Unit 3 应用英语教程综合英语1.pptx
Pre-Class TasksBackground KnowledgeText AText BPre-Class TasksI.Mini-ResearchOrigins of the words:justicefrom Old French via Latin meaning“legal rights,jurisdiction”and“righteousness,equity”monogamyfrom French monogamie,via ecclesiastical Latin from Greek monogamia,from monos“single”+gamos“marriage”pizzaItalian,literally“pie”SeptemberOld English,from Latin,from septem“seven”(being originally the seventh month according to the original calendar of ancient Rome)typhoonChinese dialect tai fung“big wind”Pre-Class Tasks1.What might be the reasons that there are so many borrowed words in English?2.Why do language learners know little about word origins?There are various reasons.For instance,the origins of words often concern themselves with aspects of language that are sometimes fossilized and no longer in use and relevant to our present understanding of what the words mean or how they are used.It is not customary to include information about origins in the dictionaries that language learners use.There are various reasons for this:1)The British Isles were invaded and conquered many times and the invaders and immigrants brought with them their own languages;2)With the rise of the UK and the US in history,the English language had more opportunities to contact with other cultures and languages;3)English and many European languages belong to the same language family and it is easy for the former to borrow words from the latter;etc.Pre-Class TasksII.Co-Learning1.What are the“several ingenious,practical and occasionally peculiar ways”to fill the word gaps in the English language?2.How was the word meme coined?3.Are all new words created equal?How do they develop through time?No.Some stick around for millennia.Some adapt to changing times and others die off.It was coined in the 1970s by socio-biologist Richard Dawkins from the ancient Greek for imitation.He used it to describe how ideas and symbols propagate through a culture like genes through a population.One way is to absorb a word from another language.Another popular way is by combining existing words that each convey part of the new concept.The last is to let obsolete words gain new life by adopting new meanings.Pre-Class TasksIII.PresentationInterview your classmates with the following questions and make a presentation in class.1.How can you recognize English words that have a foreign origin?2.As an English language learner,whats your attitude toward these words?Background Knowledge Wilfred Funk was an American author,poet,lexicographer and publisher.His works include The Way to Vocabulary Power and Culture,When the Merry-Go-Round Breaks Down,So You Think Its New,and others.AbouttheAuthorBackground KnowledgeAbouttheText The text is extracted from Word Origins:An Exploration and History of Words and Language by Wilfred Funk.In the book,the noted lexicographer tells the life stories of thousands of wordshow,when and where they originated,and how their meanings have changed and developed through the centuries.TextStructureText AOpening(paras 1-3)The English language,in its origins,had _ to do with England itself.The great number of _words from other languages makes English a miscellaneous and polyglot language.Body(paras 4-12)1(paras 4-7)Many _are provided by the author to illustrate and support his opening statement.2(paras 8-12)Why the English language is so complex and varied:1)Inheritance from the popular foreign languages:From the 6th century on,some historically significant _ led to the reality that no language is so _ and varied as English.2)Borrowings from other than the classical languages,though _,have contributed to the richness of English.Ending(para 13)The establishment of the colonies in America and a series of events occurring thereafter contributed to the _ of a new languagethe _ English.littleborrowed/loanexamples/instanceseventscomplexscantyformationAmericanDetailedAnalysisText APartI(paras1-3)The English language,in its origins,had little to do with England itself.The great number of borrowed/loan words from other languages makes English a miscellaneous and polyglot language.Comprehensioncheck1.According to the author,what percentage of English words actually originated in England?2.Why does the author say that the English language has little to do with England itself?Because the English language has inherited too many words from other languages and as far as its word origins are concerned,it had little to do with England itself.No more than 2%.Namely less than one in fifty in the English vocabulary originated in England.DetailedAnalysisText APartI(paras1-3)Wordsandphrases1.A Basketful of Word Stories(the title)l basketful n.the amount of something that a basket can holda basketful of applesl wordstory:a story concerning the origin,meaning,usage,etc.of a word.A word story,though very interesting sometimes,may not always be reliable and trustworthy.DetailedAnalysisText A2.We are accustomed to thinking of our miscellaneous and polyglot speech as the“English”languagel accustomed adj.familiar with something so that it seems normal or regular She is accustomed to living on the farm.l speech n.spoken language;often in contrast to writing(written language)Some expressions are used more in speech than in writing.DetailedAnalysisText A3.We have stated that the English language,in its origins,had little to do with England itselfwe have had to draw upon a number of wordsl origin n.the point or place where something begins,arises or is derived What is the origin of that word?l drawupon/on:to use something as a source or supply The family is drawing upon/on the community for support.Her new book draws upon/on her personal experience as a fire fighter.DetailedAnalysisText APartI(paras1-3)Sentenceanalysis1.We are accustomed to thinking of our miscellaneous and polyglot speech as the“English”languageMeaning:The language that we speak is actually made up of different borrowed words from various foreign languages,but we are so used to it that we take it purely as one language onlyEnglish.DetailedAnalysisText APartII(paras4-12)1(paras 4-7)Many examples/instances are provided by the author to illustrate and support his opening statement.2(paras 8-12)Why the English language is so complex and varied:1)Inheritance from the popular foreign languages:From the 6th century on,some historically significant events led to the reality that no language is so complex and varied as English.2)Borrowings from other than the classical languages,though scanty,have contributed to the richness of English.DetailedAnalysisText APartII(paras4-12)Comprehensioncheck3.Who were the original inhabitants of England?Did they contribute a lot to the English language?4.Why was English almost wholly a Germanic language for 500 years?Because from the 6th century until the Battle of Hastings in 1066,Angles,Saxons,and Jutes invaded Britain and brought over the basic structure and most common words of English which was basically Germanic.The Celts.No,they contributed little or nothing except a few place names.DetailedAnalysisText A5.How did the Battle of Hastings in 1066 influence the use of language in England?6.How do you understand the“class distinction in language”in paragraph 9?Different classes used different languages.There was a distinction of class even in the use of language.Norman-French was superimposed on the West Germanic dialects.The two languages,French and English,ranged side by side,one being spoken by the Norman overlords,the other by the Saxon vassals and serfs.DetailedAnalysisText A7.Which language was favored by the upper class in England in the 16th century?Please give an example.8.What is the chief method that the author uses in the article to support his statement that only a small number of words actually originated in England?The method of exemplification is used.Latin.Examples include that Queen Elizabeth conversed in Latin with the foreign envoys at her court and Oliver Cromwell had the poet Milton as his Latin secretary.DetailedAnalysisText APartII(paras4-12)Wordsandphrases1.The Latin language gave us miscellaneous,while polyglot is the Greek word polyglottos,with poly meaning“many”and glotta,“tongue.”l poly-:many polyglot,polygon,polygamous,polytheismDetailedAnalysisText A2.Our word language entered English by way of France,but its eventual origin lies in the Latin word lingua,meaning“tongue,”a term which,incidentally,contributed linguist to us.l bywayof:traveling through(a place),via She came here from China by way of England.By way of comparison,examine the vase on the left.l lie+in/onetc.:to be located in a particular place,often used figuratively The village lies in a peaceful valley.The problem lies in knowing what to do.DetailedAnalysisText Al lingua:tongue Since the tongue is the most flexible and important speech organ in the oral cavity,it is used to mean“language.”lingual,lingua franca,linguist,language,bilinguall contribute v.to help to make something happenIt was a real team efforteveryone contributed something to the success of the project.DetailedAnalysisText A3.the West Germanic dialects that the Angles and the Saxons and the Jutes brought with them from the continent.l thecontinent:the countries in Europe except for the British Isles4.when you use your native English you are speaking a babel of strange tongues.l babel n.a confused mixture of sounds or voicesusually“babel+of”From the story in the Bible.When people tried to build a tower to reach heaven(the Tower of Babel),God punished them by making it impossible for them to understand each others languages.a babel of languages,a babel of street soundsl strangetongues:unfamiliar or foreign languagesDetailedAnalysisText A5.Suppose you were to tell us,for example,that you had just“looked at a carnival parading down the street.”l parade v.+around/past etc.to walk or march together tocelebrate or protest about somethingThe Saint Patricks Day marchers paraded up Fifth Avenue,past the cathedral.The players and coaches paraded around the stadium with the trophy.6.Should you ask for coffee at the end of a meal,you are,in a fashion,speaking Turkish.l inafashion:in a particular mannerThe rebel army behaved in a brutal fashion.Students should walk to their next class in an orderly fashion.DetailedAnalysisText A7.Strangely enough,the Celts,who were the original inhabitants of Englandl theCelts:a member of an early Indo-European people who from the 2nd millennium BC to the 1st century BC spread over much of Europe.Their tribes and groups eventually ranged from the British Isles and northern Spain to as far east as Transylvania,the Black Sea coasts,and Galatia in Anatolia and were in part absorbed into the Roman Empire as Britons,Gauls,Boii,Galatians,and Celtiberians.Linguistically they survive in the modern Celtic speakers of Ireland,Highland Scotland,the Isle of Man,Wales,and Brittany.DetailedAnalysisText A8.For many generations these two languages ranged side by side,one being spoken by the Norman overlords,the other by the Saxon vassals and serfs.l range v.(formal)to arrange people or things in a particular place ororder;often used as(be)arrangedThe general ranged his men along the river bank.Soldiers are ranged along the palace walls.DetailedAnalysisText Al Norman:relating to the 11th and 12th centuries in English history,when England was ruled by people from Normandy in northern France The Normans are a member of the Vikings,or Norsemen,who settled in northern France(or the Frankish kingdom),together with their descendants.The Normans founded the duchy of Normandy and sent out expeditions of conquest and colonization to southern Italy and Sicily and to England,Wales,Scotland,and Ireland.DetailedAnalysisText A9.A perfect example of class distinction in language.l distinction n.a difference between two similar things Theres a clear distinction between the dialects spoken in the two regions.This film blurs the distinction between reality and fantasy.10.By the 14th century,French and native English words were being melded and merged and the Latin importations were becoming naturalized.l naturalize v.to alter an adopted foreign word so that it conformsmore closely to the phonology or orthography of the adopting language“Apropos”is a French word now naturalized into/in English.DetailedAnalysisText A11.We are apt to find the Greek words that we have taken over directlyl takeover:to take control of;to replace Who do you think will take over this big factory?Cairo was simply jealous and wanted to take him over.12.Our borrowings from other than the classical languages have been scantyl classicallanguage:a prestigious,often ancient language,such asLatin.Classical languages are often contrasted with vernacular languages,in a relationship of“high”to“low.”DetailedAnalysisText APartII(paras4-12)Sentenceanalysis1.But it is only on rare occasions that even these Old English words could be saidl Itbethat:This is a construction used for emphasis.2.Should you ask for coffee at the end of a meal,you are,in a fashion,speaking Turkish.Meaning:If you order coffee when you have finished your meal,you are using a Turkish word to some degree.3.No language is so complex as English;none so varied.Meaning:Comparatively speaking,English is the most complicated and diverse language.DetailedAnalysisText A4.so much of Greek has come to us through Latin that it is often hard to give credit to the proper source.Meaning:There is a lot of Greek words in our language via Latin that it is difficult to trace the proper source,namely some words seem to be Latin words,but actually the so-called Latin words were borrowed from Greek.DetailedAnalysisText APartIII(para13)The establishment of the colonies in America and a series of events occurring thereafter contributed to the formation of a new languagethe American English.Wordsandphrases1.all poured their wealth of words into the melting pot until a new language was born,the American Language.l themeltingpot:a phrase that has been used to describe the U.S.,because it is a country in which people from different races and cultures are“melted”together,i.e.mixed,to form the U.S.people.ComprehensionText AFind out information about the following and share your findings in a group.1 Germanic language 2 The Battle of Hastings A branch of the Indo-European language family.Scholars often divide the Germanic languages into three groups:West Germanic,including English,German,and Netherlandic;North Germanic,including Danish,Swedish,Icelandic,Norwegian,and Faroese;and East Germanic,now extinct,comprising only Gothic and the languages of the Vandals,Burgundians,and a few other tribes.A famous battle(1066)in English history in which William the Conqueror Defeated King Harold II and became King of England.It was fought near Hastings on the south coast of England.ComprehensionText AFind out information about the following and share your findings in a group.3 The Revolution:The American Revolution,or the War of Revolution between A
