高中英语新人教版必修二Unit 3- 4语法汇总.doc

高中英语必修二语法汇总Unit 3：现在完成时的被动语态现在完成时的被动语态表示到现在为止某事已经被完成或被做。这种语法项目既要表示现在已经完成又要表示被动的含义，因此很多同学在具体运用中容易顾此失彼，难以把握。运用现在完成时的被动语态时应掌握以下几个问题：一、现在完成时的被动语态的常用句式肯定式主语have/has  been done.否定式主语have/has  not been done.一般疑问式Have/Has主语been  done.？特殊疑问式疑问词have/has主语been done.？A newnetwork has been set up.一个新的网络已经建立起来了。To Toms disappointment，his novel has not been published.让汤姆失望的是，他的小说还没有被出版。Has his bike beenrepaired?他的自行车修好了吗？How manyresidents have been invited to theconference？有多少居民受到了参会邀请？二、现在完成时的被动语态的用法1.表示被动的动作在说话之前已经完成，强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果，通常与already，yet，never，recently等副词及时间状语so far，by now，up till/to now，since等连用。The databasehas already been updated.数据库已经被更新了。(现在可以使用新的数据库了)2.表示一个被动的动作或状态从过去开始一直持续到现在，并可能继续持续下去，常与for或since等引出的时间状语(从句)连用，或用于howlong引出的句子中。The machine has been repaired for two hours.这台机器已经被修了两个小时了。(可能还会继续被修)3.用在条件状语从句中，表示将来某时已经完成的动作。You shouldnt leave school beforeyour homework has been finished.在你的作业没完成之前你不应该离开学校。三、使用现在完成时的被动语态要注意6点问题1.与一般过去时的被动语态的区别。一般过去时的被动语态所表示的动作或状态与现在的情况没有联系，而现在完成时的被动语态则强调与现在的情况有联系。The park wasopened to the public last year.去年这个公园向公众开放。(说明动作发生于过去)The park has been opened to the public.这个公园已向公众开放。(说明动作发生于过去，但对现在有影响，即现在公园已经向公众开放了)2.非延续性动词，如borrow，finish，begin，start，buy，marry，open，join等构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。若要表达相应的意思，则要改换动词或时态。The work was finished two weeks ago.这项工作于两周前被完成。The work has been finished.这项工作已经被完成。3.短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在被动语态中要保持其完整性，其中的介词或副词不可省略。It is saidthat the problem has been looked into.据说已经调查了这个问题。4.只带有一个宾语的动词变为被动语态时，将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。We havebuilt many houses in the past ten years.Manyhouses have been built in the pastten years.在过去的十年里我们建了很多房子。5.带有双宾语的动词，如give，send，bring，take，teach，show，tell，make，sing，write，read，sell，buy，tell，pay，lend，pass，promise等，变为被动语态时，可将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。We havegiven him a lot of cash.Hehas been given a lot of cash.Alot of cash has been given to him.我们给了他很多现金。6.带有复合宾语的动词变为被动语态时，只能将宾语变为主语，原来的宾补改为主语补足语。原来省略to的不定式作宾补的，被动语态中要用带to的不定式。I have toldthem to take their identity cards.Theyhave been told to take theiridentity cards.我已经告诉他们要带上身份证。Unit 4：过去分词作定语和宾语补足语精讲一、过去分词作定语1.意义：及物动词的过去分词作定语往往表示被动和完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动，只表示完成。(1)表示被动和完成a polluted river一条被污染的河流the watered flowers浇过水的花(2)只表示完成，不表示被动fallen leaves落叶the risen sun升起的太阳2.位置：单个的过去分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词的前面；过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词的后面，其作用相当于一个定语从句。The student dressed in white is my daughter.The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.穿白色衣服的那个学生是我女儿。注意：过去分词作定语和现在分词作定语的区别：(1)语态不同：现在分词表示主动；过去分词表示被动。The question discussedwas very important.讨论过的那个问题很重要。The house standing at thecorner of the street was built in 2016.矗立在街道角落的那所房子是2016年建的。(2)时间关系上不同：现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示动作已经完成。3.过去分词(done)、现在分词的被动语态(being done)与动词不定式的被动语态(to be done)作定语的区别：意义形式语态时态done被动完成being done被动进行to be done被动尚未发生The buildingbuilt last year is our classroombuilding.去年建造的楼是我们的教学楼。The buildingbeing built now is our classroombuilding.现在正在建造的楼是我们的教学楼。The buildingto be built next month is ourclassroom building.下个月将要建造的楼是我们的教学楼。二、过去分词作宾语补足语1.过去分词用在表状态的动词keep，leave等词的后面作宾语补足语。He got uplate and hurried to his office，leaving the breakfast untouched.他起得很晚，没吃早饭就匆匆忙忙地去了办公室。2.过去分词用在使役动词have/get和make的后面作宾语补足语。(1)“have/get宾语过去分词”可以表示两种含义：“让别人做某事”或“遭遇到某种不幸”。Claire had her luggage checked an hour beforeher plane left.在飞机起飞前一个小时克莱儿对行李进行了安检。While theywere on holiday，they had their car broken into.他们在度假时，汽车被撬开了。(2)在“make宾语过去分词”这种结构中，过去分词表示结果。They managedto make themselves understood byusing very simple English.他们用很浅易的英语来设法使自己被理解。3.感官动词see，hear，notice，observe，watch，feel，find等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。When we saw the road blocked with snow，we decided to spend the holiday athome.当我们看到道路被雪封住后，我们决定在家过假期。The nextmorning people found the worldoutside their houses completely changed.第二天早上，人们发现他们房子外面的世界全变了样。4.表示“意愿；命令”的动词，如like，want，wish，expect，order等可用过去分词作宾语补足语。The manager ordered the work finished at the end ofthis week.经理要求在本周末完成这项工作。5.过去分词用在“with宾语宾补”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。The livingroom is clean and tidy，witha dining tablealready laid for a meal to becooked.客厅既干净又整洁，已摆好了餐桌准备盛放待煮的饭菜。Johnreceived an invitation to dinner，and with his work finished，hegladly accepted it.约翰收到一份宴请函而且他的工作也做完了，他就欣然接受了邀请。6.非谓语动词(短语)作宾语补足语的区别：(1)感官动词(短语)see，watch，observe，look at，notice，hear，listento，feel等的宾语补足语主要有三种形式，试比较(以hear为例)：I heard her singing an English song whenI passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时，我听她正在唱英文歌。(主动、正在进行)I heard her sing an English song justnow.刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动、完成)To learnEnglish well，we should findopportunities to hear English spokenas much as possible.为了学好英语，我们应该尽可能多地听英语。(被动、无时间性)(2)使役动词make，have，get，keep后加复合宾语的比较The shockingnews made me realize what terribleproblems we would face.这个令人震惊的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么可怕的问题。I made myself known to them first andthen we talked about our hobbies.我先向他们作了自我介绍，然后我们谈论了我们的爱好。Mother had me go to the shop and buy somesalt.妈妈让我去商店买些食盐。He had us laughing all through the meal.整顿饭下来他让我们笑个不停。My eldersister had her wallet stolen on abus last month.上个月，我姐姐的钱包在公共汽车上被偷了。He got me to post the letter for him.他让我替他寄信。The captain got the soldiers moving toward thefront after a short rest.休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进。Ill get my cellphone repaired tomorrow.我明天要(请人)修一下我的手机。Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long.对不起，让你久等了。She kept her eyes shut and stayed where shewas.她紧闭双眼，待在原地未动。(3)with复合结构中宾语补足语的比较WeChat islike a public network，withpeople sharing information publicly；whateverthey say or publish can be seen by everybody.微信像是一个公开网络，人们公开分享信息，不管他们说什么、发布什么，大家都可以看到。With a great weight taken off her mind，she passed all the testssuccessfully.由于放下了极大的思想包袱，她成功地通过了所有考试。5