全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语一》临考冲刺卷一.docx
全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一临考冲刺卷一材料题根据以下材料,(江南博哥)回答1-20题We know that emotions enhance our process of reasoning and aid our decision-making. 1, we cant make decisions, or even think, 2 being influenced by our emotions. In a study, researchers analysed the work of 118 professional traders. Some were highly successful, but many were not. The relatively less successful traders for the most part denied that emotion played a(n) 3 role. They tried to suppress their emotions, 4 at the same time denying that emotions had an effect on their decision-making. The most successful traders, 5, showed a great willingness to 6 their emotion-driven behaviour. 7 that emotions were necessary for high performance, they tended to reflect 8 about the origin of their intuitions and the role of emotion. If emotions aid rational reasoning, how does that 9? Perhaps the most important discovery regarding the role of emotion is that 10 you believe you are 11 cold, logical reason, you arent. People arent usually 12 of it, but the very framework of their thought process is highly influenced by what theyre feeling at the timesometimes subtly, sometimes not. Each emotion is a (n) 13 state of the mind that puts your brain in a particular mode of operation that adjusts your goals, directs your attention, and 14 the weights you assign to various factors as you do mental 15. What can we learn from this? The first and most crucial step is 16. By learning about our emotions we can 17 others better and communicate more effectively. And by understanding how emotions affect our thoughts and reasoning, we can learn to recognise and 18 them. Then, 19 were in touch with our true feelings, we can take steps to manage them 20 that would be of benefit. 查看材料1. 【完形填空】第1题答案是A. In turnB. In additionC. In returnD. In fact正确答案:D参考解析:【答题思路】文章首句指出:我们知道情绪会改进我们逻辑思考的过程,并帮助我们作决定(We know that emotions enhance our process of reasoning and aid our decision-making.);随后空格所在句指出:1,我们不能在2被我们情绪影响的情况下做出决定甚至是思考。空格处可能为递进或转折。通读下文后可发现,本文强调情绪对逻辑思考的重要性,可确定空格词应表递进,选项D“In fact”常用于表示递进,D项符合文意。【选项辨析】选项A:轮流,依次。选项B:除此之外,另外。In addition也常用于补充细节,但一般为转换话题,以引出另一事物,而非在原先话题的基础上递进,故排除。选项C:作为回报。查看材料2. 【完形填空】第2题答案是A. withoutB. withC. forD. after正确答案:A参考解析:【答题思路】由上题分析可知,空格所在句递进强调情绪对逻辑思考的重要性。空格词只有表示“没有”,上下文才可形成“情绪能改进逻辑思考过程没有情绪的帮助人们无法做出决定甚至是无法思考”的递进逻辑,故选项A正确。查看材料3. 【完形填空】第3题答案是A. meaninglessB. significantC. ambiguousD. perplexing正确答案:B参考解析:【答题思路】由第二段前两句可知:在一项研究中,研究者分析了118名专业交易员的工作,其中一些人非常成功,但更多人并非如此。接着空格所在句说明研究发现:那些相对不太成功的交易员大多否认情绪发挥了3作用。下一句进一步阐释发现:他们试图压抑自己的情绪,4同时否认情绪对他们的决策有影响。由此我们可以知道,played a(n) _ role应与had an effect语义同向。此外,结合首段论点“情绪对逻辑思考至关重要”可知,第二段以研究证实该论点,交易员的工作依靠逻辑思考,因此认识到情绪重要性的交易员更易成功。综上可知,空格词应表示“确实的重要的”等,选项B正确。【选项辨析】选项A:没有意义的;选项C:模棱两可的;选项D:使人困惑的,令人费解的。查看材料4. 【完形填空】第4题答案是A. whileB. soC. ifD. because正确答案:A参考解析:【答题思路】空格所在句指出:他们试图压抑自己的情绪,4同时否认情绪对他们的决策有影响。前后句之间暗含转折“(察觉到情绪的影响,因而)试图压抑自己的情绪否认情绪对自己的决策有影响”,空格词应体现这一转折对比逻辑,选项A符合文意。(补充:while可以表示时间,也可以表示转折。这里表示转折,和at the same time没有语意重复问题,while at the same time表示“但同时”。)查看材料5. 【完形填空】第5题答案是A. as a resultB. for instanceC. in contrastD. in particular正确答案:C参考解析:【答题思路】空格所在句指出:最成功的交易员,5,表现出强烈的意愿6他们的情绪驱动行为(The most successful traders, 5, showed a great willingness to 6 their emotion-driven behaviour.)与上句denying that emotions had an effect on their decision-making形成对比,可推测空格句意说明成功的交易员与不太成功的交易员对待情绪的截然不同的反应。再结合上文可知,研究者试图通过比较两类交易员对情绪的不同态度来说明情绪对逻辑思考的重要性,进一步确认空格词表示对比,选项C正确。查看材料6. 【完形填空】第6题答案是A. cover upB. reflect onC. stick toD. give up正确答案:B参考解析:【答题思路】空格所在句指出:与之相反,那些最成功的交易员表现出强烈的意愿去6他们的情绪驱动行为。由上题分析可知,成功的交易员与不太成功的交易员对待情绪的态度截然相反。不成功的交易员否认情绪的重要作用,压抑自己的情绪,可反向推知,成功的交易员应认识到情绪对决策的影响,积极主动地面对反思自身的情绪,选项B正确。【选项辨析】选项A:掩盖,掩饰;选项C:坚持。stick to填入句中看似能呼应文章首句(情绪能改善逻辑思考过程,因此愿意坚持情绪驱动行为的交易员更易成功),但由下文可知,该句实际意指通过合理地调控情绪来改善逻辑思考,而非一味固守冲动性、情绪性的行为,故排除;选项D:放弃。查看材料7. 【完形填空】第7题答案是A. ChallengingB. SupposingC. AcceptingD. Regretting正确答案:C参考解析:【答题思路】空格所在句指出:7情绪对高水准的表现必不可少,他们倾向于8思考直觉的来源以及情绪的作用。空格句与上句间无明显的转折词,且reflectrole of emotion呼应上句reflect on their emotion-driven behaviour,可见空格句承上进一步说明成功的交易员对情绪发挥作用的认可,空格词应与denieddenying语义相反,与showed a great willingness to语义同向,表示“承认肯定接受”等,选项C正确。查看材料8. 【完形填空】第8题答案是A. negativelyB. mistakenlyC. indifferentlyD. critically正确答案:D参考解析:【答题思路】空格所在句指出:承认情绪对高水准的表现必不可少,他们倾向于8思考直觉的来源以及情绪的作用。联系上文可知,本段意在对比不太成功的交易员和成功的交易员对情绪的不同态度:全盘否定VS正确认识、批判看待。故reflect应体现“客观批判性合理思考”,选项D正确。查看材料9. 【完形填空】第9题答案是A. changeB. workC. hurtD. end正确答案:B参考解析:【答题思路】空格所在句指出:如果情绪有助于理性思考,它是如何9?前一小句呼应上文发现“情绪会改善逻辑思考过程”,可推测空格句承上进一步分析情绪改善逻辑思考的具体方式途径机制等,下文the very framework of their thought processwhat theyre feeling at the time、Each emotion is a(n)state of the mind均指向情绪影响思考的过程机制,进一步确定空格词应表示“运行奏效发挥作用”等,选项B正确。查看材料10. 【完形填空】第10题答案是A. only ifB. as ifC. ever sinceD. even when正确答案:D参考解析:【答题思路】空格所在句指出:或许关于情绪作用的最重要发现是,10你认为自己在11冷静的逻辑思维,(实际)你并非如此。“你认为,你也并非如此”体现让步转折逻辑,强调情况出乎意料,even when可表示让步转折,符合句内语义逻辑,D项正确。【选项辨析】选项A:只要.就;只有当.;除非;选项B:似乎,好像,仿佛;选项C:自从,自.起。查看材料11. 【完形填空】第11题答案是A. exercisingB. exhaustingC. examiningD. executing正确答案:A参考解析:【答题思路】空格所在句说明关于情绪作用的最重要发现:即使你认为自己在11冷静的逻辑思维,(实际)你并非如此。“冷静的逻辑思维”指向不受情绪影响的思考过程,“你以为你并非如此”表明人们的思考过程并不像自己以为的那样不受情绪影响。结合段首句设问可知,空格所在句意在说明情绪时刻影响人们的思考过程活动,空格词应表示“行使运用(逻辑思维)”等,选项A正确。【选项辨析】选项D:executing也可表示“实行”,但一般与“计划法令”等实质性内容搭配,而不与“逻辑思维”这样的抽象内容搭配,故排除。查看材料12. 【完形填空】第12题答案是A. ashamedB. afraidC. awareD. capable正确答案:C参考解析:【答题思路】空格所在句指出:人们通常不会12它,但他们思维过程的框架在很大程度上受到他们当时感受的影响有时候是不易察觉的,有时候是明显的。从句内看,情绪对思维过程的影响有时不易被察觉,可推测人们往往难以意识到这种影响。从上下文看,“思维过程受当时情绪的影响”呼应上句“你并不像你以为的那样在运用冷静的逻辑思维”,可见空格句是对上句的进一步说明,空格所在部分应呼应“你以为,(实际)你并非如此”,指向“人们难以察觉意识到情绪的影响”。综上,选项C正确。查看材料13. 【完形填空】第13题答案是A. functionalB. abnormalC. confusedD. defensive正确答案:A参考解析:【答题思路】空格所在句指出:每种情绪都是大脑的一种13状态,它使你的大脑处于一种特定的运行模式,这种模式会调整你的目标,指引你的注意力。句内“使大脑处于特定运行模式”“调整目标指引注意力”均指向情绪有益的作用功能,可见空格词应传达正面语义。再由段首设问可知,空格所在句意在说明情绪助益逻辑思考的作用机制过程。综上,空格词应表示“有重要作用的功能性的”等,选项A符合文意。【选项辨析】选项D:defensive虽也体现功能性,但与句中adjusts、directs所传达的“积极主动地调节”不符,故排除。查看材料14. 【完形填空】第14题答案是A. predictsB. reviewsC. revealsD. modifies正确答案:D参考解析:【答题思路】空格所在句指出:情绪会使大脑处于特定的运行模式,这种模式会调整你的目标,指引你的注意力,并在你15时14你分配给各种因素的权重。从句内看,adjusts your goals、directs your attention、14the weights并列列举大脑这一特定运行模式的三项功能,三者语义指向应一致。从上下文,空格句具体说明情绪如何有助于逻辑思考,而由常识可知,逻辑思考涉及对各种因素的权衡、协调。综上,空格词应与adjusts、directs近义,表示“调节调整”等,选项D正确。查看材料15. 【完形填空】第15题答案是A. testsB. calculationsC. treatmentsD. practices正确答案:B参考解析:【答题思路】空格所在部分指出:(大脑的这种运行模式)在你进行心理15时调节你分配给各种因素的权重。由上文已知,空格句说明情绪如何有助于逻辑思考作决定,mental15应与上文decision-making、rational reasoning等语义一致,故空格词应表示“推理分析估算”等,mental calculation为固定搭配,意为“头脑中的分析盘算”,选项B符合文意。查看材料16. 【完形填空】第16题答案是A. self-disciplineB. self-criticismC. self-awarenessD. self-satisfaction正确答案:C参考解析:【答题思路】末段首句设问:我们能从中学到什么?空格句指出:首要的一步是16。易推知,两句转承上文,引出建议,下文具体建议“通过了解我们的情绪,我们可以(By learning about our emotions we can)”通过理解情绪如何影响我们的想法和逻辑思维,我们可以(by understanding how emotions affect our thoughts and reasoning, we can)”均指向“了解自身的情绪”,故空格词应表示“(对情绪的)自我感知”,选项C符合文意。查看材料17. 【完形填空】第17题答案是A. readB. controlC. convinceD. instruct正确答案:A参考解析:【答题思路】空格所在句指出:通过了解我们的情绪,我们可以更好地17他人,更有效地交流。17others better和communicate more effectively以and衔接,两者的语义指向应一致或递进。后者指向“改善人际沟通”,则前者应指向“更好地理解读懂他人(的情绪)”。此外,由常识也可知,了解自身的情绪可以让人更设身处地地体谅他人的情绪,进一步确认选项A正确。查看材料18. 【完形填空】第18题答案是A. protectB. discussC. ignoreD. monitor正确答案:D参考解析:【答题思路】空格所在句指出:通过理解情绪如何影响我们的想法和逻辑思维,我们可以学会识别和18它们。从句内看,recognise与空格词以and衔接,两者的语义指向应一致或递进。从上下文看,第二段中研究结果表明,反思批判性地看待情绪的影响更有利于成功,即应对情绪进行合理的调控以使其发挥积极作用,可推测末段的建议应指向“识别并监测控制情绪”。综上,选项D正确。查看材料19. 【完形填空】第19题答案是A. untilB. unlessC. onceD. though正确答案:C参考解析:【答题思路】空格句所在指出:这样,19我们触及自己的真实感受,我们能采取措施控制它们。“触及感受”应是“采取措施控制感受”的前提,此外末段首句提到,首要的一步是自我意识,即感知、触及自身的情绪是采取进一步措施的基础。综上可知,空格词应用于引出前提条件,选项C正确。查看材料20. 【完形填空】第20题答案是A. howeverB. wheneverC. whateverD. wherever正确答案:B参考解析:【答题思路】空格所在句指出:一旦我们触及自己的真实感受,我们能采取措施控制它们20那是有利的。联系上句的建议及第二段的研究结果可知,对待情绪的正确方式是适时地识别、监控情绪以使其发挥积极作用。因此,空格句应指向“使情绪发挥积极作用在情绪对自身有利的任何时候利用它们”,选项B正确。【参考译文】我们知道情绪会改善我们逻辑思考的过程,并帮助我们作决定。事实上,我们无法在不受情绪影响的情况下作决定甚至思考。在一项研究中,研究者分析了118名专业交易员的工作。一些交易员非常成功,但很多交易员不是那么成功。那些相对不太成功的交易员大多否认情绪发挥了重要作用。他们试图压抑自己的情绪,但同时否认情绪对他们的决策有影响。与之相反,那些最成功的交易员表现出强烈的意愿去反思他们的情绪驱动行为。他们承认情绪对高水准的表现必不可少,因而倾向于批判性地思考直觉的来源以及情绪的作用。如果情绪有助于理性思考,那么它是如何起作用的?或许关于情绪作用的最重要发现是,即使你以为你在运用冷静的逻辑思维,(实际上)你也并非如此。人们通常不会意识到这一点,但他们思维过程的框架在很大程度上受到他们当时感受的影响有时候是不易察觉的,有时候是明显的。每种情绪都是大脑的一种功能状态,它使你的大脑处于一种特定的运行模式,这种模式会调整你的目标,指引你的注意力,并且当你在头脑中进行盘算时,还会调节你分配给各种因素的权重。我们能从中学到什么?首要的一步是自我意识。通过了解我们的情绪,我们可以更好地理解他人,更有效地交流。通过理解情绪如何影响我们的想法和逻辑思维,我们可以学会识别和监控它们。这样,一旦我们触及自己的真实感受,就能在任何对自己有利的时候采取措施控制它们。材料题根据以下材料,回答21-25题“Were pleased,” ExxonMobils CEO, Darren Woods, said on an earnings call last month, speaking about the Inflation Reduction Act. He called the bill, now making its way through the US Congress, “clear and consistent”. That the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) passed is undoubtedly good news. That something being called climate policy passed at all is thanks to the tireless work the climate movement has done to put it on the agenda. But it also reflects just how much power the fossil fuel industry has amassed. The IRA itself contains a remarkable poison pill, requiring that 60m acres of public waters be offered up for sale each and every year to the oil and gas industry before the federal government could approve any new offshore wind development for a decade. Then again, maybe the oil and gas CEOs have finally come around, and such sweeteners are a distraction from the real story. After decades of lobbying against climate policy perhaps theyve seen the inexorable march of history towards decarbonization and decided to hitch their wagons to it. Unfortunately, weve seen this show before. Over a decade ago the likes of BP and ConocoPhillips joined the US Climate Action Partnership, a coalition of green groups and corporations that set about trying to pass climate legislation at the start of the Obama presidency. The House of Representatives went on to pass the hulking carbon pricing bill it supported, only to see it die in the Senate. The same was true this time around; the critical difference this time is that their bill passed. Understanding whats just happened demands a longer view. For decades, oil and gas executives have worked to create a political climate wholly allergic to comprehensive climate action. Part of that has been lobbying against climate legislation, of course. But for nearly a century the same corporations have conducted an all-out attack on the ability of the US government to get big, good things done. Climate change is ultimately a planning problem: there is no entity other than the state that can electrify the country, expand the grid, build enormous amounts of mass transit and wind down coal, oil and gas production in time to keep warming short of catastrophic levels. For all its many shortcomings, Franklin D.Roosevelts New Deal sought to construct a state capable of tackling such complicated problems. The rightsupercharged by fossil fuel fundingset out to destroy it, polluting our politics with the idea that efficient markets are the only reasonable answer to what troubles society. Predictably, they railed against the Green New Deal, too, which rejected that logic. The IRAs most promising elements are a series of modest incentives to get corporations to do the right thing on climatedemanding they actually do so feels so far out of reach. This bill is seriously inadequate, featuring a cruel, casual disregard for those at home and abroad who will live with the consequences of boosting fossil fuel production as a bargaining chip for boosting clean energy. And its almost certainly better than nothing. 查看材料21. 【阅读理解Part A】According to the first two paragraphs, which of the following is true about the IRA?A. It has been criticized by climate campaigners.B. It made concessions to the fossil fuel industry.C. It aims to cut back on oil and gas production.D. It helps to make wind energy more affordable.正确答案:B参考解析:【答题思路】第二段第三句指出:通胀削减法案虽然得以通过,但也间接反映出化石能源行业积聚了多么庞大的势力。紧接着第四句进行补充说明:通胀削减法案本身包含一个惊人的“毒丸”条款(are markable poison pill),即“十年内每年向石油和天然气行业出售6000万英亩的公共水域,然后联邦政府才能批准任何新的海上风电开发项目”,这显然是有利于化石燃料行业的。可见,法案本身向化石燃料行业的庞大势力进行了妥协,选项B正确。【选项辨析】选项A:利用第一段“埃克森美孚公司对法案的支持”和第二段第四句关键词poison pill设置干扰,以偏概全地认为“气候运动支持者会对此条款提出批评”,但第二段第二句指出“通胀削减法案的通过应归功于气候运动的不懈努力”,可见气候运动支持者是支持该法案的;选项C、D:利用第二段第四句信息Oil and gas、new offshore wind development捏造出“通胀削减法案的目标是削减石油和天然气产量”和“通胀削减法案帮助降低风能的价格”。查看材料22. 【阅读理解Part A】What does the phrase “to hitch their wagons to it” (Line 3, Para.3) most probably mean?A. To fight against it.B. To retreat from it.C. To accelerate it.D. To make use of it.正确答案:D参考解析:【答题思路】定位至原文第三段第二句。第三段首句指出“石油和天然气公司(表示合作的态度)是一种让人转移注意力的糖衣炮弹”。第二句先说明“经过几十年来反对气候政策的游说,石油和天然气公司已经意识到去碳化的历史进程势不可挡”。随后第三句指出“石油和天然气公司的行为只不过是在做秀”。综合来看,石油和天然气公司的“回心转意”只不过是为了“借东风以谋己利”,并非出于真心想要保护环境和气候,选项D符合。【选项辨析】选项A、B:利用第二句关键信息lobbying against和the inexorable march of history towards decarbonization设置干扰,捏造出石油和天然气公司抵制或逃避去碳化;选项C:利用第三段首句finally come around设置干扰,但“加速”之意无从体现。查看材料23. 【阅读理解Part A】The example of BP and ConocoPhillips is mentioned to illustrate _.A. the insincerity of oil and gas companies in decarbonizingB. the feasibility of corporations working with green groupsC. the difficulty of passing climate bills through the SenateD. the uselessness of lobbying against climate legislation正确答案:A参考解析:【答题思路】第三段前三句指出石油和天然气公司支持去碳化的表面态度只是一种“糖衣炮弹”和“做秀”。紧接着第四句介绍“英国石油公司和康菲石油公司曾加入美国气候行动合作组织,推动气候立法,而立法却在参议院中夭折”,可见作者是以英国石油公司和康菲石油公司为例,说明一直以来石油和天然气公司在去碳化进程中的不真诚和做秀,选项A符合。【选项辨析】选项B:利用第四句“英国石油和康菲石油之类的公司加入了美国气候行动合作组织,这是一个由绿色团体和众多公司组成的联盟”捏造干扰,作者介绍该事实并非为了说明“公司与绿色团体合作的可行性”;选项C:利用第五句关键信息“这一法案却在参议院中夭折”设置干扰,但原文没有提及“在参议院中通过气候法案的难度”;选项D:将第三段第二句“经过几十年来反对气候政策的游说,也许他们已经认识到了去碳化的历史进程势不可挡”曲解为“游说的无用性”,但本句意在强调“石油和天然气公司做秀”,而非“游说无用”。查看材料24. 【阅读理解Part A】By referring to the New Deal, the author intends to show that _.A. the fossil fuel industry keeps obstructing climate policiesB. the government lacks the ability to tackle climate changeC. the efficiency of the oil and gas market needs improvingD. the Green New Deal was promising but logically flawed正确答案:A参考解析:【答题思路】第四段指出“石油和天然气公司几十年来一直阻碍美国政府的气候立法”。第五段则指出“罗斯福新政试图以政府规划应对气候问题,而化石燃料公司则通过资助右派进行破坏,右派同样也对绿色新政展开抨击”,可见该行业常年阻碍政府实施不利于自身的气候政策,选项A为正确概括。【选项辨析】选项B:与第五段首句“只有政府能减缓气候变化(there is no entity other than the state that Callkeep warming short of catastrophic levels)”相悖;选项C:由第五段第三句efficient markets are the only reasonable answer臆断出“现有的市场效率需要提升”,而作者实则反对依靠市场效率解决气候问题;选项D:将第五段末句“绿色新政拒不接受高效市场才能解决社会问题的逻辑”曲解为“绿色新政的逻辑不被人接受存在逻辑问题”。查看材料25. 【阅读理解Part A】The authors overall attitude towards the IRA is _.A. skepticalB. ambiguousC. supportiveD. contempt