初中英语句子成分语法分析之宾语.docx
初中英语句子成分语法分析之宾语宾语是什么宾语就是动作的对象,是行为或动作的承受者。比如说,“He hit me. 他打我”这个句子中,“他(he)”就是施动者,而“我(me)”就是“打(hit)”这个动作的承受者,所以“我”在这里是动词“打”的宾语。同样的,抽象动词虽然不是动作,也有宾语,如:“Edison invented light bulb." 爱迪生发明了电灯”,其中“电灯(light bulb)”就是动词“发明”的宾语。1. 宾语与动词紧密联系所以,一般情况下,宾语就是与动词紧密相关的。动词可以是谓语动词,如上面 Edison invented light bulb 这一句中,light bulb 就是谓语动词 invent 的宾语。但动词也可以是非谓语动词,如: He decided to finish work later. 这一句中,finish 是非谓语动词,而 work 就是 finish 的宾语,而不是谓语动词 decide 的宾语。2. 及物动词与不及物动词语言中不是每个动词都会有宾语。一些动词后边并不需要宾语。比如,“He died. 他死了。”这句话中的die后边就没有宾语。这样的动词就是不及物动词。而后边可以跟宾语的动词就是及物动词。比如上一段例句中的的 hit 和 invent 在句子中都是及物动词。3. 直接宾语与间接宾语我们有时在表达某个意思时不得不说出两个宾语。比如,“He gave me two apples. 他给了我两个苹果。”这句话中gave 后边就有两个宾语。一个是 me,另一个是 apples。我们把第一个宾语称为直接宾语,而把第二个宾语称为间接宾语。4. 介词宾语除了动词的宾语之外,英语语法上也把位于介词后边的名词称为介词宾语。如,“The furniture in the room is quite old. 房间里的家具相当旧。”这句话中 room 就是介词宾语。5. 可以作宾语的元素我们习惯将宾语与名词划上等号。虽然多数情况下宾语是由名词充当,但在英语语法上,除了名词之外,动名词和不定式也可以作宾语,例如:I like to get up early. 我喜欢早起。(不定式作宾语)They prefer going with me. 他们更喜欢和我一起去。(动名词作宾语)Give me a reason for doing it. 给我一个做这件事的理由。(动名词作介词宾语)关于动名词和不定式作宾语的更详细内容可以看动名词和不定式的相关章节,这里就不作详细讲述。宾语表示法1) 名词* We have already had breakfast. 我们已经吃过早饭。* May I borrow your pen? 我可以借你的笔吗?2) 代词Take good care of yourself. 好好照顾自己。I will show it to you. 我会展示给你看。I don't believe him. 我不相信他。3) 数词* Canada covers six of the world's 24 time areas. 加拿大的国土跨过全世界24个时区的6个。* Of the two chapters I read, I like the first better. 在读过的两章中, 我比较喜欢第1章。4) 名词化形容词* We should take good care of the old. 我们应当好好地照顾老人。* He expected me to do the impossible. 他期待我做办不到的事情。* Many of the injured lost their sight. 受伤人员中有许多人双目失明。5) 动名词* I suggest bringing the meeting to an end. 我提议结束会议。* He learnt how to clean rough ground before planting crops. 他学会了在种植作物以前怎样平整高低不平的土地。6) 不定式* She wanted to borrow my radio. 她想借我的收音机。* He asked to see my password. 他要求验看我的护照。7) 复合结构* I saw them playing football. 我看见他们正在踢足球。* We call him Jack. 我们叫他杰克。8) 从句I hope that he will be fine soonDo you know who will come this afternoon? 你知道今天下午谁来吗?直接宾语和间接宾语1) 直接宾语宾语通常直接位于及物动词或成语动词之后。这类宾语称为直接宾语。* Cats like fish. 猫喜欢鱼。* He looked at her quietly. 他静静地看着她。2) 间接宾语间接宾语表示动作的间接对象(表示动作是对谁做的)。间接宾语总是位于直接宾语之前。间接宾语前边的动词是双宾动词。* He passed me an apple. 他递给我一个苹果。 (me 为间接宾语,apple 为直接宾语)* Her husband sent him a gift. 她的丈夫送了她一件礼物。 (him 为间接宾语,gift 为直接宾语)* Peter bought himself a bicycle. 彼得给自已买了辆自车。(himself 为间接宾语, bicycle 为直接宾语)先行词it作形式宾语有时由于宾语太长,常用it 作为先行宾语,而把真正的宾语放到句子后部。这种情况在复合宾语中尤为常用。1)it 代表后移的不定式* I don't feel it difficult to understand him. 我觉得听明白他讲的话并不难。* She found it hard to make good friends there. 她发现在那儿很难交到好朋友。* Better technology makes it possible to produce more crops in the farm. 更好的技术使农产品增加成为可能。* He made it a rule to study in the early morning. 他让早起学习成为自己的惯例。2) it 代表后移的宾语从句* The headmaster has made it clear that the school meeting will not be put off. 校长说得很清楚校会不会推迟。* I take it for granted that you will win the first prize. 我认为你获一等奖是理所当然的事。* He hasn't made it clear when he is coming back. 他没有说明他什么时候回来。* I take it that you have been out. 我以为你一直出门在外。* You can put it that it was arranged before. 你可以说这是以前安排的。* I hate it when people talk with their mouths full. 我讨厌人们一边吃饭一边说话。* I like it when the weather is clear and bright. 我喜欢晴朗的天气。3) it 代表后移的动名词* They took it their duty taking good care of the wounded soldiers. 他们认为照顾好伤病员是他们的责任。* I found it no good arguing with him. 我发现和他争论没有用。* I think it very unwise going on like this. 我认为这样进行下去很不明智。状语移位到宾语前面的情况有时由于宾语太长等原因,作者可把状语移位到宾语前面以保持句子的平衡。* Please translate into English the Chinese given in brackets. 请把括号里的中文译成英文。* He took out of his bag a knife. 他从提包里拿出一把刀子。* The writer spread before the readers the information he has collected so far. 作者向读者展示了他至今收集到的信息。* She was told by the policemen that her husband had been arrested. 她被警察告知其丈夫已被逮捕。* She announced at the meeting that she was going to resign. 她在会上宣布她准备辞职。学科网(北京)股份有限公司