in the 19th century,when our nation spread across the continent,saved the union,and abolished the awful scourge of slavery.在19世纪，我们的国家横跨大陆，拯救了联邦，废除了恐怖的奴隶制的蹂蹒，这一信念才得以流传可扩展。40.By January 16,just a month after the beginning of the offensive on which Hitler had staked his last reserves in men and guns and ammunition,the German forces were back to line from which they had set out.至 月16日，德军乂回到了他们当初出击的战线，这恰好是希特勒把他最后的兵力、大炮、弹药储备孤注掷、发动进攻的一个月之后。41.Five score years ago,a great American,in whose symbolic shadow we stand by,signed the Emancipation Proclamation.100年前，一位伟人签署了 奴隶解放宣言，今天，我们正是站在这位伟人富有象征意义的雕象下集会。变序法（综合法）42.Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?我有个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？43.He had cleared up those confusions which arose from different medicines that had the same name and from various names that had been given to the same substance.药名混乱，有的由于不同药物同一名称所引起，而有的则由于同一药物不同名称所造成，他对此一一作了澄清。44.One teacher writes that instead of drowning students compositions in critical red ink,the teacher wilI get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time,and commenting favorably on them.一位老师这样写到：如果我们能从学生作文中找出一两处比上次做的更好的地方，并提出表扬性评语，而不是用红婚水把学生的作文批改的一塌糊涂，我们就能从中的更富有建设性的结果。45.Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth5 sake,and that is as far as possible do no harm.我们的职业传统上格守一个信条，那就是尽可能的不造成伤害，这一信条胜过为讲真话而讲真话的美德。46.The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat,which in the end would deprive the Republican Patty of Tong-held superiority in the House.在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此发了言。他说他无法解释为何共和党遭到如此大的失败。这种情况最终使共和党在众议院中失去了长期享有的优势。为何要拆句？47.Literature offers us the knowledge of the long life which phobia have had in mankind.文献让我们了解到，恐惧症在人类中具有漫长的历史。48.What is good,I suppose,is that many people ae concerned about TVs influence and that we have the power to change what we dont like.我看，好在有许多人关心电视的影响，而我们也有能力改变我们所不喜欢的东西。英汉互译时的词序问题I.两种语言的总体比较：一方面，英汉两种语言都是按照事物发展的客观规律进行的，因而有其共同点，例如：In order to communicate thoughts and feelings,people invented a conventional system of signs or symbols which mean the same to the sender and the receiver.（为了更好的交流思想和感情，人们设计出了通常用的标记和符号系统，而这标记和符号交流双方都能看的懂。）以上的儿个例句在英汉两种语言里的词序都是样的；而除此以外，还存在着很多不同点。另 方 面，两种语言又有许多不同点。下面就英汉两种语言的不同点进行比较：汉语比较注重事物发展的客观顺序，先发生什么，后发生什么，结果怎样，最后才加上作者的评论和观点，不管有多少动词都可以并列、排比使用，不会出现词法、句法等的冲突。主题显著，突出主题，而非单单的一个主语，注重句子的“意和”,这就要求我们透过句子的表层结构，深入到句子的内涵，先抓“整体”印象，充分理解过以后再把原文的意思形象翻译出来。而英语则不然，英语突出主语，往往是评论、观点在前，叙述、原因在后；表面形式上追求句子的“形和”，对句子的结构要求非常严谨，特别强调句子结构的平衡，往往借助于句法、词 法（如主从句、分词、不定式等手段）来维持句子表面上的平衡、完整性，极力避免句子的“头重脚轻”（因此，也就出现了许多“it is said that”等等无主句）。所以，英文则是把作者的观点、主张放在前面，以后再跟着原因、结果和目的等等从句。这些现象在新闻英语里尤其明显，难怪有人说“汉语的句子结构好比一根竹子，一节一节地连下去，而英语的句子结构好比一窜葡萄，主杆可能很短，累累的果实附着在上面。”具体情况如下：11 .英汉互译时的时间顺序对比：1 .The old-fashioned general store is fast disappearing.This is,perhaps,a pity,because shopping today seems to lack that personal element which existed when shop keeper knew all his regular customers personaiiy.旧时的百货店很快就消失了。过去，店主私卜一里都认识他的老主顾们，而在今天这种事情再也不复存在了，这实在是太可惜了。2.American education owes a great deal to Tomas Jefferson.托马斯.杰弗逊为美国的教育作出了很大的贡献.下面的句子届倒装句型，是典型的英汉在翻译时的顺序差异：1 .Under the dust was a color map of Paris.（巴黎地图上布满了灰尘。）2.Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday.（卡片上“生日快乐”字样的下面写着一条消息。）正是由于以上的原因，才会出现两种语言在思维习惯、逻辑推理上的不同：I I I.英汉互译时逻辑思维顺序上的差异：如上所述，如果 个句子里既有叙事的部分，又有表态的部分，在汉语里往往是叙事在前，表态在后，叙事部分可以很长，表态部分一般都很短。而在英语里则往往相反，表态在前，叙事在后。例如：1.表原因：a.l am very happy and grateful to receive your message of greetings.接到你们的贺函，我十分愉快和感谢。不过，处理这种句行时要注意英汉互译时的顺序问题，例如：My friend asked the question when I told him that I didnt want to be considered for an administrative position.He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a step up toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up:money and power.所有美国人受的教育就是:长大成人后应该追求金钱和权力，而我却偏偏不要明明是朝这个目标“迈进”的工作，他对此大或不解。2.表目的The two sides agreed that it is desirable to broaden the understanding between the two peoples。双方同意，扩大两国人民之间的了解是可取的。3.表条件和结果时的顺序：a.One can never succeed without making great1（结果）2（条件）efforts.译文：（不努力 就不会成功。）2（条件）1 （结果）4.在表示让步的句子里，通常也是原因在前，结果在后：Young as he is,he works hard.（尽管他很年轻，可他工作很买力。）另外：下面的这个句子也可以视为结果一类的句子，它的英汉两种语言的顺序很能说明问题：c.在当今的教育界，已经涌现出了大批的优秀人才。Large numbers of talented persons have come to the fore in todays education circle.d.Little is known about the effect of life-long drinking.人们关于终生饮酒的效果却知道的很少III.因语法手段而造成的英汉次序不1.另外一些表示存在句的句子里也可见到大量的英汉次序不一的现象：There was rising in him a dreadful uneasiness;something very precious that he wanted to hold seemed close to destruction.（他心里涌起种难言的焦灼，因为他原来直想保住的东西现在好象要毁灭了。）另外，英语里的有些形式主语也大都采用了倒装词序：2.无主句：It suddenly dawned on me that this express was not roaring down the line at ninety miles an hour,but barely chugging along at thirty.（后来，我才突然明白，这次快车并非以90英里的时速疾弛而下，而只不过是以30英里的时速慢慢向前行驶。）It is reported that _ _3.在某些表示“融合性”的定语从句中：a.There are many people who want to see the film.（许多人要看这部电影）b.There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.（楼下有人要见你）4.倒装句形a.Not a single word have we written down as y e t.（否定）（我们连一个字都没有写。）b.Little does he realize the danger he is in（否定）（他一点都没有意识到危险性。）IV.因句子结构转换而造成的词序不二Cold drinks will be available at the Sports Center.运动中心也提供冷饮。（状语转译成主语）V.注意下面的些特殊的结构:中国自从改革开放以来，发生了很大的变化。有人竟然翻译成：1.误：Since China,s policy of reform and opening,China has taken place a great many changes.正：A great many changes have taken place in China since the policy of reform and opening to the outside world.2.轮子是公元前六世纪发明的。600 B.C.saw the invention of wheel.下面是翻译的题目，大家做做看，注意前面提到的语序1.离开教室之前，请一定不要忘记关掉所有的电灯。2.一听到这个不幸的消息，他就禁不住哭了起来。3.他认为学好英语不是一件容易的事情。4.他把自己的成功归因于运气，而不是能力。5.经济不景气，要想找一份满意的工作太难了。6.这次晚会如果组织得好，可以很成功。1.Be sure to turn off all the lights before you leave the classroom.2.She broke into tears when she learned the bad news.3.He doesnt think it easy to learn English.4.He attributed his success to luck instead of ability.5.Its difficult to find a satisfactory job now because of the sluggish econom