2022-年考研英语(二)真题及答案.pdf

2022年考研英语（二）真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank andmark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Harlan Coben believes that if youre a writer,youll find the time;and that if you cant findthe time.then writing isnt a priority and youre not a writer.For him writing is a(1)normal job a job like any other.He has(2)compared it with plumbing,pointing out that a plumberdoesn*twake up and say that he cant work with pipes today.(3)If,like most writers these days,youYe holding down a job to pay the bills,its not(4)easy to find the time to write.But its not impossible.It requires determination andsingle-mindedness.(5)Remember that most bestselling authors began writing when theyweredoing other things to earn a living.And today,even writers who are fairly(6)well-known oftenhave to do other work to(7)supplement their writing income.As Harlan Coben has suggested ifs a(8)question of priorities.To make writing a priorityyoull have to(9)sacrifice some of your day-to-day-activities and some things you really enjoy.Depending on your(10)interests and your lifestyle,that might mean spending less timewatchingtelevision or listening to music,though some people can write(11)while they listen to music.Youmight have to(12)cut down on the amount of exercise or sport you do.Youll have to makesocial media an(13)occasional activity rather than a daily,time-consuming(14)habit.Therellprobably have to be less time with your friends an less time with your family.Its a(15)gentlelearning curve,and it wont always make you popular.Theres just one thing you should try to keep at least sometime for,(16)in addition to yourwriting and thafs reading.And write needs to read as much and as widely as they can;ifstheone(17)indispensable supporter something you cant do without.Time is finite,the older you get,the(18)harder it seems to go.We need to use it socarefully and as(19)productively we can.That means prioritizing out activities so that wespendmost time on the things we really want to do.If youYe a writer,that means (20)above all Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1On a recent sunny day 13,000 chickens roam over Larry Browns 40 windswept acres inShiner Texas.Some rest in the shade of a parked car Others drink water with the cows.Thisallseems random,but its by design,part of what the$6.1 billion US.egg industry bets will be itsnext big thing:climate-friendly eggs.These eggs,which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as$8 a dozen,are stilllabeled organic and animal-friendly,but theyre also from birds that live on farms usingregenerative agriculture-special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap green housegases.Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.Im excited about our progress,says Brown,who harvests eggs for Denver-basedNestFresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickenstoeat.The birds,waste then fertilizes fields.Such improvements“allow our hens to forage forhigher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land,the hens,and the eggs that we supplytoour customers.1 1The egg industrys push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerativefarms can become the next premium offering.In barely more than a decade,organic eggswentfrom being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart.Morerecently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats,but both haveexplodedinto major supermarket categories.If the sustainable-egg rollout is successful,it could openthefloodgates for regenerative beef,broccoli,and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell,because the concept is tough to define quickly,says Julie Stanton,associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania StateUniversityBrandywine.Such farming also brings minimal,if any,improvement to the food products(thoughsome producers say their eggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such asfree-range,non-GMO,and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability.Surveys show thatyounger generations are more concerned about climate change,and some of the success ofplant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect theenvironment.Young adults“really care about the planet,M says John Brunnquell,president ofEggInnovations.uThey are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even theyunderstand what they*re doing.”21.the climate-friendly eggs are producedA.at a considerably low costB.at the demand of regular shoppersC.as a replacement for organic eggsD.on specially designed forms22.Larry Brown is excited about his progress inA.redacting the damage ofB.acceleration the disposal of guestC.creating a sustainable systemD.attracting customers to his products23.the example of organic eggs is used in the paragraph 4 to suggestA.the doubts to over natural feedsB.the set breaks in the eggs industryC.the potential of regenerative productsD.the promotional success of super markets24.it can be learned from the last paragraph that young peopleA.are reluctant to change their dietB.are likely to buy climate-friendly eggsC.are curious about new foodD.are amazed at agriculture advances25.John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerative productsA.markets prospectsB.standard definitionC.nutritional valueD.moral implicationText2More Americans are opting to work well into retirement,a growing trend that threatens toupend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least 40 have,or plan to have a job in retirement toprepare for a longer life,according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade.Evenmore surprising is that more than half of uunretireesM-those who plan to work in retirement orwent back to work after retiring-said they would be employed in their later years even if theyhadenough money to settle down,the survey showed.Financial needs arent the only culprit for the unretiremenf trend.Other reasons,accordingto the study,include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit,preventing boredom oravoiding depression.The concept of retirement is evolving，said Christine Russell,seniormanager of retirement at TD Ameritrade.It*s not just about finances.The value of work is alsodriving folks to continue working past retirement.One reason for the change in retirementpatterns:Americans are living longer Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment oftheUS workforce.The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past threedecades.About 20%of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February 2019,up from anall-time low of 10%in January 1985 according to money manager United Income Because oflonger life spans,Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs,theTDAmeritrade study showed,which surveyed2000 adults between 40 to 79.Six in 10 unretirees1 are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life.Among themost popular ways they are doing this,the company said,is by reducing their overallexpenses,securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.Unfortunately,many people whom are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they areworried about making ends meet in their later years,Salo Brent Weiss,a co-founder atBaltimore-based financial planning firm Facet Wealth.He suggested that pre retirees shouldspeakwith a financial advisor to set long term financial goals.The most challenging moments in lifeare getting married,starting a family and ultimately retiring Weiss said.Its not just a financialdecision,but an emotional one.Many people believe they cant retire.*26.The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates thatA.over half of the retirees are physically fit for workB.the old workforce is as active as the younger oneC.one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirementD.more Americans are willing to work in retirement27.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think thatA.retirement may cause problems for themB.boredom can be relieved after retirementC.the mental health of retirees is overlookedD.unretiremenf contributes to the economy28.Retirement patterns are changing partly due toA.labor shortagesB.population growthC.longer life expectancyD.rising living costs29.Many retirees are increasing their savings byA.investing more in stocksB.taking up odd jobsC.getting well-paid workD.spending less30.With regard to retirement,Brent Weiss thinks that many people areA.unprepared B.unafraid C.disappointed D.enthusiasticText3We have all encountered them,in both our personal and professional lives.Think about thetimes you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamlesssignupprocess but was later difficult to cancel.Something that should be simple and transparent canbecomplicated,intentionally or unintentionally,in ways that impair consumer choice.These areexamples of dark patterns.First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull,Mdark patterns is a catch-allterm for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability ofusers.On darkpatterns.org,Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns,ranging frommisdirection and hidden costs to uroach motel/*where a user experience seems easy andintuitiveat the start,but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites,researchers found that aboutone in 10 employs these design practices.Though widely prevalent,the concept of darkpatterns isstill not well understood.Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns andtryto avoid the gray areas they engender.Where is the line between ethical,persuasive design and dark patterns?Businesses shouldengage in conversations with IT,compliance,risk,and legal teams to review their privacypolicy,and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsibleforthe companys user interface,as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible forsign-ups,checkout baskets,pricing,and promotions.Any or all these teams can play a role in creating oravoiding digital deception.MLawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns,most recently at the state level.In March,the California Attorney General announced theapprovalof additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act(CCPA)that“ensure thatconsumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights/*Theregulations aim to ban dark patterns this means prohibiting companies from usingconfusinglanguage or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listentoreasons why they shouldn,t opt out.”As more states consider promulgating additional regulations,there is a need for greateraccountability from within the business community.Dark patterns also can be addressed on aself-regulatory basis,but only if organizations hold themselves accountable,not just to legalrequirements but also to industry best practices and standards.31.lt can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patternsA.improve user experienceB.leak user information for profitC.undermine users decision-makingD.remind users of hidden costs32.The 2019 study an dark pattern is mentioned to show_A.their major flawsB.their complex designsC.their severe damageD.their strong presence33.To handle digital deception business shouldA.listen to customer feed backB.talk with relevant teamsC.turn to independent agenciesD.rely on professional training34.The additional regulations under the CCPA are intend to_A.guide user though opt-out processesB.protect consumers from being trickedC.grant companies data privacy rightD.restrict access to problematic content35.According to the last paragraph a key to coping with dark patterns is.A.new legal requirementsB.business self-disciplineC.strict regulatory standardsD.consumers safety awarenessText4Although ethics classes are common around the world,scientists are unsure if their lessonscan actually change behavior;evidence either way is weak,relying on contrived laboratorytests orsometimes unreliable self-reports.But a new study published in Cognition found that,in atleastone real-world situation,a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class sessions impact on eating meat.They chose thisparticular behavior for three reasons,according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel,aphilosopher at the University of California,Riverside:students attitudes on the topic arevariableand unstable,behavior is easily measurable,and ethics literature largely agrees that eatinglessmeat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering.Half of thestudents infour large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat,optionallywatched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion.The other halffocused on charitable giving instead.Then,unbeknownst to the students,the researchersstudiedtheir anonymized meal-card purchases for that semesternearly 14,000 receipts for almost500students.Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect;he had previously found thatethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors,including votingrates,blood donation and returning library books.But among student subjects who discussedmeatethics,meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percentand this effect heldsteady for the studys duration of several weeks.Purchases from the other group remained at52percent.“Thats actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention,n Schwitzgebel says.Strohminger agrees:The thing that still blows my mind is that the only thing thats differentbetween these two cases is just that one day in class.H She says she wants the effect to bereal butcannot rule out some unknown confounding variable.And if real,Strohminger notes,it mightbereversible by another nudge:Easy come,easy go.”Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence-classmates orteaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism,showing it asachievable or more common.Second,the video may have had an emotional impact.Leastrousing,he thinks,was rational argument,although his co-authors(University of Kansass BradfordCokelet and Princeton Universitys Peter Singer)say reason might play a bigger role.Now theresearchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style,T.A.s eating habits and students*video exposure.Meanwhile Schwitzgebelwho had predicted no effectwill be eating hiswords.