高中英语新人教版必修一全册语法汇总（分单元编排）.docx

高中英语必修一语法汇总Unit 1 短语短语或词组是具有一定意义但不构成句子或从句的一组词。一、名词短语(NP)名词短语是指以一个名词为中心构成的短语。(1)These ideas may seem strange to you.作主语(2)Welove our great motherland very much.作宾语(3)Theman wearing a black coat is our teacher.作表语(4)Those beautiful flowers come from Yunnan.作主语(5)Weelected him monitor of our class.作宾语补足语归纳总结(1)名词短语在句中作名词用，一般用作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等。(2)名词短语由“(限定词)(数词、形容词、形容词短语、描述性名词)名词(介词短语)”组成。名师提醒限定词包括冠词(a，an，the)、指示代词(this，that，these，those等)、物主代词(my，your，his，her，our，their等)和不定代词(some，no，neither，both等)。巩固内化1指出黑体部分所作的成分He got threegold medals at the 23rd Olympic Games.作宾语The tall building was built last year.作主语This is avery interesting book.作表语We made him capital of our team.作宾补二、形容词短语(AdjP)形容词短语是指以一个形容词为中心构成的短语，在句子中的功能相当于形容词。(1)Theair today is nice and clean.作表语(2)Sheis a girl lively and lovely.作定语(3)Hefound the film very interesting.作宾语补足语归纳总结(1)形容词短语在句中作形容词用，可以修饰名词或代词，作定语，还可用作表语或者宾语补足语等。(2)形容词短语由“(副词)形容词(介词短语)”组成。巩固内化2指出黑体部分所作的成分This is a subject worthy of careful study.作定语Our English teacher is very nice and patient.作表语I found it very hard to get along with foreigners.作宾语补足语三、副词短语(AdvP)副词短语是指以一个副词为中心构成的短语，在句子中的功能相当于副词。(1)Heran very quickly yesterday.修饰动词作状语(2)Iam much too pleased to see you.修饰形容词作状语(3)Sheplays well enough as a beginner.修饰动词作状语(4)Heworked much more carefully on thenew design.修饰副词作状语归纳总结(1)副词短语在句中作副词用，可以修饰动词、形容词或副词，作状语等。(2)副词短语由“(副词)副词”组成。名师提醒副词enough在修饰形容词或者副词构成形容词短语或者副词短语时，一般放在所修饰的形容词或者副词后面。巩固内化3补全句子His wife often warns him not to drive too fast.他的妻子经常警告他开车不要太快。Dont worry.My mother will look after your baby carefully enough.不要担心，我妈妈会很细心地照顾你的孩子。I play ping-pong quite well，but I havent had time to play since the new year.我乒乓球打得很好，但是自从新年以来我就没有时间打了。Unit 2 将来时的表达法一、现在进行时表将来1.用位移动词Were starting for Shanghai this afternoon.今天下午我们将动身去上海。Our flight is taking off and lets hurry up；or we will miss it.我们的航班要起飞了，快点；否则就赶不上了。Iam seeing him off this afternoon.今天下午我去给他送行。The plane is arriving in 10 minutes.飞机将在10分钟内到达。归纳总结现在进行时表示将来主要用于按计划或安排将要发生的动作或事件，多用表示位置转移的动词(短语)，如arrive，come，get(to)，leave，return，start，travel，take，takeoff，fly，seeoff，set off等。2.用非位移动词Theyoung man is meeting his girlfriend this afternoon.这个年轻人今天下午要去接他的女朋友。Theyare spending their next summer holiday in Guilin.下个暑假他们要在桂林度过。归纳总结现在进行时表示将来除使用位移动词外，也可使用某些非位移动词，如do，buy，meet，have，play，finish，stay，publish等，此时句中一般要有表示将来的时间状语。及时训练补全句子She is leaving for Singapore tonight.她今晚将动身去新加坡。When are you setting off for yourholiday?你什么时候动身去度假？What are you doing next Sunday?下星期天你打算干什么？My mother is buying me a bike soon.我妈妈不久将给我买辆自行车。I am meeting you after class.我下课后见你。I am publishing a book this year.我打算今年出一本书。二、其他表将来的表达方式1.will/shall do表将来Shewill come back next week.她将于下周回来。Whereis the telephone book？电话号码簿在哪里？Ill go and get it for you.我去给你拿。归纳总结(1)will/shalldo表示单纯的将来，是对未来事情发生的“预见性”。will用于各种人称，而shall一般用于第一人称。(2)表示事先未经过考虑的打算、计划，是在说话时才想到或决定的事，即临时起意，这时通常用will。2.be going to do表将来Are you going to watchthe football game this afternoon?你打算今天下午看足球赛吗？Lookat the dark clouds！Its going to rain.看这些乌云！天要下雨了。归纳总结begoing to do表示打算、计划、安排或已经决定要做某事；还可表示根据某种迹象表明将要发生的事。Unit 3 附加疑问句一、附加疑问句的定义附加疑问句，又称反义疑问句，主要用于口语，其作用是说话人向对方验证自己的陈述或者判断，也可以用于祈使句表示请求或者建议。二、附加疑问句的构成附加疑问句包括陈述部分和附加疑问部分。附加疑问部分一般由助动词、be动词或情态动词和表示主语的代词构成。组成例句肯定式陈述部分否定附加疑问部分You often play  badminton, don't you?You're going to  the gym with me, aren't you？否定式陈述部分肯定附加疑问部分It's not a real  sport, is it?They can't  finish it by Friday, can they？含有否定词的陈述部分肯定附加疑问部分Nobody saw him  walk into the room, did they?You've never  been to Paris, have you？祈使句附加疑问部分Come  along with me, will you？/can you？/won't you？/can't you?Don't make any  noise, will you？三、附加疑问句的回答附加疑问句的答语与一般疑问句类似，注意其与汉语表达习惯的差异。如：(1)A：The29th Olympic Games were held in Beijing,weren't they?B：Yes,they were.(Yes, that's right.)(2)A：MichaelJordan started to play basketball in college, didn't he?B：No,he didn't. He first played in a team in senior high school.(3)A：Davidhas been to a boxing match, hasn't he?B：No,he hasn't. He always watches boxing on TV.(4)A：Youcan't cook, can you？你不会做饭，是吗？B：Yes,I can. I'm good at cooking.不，我会。我做饭很好。四、变附加疑问句时应注意的问题1当陈述部分含有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few,little, nowhere, nothing等否定词或半否定词时，简短问句应用肯定句式。Sheseldom goes to the cinema, does she?她很少去看电影，是吗？Hehas never been to London,has he?他从没去过伦敦，是吗？2当陈述部分中表示否定意义的词为含有im­， in­， dis­， un­等否定前缀或­less等否定后缀的词时，应把陈述部分视为肯定句，简短问句要用否定式。Hewas unsuccessful, wasn't he?他没成功，是吗？Yourmother dislikes seeing you with me, doesn't she?你母亲不喜欢看到你和我在一起，是吗？3当陈述部分是“therebe主语其他”结构时，反意疑问部分要用“bethere”结构。Thereare some apples in the box, aren'tthere?盒子里有些苹果，是吗？4陈述部分为祈使句时(1)祈使句为肯定形式时，若表示“请求”，简短问句通常用willyou；若表示“邀请，劝说”，简短问句用won'tyou。Giveme a hand, will you?帮我一把，好吗？(表示“请求”)Cometo have supper with us this evening, won't you?今晚跟我们一起吃饭，好吗？(表示“邀请”)(2)祈使句为否定形式时，简短问句通常用will you。Don'tmake so much noise, will you?别弄出这么多噪音，好吗？(3)如果祈使句以let's开头，简短问句用shallwe；如果祈使句以let us或let me开头，简短问句用will you。Let'stry another way, shall we?我们试试别的方法，好吗？Letus know your address, will you?请把你的地址告诉我们，好吗？5陈述部分为含有宾语从句的主从复合句时(1)一般情况：当陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时，简短问句的谓语动词和主语通常和主句中的谓语动词和主语分别保持一致。Theyknow that he is fromEngland,don't they?他们知道他来自英国，是吗？(2)特殊情况：若陈述部分为：“I/We think/believe/suppose/consider/.宾语从句”，简短问句的谓语和主语与宾语从句的谓语和主语分别保持一致，且简短问句用否定形式。Webelieve she can do it better, can't she?我们相信她能做得更好，是吗？(3)若陈述部分为“I/We don't think/believe/suppose/consider/.宾语从句”，简短问句的主语和谓语与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致，且简短问句用肯定形式。Idon't think that you can do it, can you?我认为这件事你做不了，是吗？Wedon't believe that the news is true, is it?我们认为消息不实，是吗？(4)若陈述部分为“主语(非第一人称)think/believe/suppose/consider/.宾语从句”，简短问句的主语和谓语由主句决定。Theyall think that English is very useful, don't they?他们都认为英语很重要，是吗？Hedoesn't think that I can make it, does he?他认为我办不到，是吗？五、附加疑问句的读法陈述部分一般用降调，而附加疑问部分既可用升调也可用降调，但含义有所不同。通常情况下，用升调时，多表示疑问或请求；用降调时，多表示求证或希望对方同意。如：Theschool team have won the gold medal, haven't they?Theschool team have won the gold medal, haven't they? Unit 4 语法知识定语从句【课本例句】诵读下列例句并感知画线部分的共性1.(教材P50)There were deep cracks that/which appeared in the well walls.2.(教材P50)Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured.3.(教材P50)The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.4.(教材P50)Soon after the quakes, the army sent150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those whowere trapped and to bury the dead.5.(教材P50)Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.6.(教材P52)A doctor with whom James used to work died in the 2016 earthquake in Ecuador.7.Theboy whose father is a teacher is a newclassmate of mine.8.Chinais a country that/which has a long history.【发现总结】1.第2、3、4句中的定语从句使用了关系代词who，在定语从句中作主语。2.第1、8句中的定语从句使用了关系代词which/that，在定语从句中作主语。3.第6句中的定语从句使用了关系代词whom，在定语从句中作宾语。关系代词who/whom常用来指代人；关系代词that/which常用来指代物；关系代词that既可以指人也可以指物。4.第5、7句中的定语从句使用了关系代词whose，在定语从句中作定语，它既可以指人也可以指物。【语法精讲】who (whom)，which，that，whose引导的定语从句在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫作定语从句。从句修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词，连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词的主要作用是连接主句和从句，同时指代先行词，并在从句中充当一定的句子成分。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种，关系代词有that，which，who，whom，whose等；关系副词有when，where，why。一、关系代词的基本用法1.who指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。Theman who is talking with my father isa teacher.正在和我父亲说话的那个人是个教师。Thegirl (who) I met yesterday is hissister.我昨天见到的那个女孩是他的妹妹。2.whom指人，在从句中作宾语，常可省略，不能作主语。Theboy (whom) the teacher often praisesis their monitor.老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。注意：(1)关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替。Theboy(who/whom/that) wesaw yesterday is John's brother.昨天我们看到的那个男孩是约翰的哥哥。(2)在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，用whom，不用who。He isa man from whom we are all ready tolearn.他是我们大家都愿意向他学习的人。【即学即练1】关系代词填空(1)Doyou know the man who is talking with your mother?(2)Thosewho want to see the film set down your names, please.(3)Thisis the person who/whom you should thank for helping your son.3.which只指物，不指人，可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。Guilin is a city which has a history of 2,000 years.桂林是一个有2 000年历史的城市。Theyoung man was very happy to get back the gold ring (which) he had lost on the train.那个年轻人找回了在火车上丢失的金戒指，非常高兴。4.whose既可指人，也可指物。其后接名词，与先行词构成从属关系，在从句中作定语。Thisis the scientist whose name is knownall over the country.这就是那位闻名全国的科学家。Nobodywants the house whose roof hasfallen in.没有人想要这个屋顶已坍塌的房子。5.that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。Thewoman (that) I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal.我在报纸上读过那位妇女的相关报道，她刚刚夺得一枚金牌。Thereport (that) Mr.Turner handed inwas about the motor race.特纳先生递交的报告是关于摩托车比赛的。【即学即练2】关系代词填空(1)Look,here are some people who/whom/thatI want you to meet.(2)Doyou still remember the chicken farm that/which we visited three monthsago?(3)Anystudent whose family is too poor to go to school can get help from thegovernment.二、用that不用which的情况。1.当先行词为all，everything，nothing，anythinglittle，much等不定代词或先行词被这些词修饰时。All that can be done has been done.一切能做的都已经做了。2.当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。Thisis the most delicious food that Ihave ever had.这是我吃过的最美味的食物。3.当先行词被theonly，the very，the last修饰时。Chattingwas the only thing that interested her most.聊天是她唯一感兴趣的事。4.当先行词既指人，又指物时。Shetook photographs of the things andpeople that she was interested in.她把她感兴趣的人和物都拍摄了下来。5.当主语是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为避免重复而用that。Who is the person that is standing at thegate?站在门口的那个人是谁？6.当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海已不是过去那个样子了。【即学即练3】完成句子(1)这是我参观过的最漂亮的公园。Thisis the most beautiful park that_I_have_visited.(2)我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。Weoften talk about the persons and things that_we_remember.(3)我已找到昨天丢的钢笔。Ihave found the very pen that_I_lost_yesterday.三、用which不用that的情况1.在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词前时。Thisis the room in which he lives.这是他住的房间。2.引导非限制性定语从句时。Tomcame back, which made us very happy.汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。3.在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中前一句的关系代词是that，那么后一句的关系代词就要用which。Letme show you the novel that Iborrowed from the library which wasnewly open.我给你看这本从新开的图书馆里借来的小说。【即学即练4】用关系代词填空(1)Thehouse in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.(2)Haveyou ever read the book, which was written by a young girl?四、使用定语从句的注意事项1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。“one of复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。Thisis one of the books which werewritten by Charles Dickens.这是查理斯·狄更斯所写的书中的其中一本。He isthe only one of the boys in our classwho has learned French.他是我们班里唯一一个学过法语的男孩。注意：which引导非限制性定语从句时，往往代表前面所说的整个情况。这时which被看作单数，其后的谓语动词应用单数形式。Hesaid he was a Frenchman, which wasnot true.他说他是一个法国人，这不是真的。2.为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词所代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。Thisis the factory which we visited lastSunday.(visited后不可加it)这就是我们上星期天参观过的工厂。3.关系代词的省略。(1)关系代词作主语时不能省略。(2)作动词宾语的关系代词，可以省略；作介词宾语的关系代词，如果不直接位于介词后，可省略，如果直接作介词的宾语，不能省略。(3)关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中不能省略。【即学即练5】单句语法填空(1)Allthings can be done_has (have) been done.(2)Thestudent you should learn from is the one who works hard and studieshard.(3)Heis one of the students who know Spanish.Unit 5 定语从句【课本例句】1.(教材P62)There are many reasons why this has been possible, but one of the mainfactors has been the Chinese writing system.2.(教材P62)Emperor Qinshihuang united the sevenmajor states into one unified country where Chinesewriting system began to develop in one direction.3.(教材P64)I told my mum that I wanted to give up,and that I would never live in a country whereGerman was spoken.4.(教材P64)I finally understood the reason why my mum had encouraged me not to give up.5.(教材P68)Then I saw an advertisement that offereda wonderful summer course, and that was the day whenI decided to take on a new language.6.Thetime when I first met Nelson Mandela was avery difficult period of my life.【发现规律】1.所有画线部分都是关系副词引导的定语从句。2.关系副词when在定语从句中作时间状语(第5、6句)。3.关系副词where在定语从句中作地点状语(第2、3句)。4.关系副词why在定语从句中作原因状语(第1、4句)。【语法精讲】一、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词的指代及功能关系副词先行词功能when表示时间的名词时间状语where表示地点的名词地点状语whyreason原因状语1.关系副词when引导定语从句时，先行词应是表示时间的名词，关系词在从句中作时间状语。Istill remember the day when I firstwent to the Great Wall.我还记得我第一次去长城的那一天。Theday when we get together will comesoon.我们重聚的日子很快就会来的。Wewill never forget the year when the29th Olympic Games were held in Beijing.我们将永远不会忘记第29届奥运会在北京举办的那一年。 【名师点津】若时间名词后面的定语从句的引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，则改用which或that引导。Doyou remember the days that/which wespent together on the farm?你还记得我们在农场一起度过的那些日子吗？(that或which作spent的宾语)2.关系副词where引导定语从句时，先行词应是表示地点或抽象地点的名词，关系词在从句中作地点状语。Thehouse where I lived ten years agohas been pulled down.我10年前居住的那所房子已经被拆了。He isnow working in the factory where hisfather worked.现在他正在他父亲工作过的那家工厂工作。【名师点津】若地点名词后面的定语从句的引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，则改用which或that。Theschool (which/that) we visitedyesterday is newly built.我们昨天参观的那所学校是新建的。(关系代词which/that在从句中作宾语)3.关系副词why引导定语从句时，先行词常常为reason，关系词在从句中作原因状语。Thereason why he succeeded in the examis that he studied very hard.他考试成功的原因是他学习很认真。Canyou tell me the reason why youdidn't come to his birthday party?你能告诉我你没参加他的生日宴会的原因吗？【名师点津】reason后的定语从句的引导词若在从句中作主语或宾语，则改用which或that。Idon't know the reason why he didn'tturn to his good friend for help yesterday.我不知道昨天他为什么没向他的好朋友求助。(why作原因状语)Iwon't listen to the reason that/whichyou have given us.我坚决不听你提供给我们的那个理由。(定语从句中缺少宾语，所以用which/that，不用why)【即学即练1】对比填空：that,which, when, where, why(1)Iwill never forget the days that/which we spent together.(2)Iwill never forget the days when we stayed together.(3)Thereason that/which he explained at the meeting was not sound.(4)Thereason why he was late was that he missed his train.(5)Keepthe book in a place where you can find it easily.(6)Thisis the house which/that was built by my grandfather forty years ago.二、关系代词作介词的宾语关系代词作介词的宾语时，为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑，可以将从句中的介词提到关系代词前，形成“介词关系代词”结构。该结构中的关系代词可用which，whom或whose。1.介词的选用“介词关系代词”结构中的介词可以依据与从句中谓语动词的搭配、与先行词的搭配或句子意义来确定。Thisis the camera with which he oftentakes photos.这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。(根据与先行词的搭配确定)Thisis the pilot with whom my father hasworked for ten years.这就是和我爸爸一起工作了10年的那位飞行员。(根据意义搭配确定)【名师点津】(1)某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词关系代词”可以同关系副词when、where和why互换。Istill remember the time when (in which) I was incollege.我仍然记得我上大学的那段时光。Thisis the hotel where (in which) theystayed.这就是他们待过的旅馆。Thisis the reason why (for which) he left in a hurry.这就是他匆匆离去的原因。(2)有些“动词介词”短语，如lookfor，look after，send for，call on，come across，long for等，不可拆开把介词置于关系代词之前。Thedoctor that you sent for has notcome.你派人去请的那个医生还没有来。2.关系代词的选择“介词关系代词”既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。在此结构中，先行词指人时关系代词用whom，不可用who/that；先行词指物时关系代词用which，不能用that。Thisis the student for whom I bought abook.这就是我给其买书的那个学生。Thisis the ship by which I went to Shanghai.这就是我去上海所乘的船。3.“名词/数词/代词等介词of关系代词”结构。有时“介词关系代词”前还会有名词、数词、代词等，