考研英语翻译技巧全掌握.pdf
考 研 1 号专注考研，致力于考研!考研英语翻译技巧大全知识的掌握定语从句的翻译标签：丛 包 定 造 种 族 歧 视 翻 译 伊 斯 兰 教自由式定语从句自由式定语从句是指一个句子中两个或两个以上不同成分带定语从句的情况。这种从句的先行词没有固定模式，在句中充当不同的句子成分，故该结构中的定语从句称为自由式定语从句。它们拆开来看，其实就是一个一个简单的定语从句，因此，其翻译也和简单的定语从句相同。Examples:Thus the Arab Umayyed Dynasty of caliphs,which had moved the capital fromMedina to Damascus in 661,came to be regarded with much justification as a parasiticclique that had outlived its usefulness once the conquests were completed.Chinese Translation No.1:人们开始理由充分地认为，阿拉伯麦伍德哈里发王朝阿拉伯伍麦叶里发王朝是征服战争完成后毫无作用的一个寄生集团；该王朝曾于661年从麦地那迁都大马士革。Chinese Translation No.2:阿拉伯麦伍德王朝的统治者们征服了，于661年将首都从麦地那迁往大马士革，但此后他们便成了不折不扣的寄生虫。嵌套式定语从句 嵌套式定语从句是指个句子中定语从句套定语从句的情况。这种结构中的定语从句其实和自由式定语从句基本相似，拆开来也是一个独立的定语从句，只不过一个定语从句在另一个定语从句之中而已。Examples:Likewise in the east were the Seljuk Turks who had infiltrated from their Central Asianhomeland into the Islamic Empire where they were employed as mercenaries by theBaghdad caliphs.Chinese Translation No.1:同样，在东方是塞尔柱突厥人，他们从家乡中亚进入伊斯兰教帝国；在那里被巴格达哈里发雇为雇佣军。Chinese Translation No.2:东边也是塞尔柱突厥人。他们从自己的家乡中亚地区来到伊斯兰教帝国，充当了巴格达哈里发的雇佣军。并列式定语从句并列式定语从句是并列成分中的定语从句的简称，指一个句子中两个或两个以上并列成分均带定语从句的情况。Examples:This was a defensive pact,designed to protect Germany against the French,whoaspired to recover the alsace-Lorraine provinces lost in 1871,and also to protectAustria-hungary against the Russians,with whom they continually clashed in theBalkans.这是一个防御性的盟约，旨在保护德国人免受法国人的攻击，保护奥匈帝国免受俄国人的攻击；因为法国人想收复1871年失去的阿尔萨斯-洛林地区，而俄国人则在巴尔干半岛同奥匈帝国接连不断地发生冲突。一主二仆式定语从句Examples:The old ways of earning a living was rivaled by new agricultural techniques,bycommerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe,and by new crafts with strangemachines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional human or animal power.古老的谋生之道正受到新农业技术、新贸易和新行业的挑战。其中，这些新兴的行业使用一些奇怪的机器。这些机器无需传统的人力和畜力，非常节省劳动力。And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that hadbeen known to the Greco-Romans,were fully developed and exploited ony by theWestern Europeans.它有助于说明，为什么发源于中国的许多发明和希腊罗马人所知道的许多发明，只是在西欧人手中才得到全面发展和充分利用。Consequently the manor was a self-sufficient village that was worked by serfs whowere not free to leave,and who with their labor supported a hierarchy of lay andclerical lords.因而，采邑是靠农奴经营的自给自足的村庄；农奴不能随便离开，并以其劳动养活教俗封建集团。Not Surprisingly,the most complex political structures appeared in the Sudan,wherelong distance trade was most highly developed and where Islamic influence was thestrongest.Chinese Translation No.1:毫不奇怪，苏丹出现了最复杂的政治组织，在那里，长途贸易发展得最快，伊斯兰教的影响最为强烈。Chinese Translation No.2:苏丹的长途贸易发展得最快，伊斯兰教的影响也最大。在那里出现最为复杂的政治组织是毫不奇怪的。Our aim is to establish in Ghana a strong and progressive society.where poverty andilliteracy no longer exist and disease is brought under control;and where oureducational facilities provide all the children of Ghana with the best possibleopportunities for the development of their potentialities.我们的目标是要在加纳建立一个强大、进步的社会在这里，贫困和文盲不再存在，疾病得到控制；在这里，我们的教育机构为加纳所有的孩子提供发展他们的潜力的最好机会。Even so the Lisbon government admitted in MARCH 1970 that a major attack hadbeen launched by guerrillas who were armed with mortars and automatic weapons andwho inflicted many”Portuguese casualties.即使如此，里斯本政府仍于1970年 3 月承认，配备迫击炮和自动武器的游击队已发动了一次大规模的进攻，使葡萄牙人蒙受“重大”伤亡。At one extreme are Hawaii and Brazil,where racial intermixture is extensive andcontinuing,and where racial discrimination is relatively minor.Chinese Translation No.l:处于一个极端的是夏威夷和巴西，在那里，种族混合十分广泛，而且正在继续进行，因此，种族歧视较少。Chinese Translation No.2:最为典型的则要数夏威夷和巴西了。在这两个地方，种族混合非常普遍，而且将会有增无减；而相对来说，种族歧视问题就不怎么严重了。He was also an old-line Stalinist who had spent 16 years in Hungarian jails in theinterwar period and who was now unwilling to share authority with the nationalist“Hungarian Communists.他还是一位老牌的斯大林主义者，曾在两次世界大战之间的时期内在匈牙利监狱呆了 16年，因而这时不愿与”民族主义的”匈牙利共产党人分享权力。Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there aremany stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses willexperience greater intellectual development.行为主义者认为，如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素，这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展，那么，儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。Prior to the twentieth century,women in novels were stereotypes of lacking anyfeatures that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerousrestrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在 20世纪以前，小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点，因而无法成为具有个性的人；他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has stalled somewhere will developinto highly complex and intelligent patterns,so vast is the number of planets thatintelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型 式，但是行星的数目如此之多，以致有智慧的生命定是宇宙的个天然组成部分。Taking his cue from Ibsen s A Dolls House,in which the heroine,Nora,leaves homebecause she resents her husband s treating her like a child,the writer Lu Xun warnedthat Nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights tosurvive.易卜生的剧作 玩偶之家中的女主人公娜拉离家出走，因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示，从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己，她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。名词性从句的翻译标签：翻 逢 丛 包 健 魔 宾 造 植物Substantive Clause Translation包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句四类。重点讲解同位语从句的翻译。尤其是避免“即”、“：”、“”之类的译法。主语从句及翻译()以 what,who,whether,that,where,why,how,when 等代词弓I导的主语从句翻译时一般可按照原文顺序翻译。例如：Why metals can conduct electricity is an interesting problem.金属为什么能导电是一个有趣的问题。That energy can be neither created nor destroyed is a very important law in physicalscience.能量既不能创造也不能消灭是物理学的条很重要的定律。Whether an organism is a plant or an animal sometimes taxes the brains of a biologist.一种生物是植物还是动物，有时使生物学家很伤脑筋。When it was first invented is not known.它最初是什么时候发明的，现在还不知道。Where the water has gone can easily be answered.水到哪里去了，这很容易回答。()形式主语it+谓语+that(whether)引导的从句，汉译时一般先译从句再译主句。例如：It is a matter of common experience that bodies are lighter in water than they are in air.众所周知，物体在水中比在空气中轻。It is no longer a question whether man can fly to the moon.人能否飞上月球，现在已不再是什么问题了。It is certain that we shall produce this kind of engine.毫无疑问，我们将生产这种发动机。表语从句及翻译表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后，引导表语从句的从属连词和引导主语从句的从属连词相同。汉译时,顺序不变。例如：The question is how the people can find an effective way to store the suns heat.问题在于人们怎样才能找到一种有效的方式来储藏太阳热。This is what the equation means.这就是此方程式的含义。Thats why the plants absorb water from the soil.这就是植物从土壤中吸收水分的原因。宾语从句及翻译宾语从句既可以是动词的宾语，也可以是某些形容词或介词的宾语。宾语从句也可以出现在由it作形式宾语的句子中，汉译时，顺序一般不变。例如：Scientists have long predicated that computers would one day help speed up thearduous task of translating texts.科学家们早已预言，总有.天计算机将帮助我们加快艰巨的文字翻译工作。We all know that cigarette smoking is hazardous to health and that alcohol abuse cankill.我们都知道吸烟对健康有害，我们也知道酗酒会危害人的生命。Nutritional experiments have made it evident that vitamins are indispensable for oneshealth and growth.营养实验证明，维生素对人们的健康和生长是不可缺少的。同位语从句及翻译英语中的同位语从句是用来说明它前面的某个名词的从句，它与其所修饰的名词在地位上是同等的。同位语从句常用that,whether或 if引导，它们在从句中不充当任何句子成分。汉译时可灵活处理，根据具体情况可采用合译、分译或转换等多种方法。例如：The suggestion that we should develop the natural resources in this region has beendiscussed.关于我们应该开发本地区自然资源的建议已经被讨论过了。There is no possibility that human beings will ever be controlled by robots.人类不可能受机器人控制。There is general acknowledgment that characteristics of an individual are a result of aninteraction of genetics and environment.众所周知，某一个体的特性是遗传和环境相互作用的结果。There is no doubt that animal viruses can jump into humans.毫无疑问，动物病毒能进入人体。So far there is no proof that UFOs or spaceships from other planets do exist.究竟有没有不明E行物或来自其他行星的宇宙飞船，迄今为止尚无法证实。经常与同位语从句连用的单词或短语包括：idea,fact,news,rumor,hope,belief,thought,doubt,proposition,suggestion,advice,agreement,message,probability,certainty,likelihood,evidence,on condition,on the supposition,on the ground(s),onthe understanding,with the exception,in spite of the fact 等。状语从句的翻译标签：从 句 状 语 翻 译状语从句包括时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句。英语状语从句的翻译并不是什么难点，因此不作详细讲解。本部分讲解的重点在于时间状语从句中的连接词“when”并不一定总表示时间；而地点状语从句中的连接词“where”并不一定总表示地点。在有些情况下，两者可表示“如果”，相当于“if”。Examples:When the molecules of a solid move fast enough,the solid melts and becomes a liquid.如果固体内的分子运动得足够快，固体就融化为液体。When information exists in digital form or is transferred into digital form it isdigitized.如果信息以数字形式存在，或被转化成数字形式，便是被数字化了。No relief valve is required where two pressure reducing valves are installed.如果装上两个减压阀，就不需要安全阀。时代周刊常用词艺 术 Art1.abstract art:抽象派艺术A nonrepresentational style that emphasizes formal values over the representation ofsubject matter.强调形式至上，忽视内容的一种非写实主义绘画风格Kandinsky produced abstract art characterized by imagery that had a musical quality.康定斯创作的抽象派作品有一种音乐美。.一 一 2.abstract expressionism:抽象表现派；抽象表现主义A nonrepresentational style that emphasizes emotion,strong color,and giving primacyto the act of painting.把绘画本身作为目的，以表达情感和浓抹重涂为特点的非写实主义风格。Abstract expressionism was at its peak in the 1940s and 1950s.20世纪四五十年代是抽象表现艺术发展的顶峰时期。3.action painting:动作画派A term used to describe aggressive methods of applying paint.指使画布产生强烈动作效果的绘画风格。:Action painting often looks childish to the non-artist because of thetechniques used to apply paint,such as throwing it on the canvas.在外行看来，动作派的作品通常是幼稚的，这主要是因为画家采用的作画方法，比如将颜料泼洒在画布上。4.airbrush:喷枪；气笔A nozzled tube used to apply paint in a spray form.一种将颜料喷成雾状的喷嘴管。The famous sexy robots in Japan are produced using an airbrush.那些性感的日本机器人就是用喷枪绘制成的。5.art deco：装饰派艺术A style dominant in the 1920s and 1930s,characterized by repetitive,ornamental,andhighly finished curvilinear and geometric designs,esp.in synthetic materials such asplastics.盛行于20世纪二、三十年代的装饰艺术和建筑艺术风格，以重复的、装饰精美的曲线和儿何图案为特点国，多采用塑料等合成材料。Mary attended high school in a building that was famous for art deco style ofarchitecture.Mary就读的中学以其装饰派建筑而闻名。6.art nouveau：新艺术A decorative style in which fluid,biomorphic lines and swirling motifs wereemphasized.以曲折有致的天然生物形态为特色的装饰性风格。Beardsley prints produced in the late 19th century are a good example of the style ofart nouveau.19世纪末比乐兹利的作品是新艺术的典范。7.avent-garde:先锋派Innovative art in advance of popular ideas and images,characterized by unorthodoxand experimental method.不拘于现有的创作定式，勇于创新超前思维的艺术形式。The avant-garde home of the famous actress sold for millions.那位影星的先锋派住宅卖出了儿百万美元的好价钱。8.Baroque：巴罗克风格An emotional,dramatic style of the 16th-18th century,anticlassical in form and spirit.流行于16至 18世纪，以情感强烈、铺张浮华为特点的反古典主义的艺术风格。Status and architecture from the Baroque have a dark,muscular,looming quality aboutthem.巴罗克风格的雕塑和建筑雄伟、高大、格调阴暗。9.batik：蜡防印花Painting on wax-treated cloth.在蜡布上作的画。Susan learned about batik in college.苏珊在读大学时学过蜡防印花。lO.Bauhaus：包豪斯建筑风格A design school that promoted functional and geometric elements in design.指包豪斯造型学院倡导的强调实用和几何学要素的建筑风格。Bauhaus school of design in Germany changed the way that the world thought aboutdesign.德国的包豪斯造型学院倡导的艺术改变了世人的既定设计思维模式。all.Byzantine：拜占庭艺术风格的(adj.)A term used to describe a style of art with strong religious content.艺术风格突出强烈宗教色彩的。The Byzantine era extended from the 13th century and went into the 16th century andwas characterized by art with religious influence.拜占庭式艺术始于13世纪，一直延续到16世纪，其主要特点是浓郁的宗教气息。12.calligraphy 书法艺术Handwriting or penmanship,esp.elegant or“beautiful“writing as a decorative art.书写的艺术，特别是优雅漂亮可作装饰的笔迹。Calligraphy has practically become a lost art in todays computerized society.在今天的电脑时代，书法艺术差不多要消亡了。13.cartoon草图，底图A full-size,preliminary painting or sketch for a completed work.一部完整艺术作品的雏形。Leonardo da Vincis cartoon of the Virgin Mary and Saint Anne hangs in the BritishNational Gallery.达 芬奇的圣母马丽亚和圣安妮画像的草图现存于英国国家美术馆。14.ceramics(l)The art of making objects such as pottery or clay.(2)The objects themselves.陶器制作艺术；陶器制品。Savannah enjoys making ceramic pottery.萨文喜欢做陶器。,15.collage：拼贴艺术A composition of found objects,newspaper,and cloth over other material on a singlesurface.把拣得的报纸、碎布等在画面上粘贴成画。We used to make computer collages when I was in college by first pasting variousitems together and then using a video camera to transmit the image onto a computerscreen.我们在大学时曾用电脑制作拼贴画。其步骤是：首先，将各种材料粘在一起，然后用摄像机将图像传送到电脑上。position：艺术作品Aesthetically pleasing,harmonious,and effective arrangement of parts to form awhole.各部分和谐生动、符合美学规律的作品。Matisse used color and shapes and worked back and forth until he felt he had achieveda balanced composition.马蒂斯反复调试色彩、构思图案，终于画了一幅布局和谐的作品。puter art计算机艺术Electronically produced images displayed on video screen.在屏幕上显示运用电子手段设计图像的艺术。Computer art become popular in the 1980s when computers started to become moreavailable to the public.当80年代个人电脑开始普及之后，计算机艺术也流行起来。18.cubism：立方主义；立体派A style of art that departs from traditional reality,and emphasizes multifaceted,simultaneous views of subject and distorted perspectives.(early 20th century)20世纪初出现的一个艺术流派。它抛弃传统现实，强调艺术作品的形体结构，即同时性、多角度性及扭曲的视角。Pablo Picasso played a principal role in the early movement of cubism.帕勃洛毕加索在立体派早期发展中起首重要的推动作用。19.Dada：达达主义A style(1915-1925)with antirational approach and nihilistic,absurdist,andincongruous themes.流行于1915年至1925年间的艺术流派，其特点是反理性的创作手法和虚无、荒诞。矛盾的主题。Dadaism asked“what is art?”and used humor and shock value as communicative elements.达达主义设问“什么是艺术？”并用幽默和让人震惊的色彩对比手法作答。2O.drawing：素描A picture,design,or sketch done with lines in pen or pencil.用钢笔或铅笔勾勒出的图画、图案或写生图。The drawings of Michelangelo were recently exhibited in New York.米开朗基罗的素描最近在纽约展出。21.expressionism：表现主义An early 20th-century style emphasizing emotional expression,strong color andcomposition,and a distorted,theatrical treatment of image.20世纪的一种艺术风格，强调情绪的表现，以浓重的色彩、鲜明的构图，扭曲、夸张的形象处理为特点。Professor Bryer will be giving a lecture on expressionism tonight.今晚布莱恩教授有一个关于表现主义的讲座。22.fresco：温壁画技法；湿壁画A technique of painting directly on a wet,plaster surface.在潮湿的石膏表面上直接作画。We all marveled at the beauty of the 17th century fresco.23.funk art：非理性艺术；恶臭艺术A combination of painting and sculpture,deliberately messing and rough,oftenhumorously depicting provocative subjects.(U.S.,mid-20th century)20世纪中期出现在美国的一种艺术流派。故意杂乱无章、不加修饰的绘画与雕塑的融合。多以幽默的方式描绘刺激性的场面。Jeson has been collecting funk art since the mid 1960s.杰森从20世纪60年代中期就开始收集非理性艺术作品。24.futurism：未来主义A style glorifying modern technology,speed,and the machine age.(Italy,early 20thcentury)颂扬现代技术、速度和机器时代的创作风格。起源于20世纪初的意大利。Art from the era of futurism can be identified by a combination of machine elements,cubism,and motion.未来主义时期艺术的突出特点是机器法则、立方主义与运动机械的组合。25.genre：风俗画A realistic depiction of scenes from everyday domestic life.日常家居生活的写实画。Who is your favorite genre painter?你最喜欢的风俗画家是谁？26.Gothic：哥特风格A style that emphasizes Christian imagery,brilliant color,and strong verticality incomposition.(12th-16th century)以基督教题材、亮丽的色彩、明显的垂直线条为特点的绘画风格。流行于1 2 至16世纪。Jean dislikes Gothic art because it feels too religious.吉不喜欢哥特风格的作品，因为它们的宗教色彩太浓。27.gouache：树胶水彩颜料An opaque watercolor bound with gum.由胶水调和的不透光水彩。Do you like the quality of gouache in paintings?你喜欢水彩画吗？28.graphic arts：平面造型艺术Those visual arts that are linear in character,such as drawing and engraving,esp.thosethat involve printing and printmaking.平面视角艺术，特别是指与印刷业有关的素描、雕刻等。The computer is now enabling anyone to produce and design and experiment withgraphic art.计算机的出现使任何人都能制造、设计和试验平面视角艺术。29.hard-edge：锋刃派绘画的；硬边画的(adj.)A style characterized by geometric abstraction,a flat picture plan,perfection of asurface,and graphic precision.(U.S.,mid-20th century)远行于20世纪中期的美国，以轮廓分明的几何形体、精确的画面为特点的抽象绘画。Patrick Nagels hard-edge style of 80s women became one of the strongest images inthe 20th century.派特克
