考研英语二历年真题及答案全面解析2012-2018年.pdf
2012年研究生入学考试真题及解析Section 1 Use of EninglishDirections:Millions of Americans and foreigners see GLJoe as a mindless war toy,the symbol of Americanmilitary adventurism,but thats not how it used to be.To the men and women who 1 )in World War II andthe people they liberated,the Gl.was the 2)man grown into hero,the pool farm kid torn away from hishome,the guy who 3)all the burdens of battle,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4)of foodand shelter,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder.this was not a volunteer soldier,notsomeone well paid,5)an average guy,up 6)the best trained,best equipped,fiercest,most brutal enemiesseen in centuries.His name is not much.GI.is just a military abbreviation 7)Government Issue,and it was on all of thearticle 8)to soldiers.And Joe?A common name for a guy who never 9)it to the top Joe Blow JoeMagrac.a working class name.The United States has 10)had a president or vicepresident or secretary ofstate Joe.GI.joe had a(1 l)career fighting German Japanese,and Korean troops.He uppers as acharacter,or a(12)of american personalities,in the 1945 movie The Story of GL Joe,based on the lastdays of war correspondent Ernie Pyle.Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film.Pylewas famous fbr covering the(14)side of the warl,writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers,not howmany miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated,His reports(16)the“willie“cartoons offamed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden.Both men(17)the dirt and exhaustion of war,the(18)ofcivilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians:coffee,tobacco,whiskey,shelter,sleep.(19)Egypt,France,and a dozen more countries,G.I.Joe was any American soldier,(20)the mostimportant person in their lives.l.A performedB servedCrebelledDbetrayed2.A actualBcommonCspecialDnormal3.AboreBcasedCremovedDIoaded4.AnecessitiesBfaciliticeCcommoditiesDproperloes5.AandBnorCbutDhence6.AJforBJintoC formDJagainst7.AJmeaningBJimplyingCJsymbolizingDJclaiming8.AJhanded outBJturn overCbrought backDJpassed down9.ApushedBJgot|CmadeDmanaged10.AeverBneverCeitherDneither1 l.AdisguisedB disturbedCdisputedDdistinguished12.AcompanyBcollectionCcommunityDcolony13.AemployedBappointedCinterviewedDquestioned14.AethicalBmilitaryCpoliticalDhuman15.AruinedBcommuted CpatrolledDjgained16.AparalleledBcounteractedCduplicatedDcontradicted17.AneglectedB avoidedCemphasizedDadmired18.AstagesBillusionsCfragmentsDadvancea19.AWithBToCAmongDBeyond20.Aon the contrary B by this means Cfrom the outset Dat that pointSection II Resdiong ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts,answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark youranswers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents,but in recent years ithas been particularly scorned.School districts across the country,most recently Los Angeles Unified,arerevising their thinking on his educational ritual.Unfortunately,L.A.Unified has produced an inflexiblepolicy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses,homework may no longer countfbr more than 10%of a students academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes mighthave in completing their homework.But the policy is unclear and contradictory.Certainly,no homeworkshould be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment.But if the district is essentiallygiving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives,it is goingriskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling:teachers are allowed toassign as much of it as they want.But with homework counting for no more than 10%of their grades,students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards.Somestudents might do well on state tests without completing their homework,but what about the students whoperformed well on the tests and did their homework?It is quite possible that the homework helped.Yetrather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students,the policy imposes a flat,across-由e-board rule.At the same time,the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework.If thedistrict finds homework to be unimportant to its students academic achievement,it should move to reduceor eliminate the assignments,not make them count fbr almost nothing.Conversely,if homework doesnothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review andcorrect.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board,which is responsible for settingeducational policy,looks into the matter and conducts public hearings.It is not too late for L.A.Unified todo homework right.2 Lit is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays h o m e w o r k.A is receiving more criticismBlis no longer an educational ritualCis not required for advanced coursesfDis gaining more preferences22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor s t u d e n t s.Atend to have moderate expectations for their educationBhave asked for a different educational standardlCmay have problems finishing their homeworkDJhave voiced their complaints about homework23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it ma y.Adiscourage students from doing homeworkBresult in students indifference to their report cardsCundermine the authority of state testsDrestrict teachers power in education24.As mentioned in Paragraph 4,a key question unanswered about homework is w h e t h e r.A it should be eliminated Bit counts much in schoolingCit places extra burdens on teachers Dit is important for grades25.A suitable title for this text could be.AWrong Interpretation of an Educational PolicyBJA Welcomed Policy for Poor StudentsCJThomy Questions about HomeworkDJA Faulty Approach to HomeworkText2Pretty in pink:adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour,yet it is pervasive inour young girls5 lives.Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad,but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and,though it may celebrate girlhood in one way,it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls9 identity to appearance.Then it presents that connection,even among two-year-olds,between girls as not only innocent but asevidence of innocence.Looking around,I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls livesand interests.Girls,attraction to pink may seem unavoidable,somehow encoded in their DNA,but according to JoPaoletti,an associate professor of American Studies,it is not.Children were not colour-coded at all untilthe early 20th century:in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practicalmatter,since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them.Whafs more,both boys and girls worewhat were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced,pink was actuallyconsidered the more masculine colour,a pastel version of red,which was associated with strength.Blue,with its intimations of the Virgin Mary,constancy and faithfulness,symbolised femininity.It was not untilthe mid-1980s,when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant childrens marketing strategy,that pink fully came into its own,when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls,part of what definedthem as female,at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins,including our core beliefs about their psychological development.Take the toddler.I assumed that phasewas something experts developed after years of research into childrens behaviour:wrong.Turns out,acdording to Daniel Cook,a historian of childhood consumerism,it was popularised as a marketing trick byclothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that,in order to increase sales,they should create a“third stepping stone,between infant wear and older kids clothes.Tt was only after toddlerbecame acommon shoppers tenn that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage.Splitting kids,oradults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits.And one of the easiest ways tosegment a market is to magnify gender differences-or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying it is.the rainbow(Line 3,Para.1 ),the author means pi nk.Ashould not be the sole representation of girlhoodBshould not be associated with girls1 innocenceCcannot explain girls*lack of imaginationDcannot influence girls*lives and interests27.According to Paragraph 2,which of the following is true of colours?AColours are encoded in girls*DNA.BBlue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.CPink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.DWhite is prefered by babies.28.The author suggests that our perception of childrens psychological development was much influencedby.Athe marketing of products for childrenBthe observation of childrens natureCresearches into childrens behaviorDstudies of childhood consumption29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to.Afocus on infant wear and older kids clothesBattach equal importance to different gendersCclassify consumers into smaller groupsDcreate some common shoppers terms30.l t can be concluded that girls attraction to pink seems to be.A clearly explained by their inborn tendencyBJfully understood by clothing manufacturersC mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmenDwell interpreted by psychological expertsText 3In 2010.a federal judge shook Americas biotech industry to its core.Companies had won patents forisolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20%of human genes were parented.But in March 2010 a judgeruled that genes were unpatentable.Executives were violently agitated.The Biotechnology IndustryOrganisation(BIO),a trade group,assured members that this was just a preliminary step“in a longerbattle.On July 29th they were relieved,at least temporarily.A federal appeals court overturned the priordecision,ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed holb patents to two genss that help forecast a womansrisk of breast cancer.The chief executive of Myriad,a company in Utah,said the ruling was a blessing tofirms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine,the courts will remain rather busy.The Myriad case itself is probably not over Critics make three main arguments against gene patents：agene is a product of nature,so it may not be patented；gene patents suppress innovation rather thanreward it；and patents*monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriads.A growing numberseem to agree.Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests.In October theDepailment of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case,arguing that an isolated DNA molecule“is no less aproduct of nature.than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.”Despite the appeals courts decision,big questions remain unanswered.For example,it is unclearwhether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of indivi dual genes within it.The case mayyet reach the Supreme Court.AS the industry advances,however,other suits may have an even greater panies areunlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the publicdomain.firms are now studying how genes interact,looking for correlations that might be used to determinethe causes of disease or predict a drugs efficacy,companies are eager to win patents fbr connecting theditsexpaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue,brought by the Mayo Clinic,which theSupreme Court will hear in its next term.The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions tocoach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents.Each meeting was packed.31.it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-A.their executives to be active B.judges to rule out gene patentingC.genes to be patentable D.the BIO to issue a warning32.those who are against gene patents believe that-A.genetic tests are not reliableB.only man-made products are patentableC.patents on genes depend much on innovatiaonD.courts should restrict access to gene tic tests33.according to hans panies are eager to win patents for-A.establishing disease comelations B.discovering gene interactionsC.drawing pictures of genes D.identifying human DNA34.By saying“each meeting was packed,(line4,para6)the author means that-A.the supreme court was authoritativeB.the BIO was a powerful organizationC.gene patenting was a great concern0.lawyers were keen to attend conventiongs35.generally speaking,the authors attitude toward gene patenting isA.criticalC.scornfulB.supportiveD.objectiveText 4The great recession may be over,but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning.Before it ends,it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults.And ultimately,it islikely to reshape our politics,our culture,and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster.Many saidthat unemployment,while extremely painful,had improved them in some ways;they had become lessmaterialistic and more financially prudent;they were more aware of the struggles of others.In limitedrespects,perhaps the recession will leave society better off.At the very least,it has awoken us from ournational fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses,and put a necessary end to an era of recklesspersonal spending.But for the most part,these benefits seem thin,uncertain,and far off.In The Moral Consequences ofEconomic Growth,the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside theU.S.,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spiritedand less inclusive,and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms.Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases,as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession,but it has not shrunk in this one,.Indeed,this periodof economic weakness may reinforce class divides,and decrease opportunities to cross them-especiallyfor young people.The research of Till Vbn Wachter,the economist in Columbia University,suggests thatnot all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed:those with degrees from eliteuniversities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in bettertimes;it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age,it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthinAmerican society.More difficult,in the moment,i
