培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义.pdf
2007北京太奇培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义(一)2007-KY-1I.Reading Comprehension内部资料翻印必究Text I2006,RCText 1In spite of endless talk of difference,American society is an amazing machine forhomogenizing people.There is“the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse,and thecasualness and absence of deference characteristic of popular culture.People are absorbed into aculture of consumption launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered vast arraysof goods in an elegant atmosphere.Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite1these were stores anyone could enter,regardless of class or background.This turned shoppinginto a public and democratic a ct.*The mass media,advertising and sports are other forces forhomogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture,which may not be altogetherelevating but is hardly poisonous.Writing for the National Immigration Forum,GregoryRodriguez reports that todays immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant toassimilation.In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of the population;in 1900,13.6 percent.In the10 years prior to 1990,3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents;in the 10 years prior to1890,9.2 for every 1,000.Now,consider three indices of assimilation-language,homeownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen mostcommon countries of origin spoke English well or very welF after ten years of residence,Thechildren of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English.MBy the third generation,theoriginal language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.Hence the description of Americaas a graveyard“for languages.By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent,higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-bornAmericans.Foreign-bom Asians and Hispanics have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-bornwhites and blacks.By the third generation,one third of Hispanic women are married tonon-Hispanics,and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars likeArnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks,yet nsome Americans fear that immigrants livingwithin the United States remain somehow immune to the nations assimilative power/*Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America?Indeed.It is big enoughto have a bit of everything.But particularly when viewed against Americas turbulent past,todayssocial indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.(400 words)Notes:homogenize v t.使匀质。uniformity n.千篇一律，无变化。discourse n.讲演；会话；论文。deference n.遵从，服从，顺从。an array of(=arrays of)一系列；大量。elegant adj.高雅的。cater to v.迎合；满足。regardless of 不管，不顾。fit into 适合；符合。elevating adj.提高思想修养的。poisonous ad j.有毒的；败坏道德的。forum n.论坛。unprecedented ad j.前所未有的。priorto 在以前。index n.pl.indices(=indexes)索弓 I；指数；标志。intermarriagen.(种族、宗教等之间的)通婚。countries of origin起源国。bilingual ad j.能说两种语的。proficient ad j.精通的，熟练的。graveyard n.墓地，坟场。Hispanic n.西班牙的；拉丁美洲的(说西班牙语的)。seethe v i.因.而骚动。1.The word homogenizing(Line 1,Paragraph 1)most probably meansA identifying.B associating.C assimilating.D monopolizing.2.According to the author,the department stores of the 19th centuryA played a role in the spread of popular culture.B became intimate shopsfor common consumers.C satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.D owed its emergence tothe culture of consumption.3.The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.A are resistant to homogenization.B exert a great influenceon American culture.C are hardly a threat to the common culture.D constitute the majorityof the population.4.Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?A To prove their popularity around the world.B To reveal the publicsfear of immigrants.C To give examples of successful immigrants.D To show the powerfulinfluence of American culture.5.In the authors opinion,the absorption of immigrants into American society isA rewarding.B successful.C fruitless.fDharmful.Text 22005,RCText 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise.Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that acolleague has been given a bigger one.Indeed,if he has a reputation for slacking,you might evenbe outraged.Such behaviour is regarded as,all too human,with the underlying assumption thatother animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.But a study bySarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta,Georgia,which has just beenpublished in Nature,suggests that it is all too monkey,as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys.They look cute.They are good-natured,co-operative creatures,and they share their food readily.Above all,liketheir female human counterparts,they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of“goods andservices“than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr.Brosnans and Dr.de Waals study.The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food.Normally,the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.However,when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers,so that each could observewhat the other was getting in return for its rock,their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins,grapes are luxury goods(and much preferable to cucumbers).Sowhen one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token,the second was reluctant to handhers over for a mere piece of cucumber.And if one received a grape without having to provide hertoken in exchange at all,the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of thechamber,or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.Indeed,the mere presence of a grape in theother chamber(without an actual monkey to eat it)was enough to induce resentment in a femalecapuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys,like humans,are guided by social emotions.In the wild,they are a co-operative,group-living species.Such co-operation is likely to be stableonly when each animal feels it is not being cheated.Feelings of righteous indignation,it seems,are not the preserve of people alone.Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelingsabundantly clear to other members of the group.However,whether such a sense of fairnessevolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestorthat the species had 35 million years ago,is,as yet,an unanswered question.(426 words)1.In the opening paragraph,the author introduces his topic byA posing a contrast.B justifying anassumption.C making a comparison.D explaining aphenomenon.2.The statement it is all too monkey(Last line,Paragraph-1)implies thatA monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.|B|resenting unfairness is also monkeys*nature.C monkeys,like humans,tend to be jealous of each other.D no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.3.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they areA more inclined to weigh what they get.B attentive to researchers*instructions.C nice in both appearance and temperament.D more generous thantheir male companions.4.Dr.Brosnan and Dr.de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeysA prefer grapes to cucumbers.B can be taught toexchange things.C will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D are unhappy whenseparated from 5.What can we infer from the last paragraph?A Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.|B Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.fD Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text 3The war on drugs in the United States is an escalating battle that has,as of recent times,reached unprecedented levels.In every city and state across the nation,law enforcement officialsare working around the clock to eradicate the illegal use,possession and distribution of controlledsubstances at all levels of society.The increasing devotion of resources and efforts to the battle hasachieved mixed results.A growing amount of money is being devoted to the funding of the war on drugs as timeprogresses.At last count,19.2 billion dollars was being spent annually on the ongoing struggle,consisting of pay for law enforcement officials,education,treatment and other uses.Thisstaggering amount translates into a stunning 609 dollars per second.Results are being achieved.An arrest for drug-related offenses occurs every 20 seconds,and648 people are put in prisonevery day on drug-related charges.These numbers illustrate the prevailing tactic used by the U.S.government in the war against drugs-going after the people supporting the industry.By removingboth the suppliers and purchasers of illegal drugs,it is hoped that the industry will collapse byitself,through the elimination of supply and demand.Aside from directly arresting those individuals responsible for the selling and purchasing ofillegal drugs,the United States has also embarked on a campaign to take away the tools by whichthe drugs are used,primarily in the form of needles.To this end,there has been a recent federalban on needle exchanges intended to restrict access to the tools necessary for the use of someillegal drugs.This program has drawn harsh criticism,however,as it has resulted in the use and reuse ofunsanitary needles,possibly contributing to the number of AIDS infections in drug users whowould otherwise have avoided infection by using sterile needles that could have been provided,but for the federal ban.According to a study conducted by the AIDS Prevention Studies Center ofthe University of California at San Francisco,4000 new infections of HIV,the virus that causesAIDS,could be avoided per year if the federal ban on needle exchanges was lifted.This translatesinto more than 10 new cases of HIV avoided per day,a figure that causes one to pause andconsider whether the war on drugs is being fought in the best manner possible.(395 words)本文重点词汇和词组:escalating逐步升级的；as o f 从起;around the clock日日夜夜;eradicate根除；杜绝；staggering大得惊人的；stunning令人震惊的；go after追捕；sterile消毒过的；embark on 着手，从事；but for 要不是的话；HIV(=human immunodeficiency virus)人免疫力缺乏病毒(艾滋病病毒)；lift v t.撤消，解除。1.By referring to“mixed results“in paragraph 1,the author most probably intends to meanA.all sorts of successes B.confused consequencesC.positive and negative effects D.significant and pleasing outcome2.The author outlines the governments strategy in the war on drugs in paragraph 3 toA.support the main view presented in the textB.show that this strategy is the most effectiveC.discredit later the strategy in subsequent paragraphsD.explain why the statistics cited are relevant and important3.The author brings up the issue of HIV and AIDS infections in paragraph 5 in order toA.illustrate another social issue that is not receiving enough attentionB.identify one group of people whom the war on drugs is indirectly affectingC.illustrate an issue that must be taken seriously while fighting the war on drugsD.identify one of the main motivations for the current strategy in the war on drugs4.The authors opinion of the ongoing war on drugs is one of.A.strong disapproval B.critical support C.reluctant opposition D.silentconsent5.The main point of this text is to.A.convince the reader that the war on drugs is being wonB.state the harmfulness of drugs and support the war on themC.highlight the importance of launching a battle against drugsD.inform the reader of the current status of the war on drugsText 4(课外阅读)2003 RC Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet.The American spymaster who built theOffice of Strategic Services in World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinatedwith information.Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the“great game”ofespionage spying as a“profession.”These days the Net,which has already re-made sucheveryday pastimes as buying books and sending mail,is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.The latest revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail.That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades.In the past three or four years,theWorld Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying.The spooks call it“open source intelligence,and as the Net grows,it is becoming increasingly influential.In 1995the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi.The winner,by alarge margin,was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions,whose clear advantagewas its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford,Inc.,a privateintelligence-analysis firm based in Austin,Texas.Straitford makes money by selling the results ofspying(covering Chile and Russia)to corporations like energy-services firm McDermottInternational.Many of its predictions are available online at .Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutuallyreinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution,a spymasters dream.Last weekhis firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisisin Ukraine.4As soon as that report runs,well suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups fromUkraine,M says Friedman,a former political science professor.uAnd well hear back from some ofthem.Open-source spying does have its risk,of course,since it can be difficult to tell goodinformation from bad.Thats where Straitford eams its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin.Several of his staff members have militaryintelligence backgrounds.He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success.Straitfordbriefs dont sound like usual Washington back-and-forthing,whereby agencies avoid dramaticdeclarations on the chance they might be wrong.Straitford,says Friedman,takes pride in itsindependent voice.（396 words）1.The emergence of the Net has.A.received support from fans like Donovan B.remolded the intelligence servicesC.restored many common pastimes D.revived spying as a profession2.Donovans story is mentioned in the text to.A.introduce the topic of online spying B.show how he fought for the U.S.C.give an episode of the information war D.honor his unique services to theCIA3.The phrase making the biggest splash（line 1,paragraph 3）most probably mea ns.A.causing the biggest trouble B.exerting the greatest effortC.achieving the greatest success D.enjoying the widest popularity4.It can be learned from paragraph 4 that.A.Straitfords prediction about Ukraine has proved true B.Straitford guarantees thetruthfulness of its informationC.Straitfords business is characterized by unpredictability D.Straitford is able to providefairly reliable information5.Straitford is most proud of its.A.official status B.nonconformist imageC.efficient staff D.military backgroundText 2 Word Study1.slack adj.1）松的,松驰的
