考研英语翻译解析.pdf

1994年翻译真题：Science moves forward,they say,not so much through the insights of great men of genius asbecause of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.句子主干：Science moves forward；其他成分：they say插入语not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinarythings like improvedtechniques and tool.状语；难点分析：难点在于对状语的分析,而其中较麻烦的就是对比较结构的处理：not so much.as.这个结构我们之前讲过：与其说不如说这样状语可以翻译为：与其说是通过：the insights of great men of genius 不如说是因为：more ordinarythings like improvedtechniques and tool.翻译点拨：先翻插入语：他们说，再翻主干：科学的发展/前进/进步/，但不要翻译为：往前移动;最后赋予状语中某些表达具体的中文含义：the insights of great men of genius伟人和天才的洞察力/远见/真知灼见等智慧的伟人的天才的伟人的以上都可以接受；more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.还是先翻定语：像提高的工具和方法/技法/技术/等更为普通的东西;也可以是：更为普通的东西像提高的方法/技法/技术/和工具；through和because o f相对应因此可以翻译为：通过/源于/由于/因为/参考译文：他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说是由于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。94年真题第二句In short,a leader of the new school contends,the scientific revolution,as we call it,was largelythe improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach ofscience in innumerable direction.句子主干：the scientific revolution was largely the improvement and invention and use.其他成分:主系表结构In short 状语a leader of the new school contends 主谓做插入语as we call i t定语做插入语of a series of instruments 定语that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.定语从句翻译点拨：对于词汇的处理：in short简言之as we call i t我们所 谓 的new school新的学派;contend坚 持 认 为the reach范围；范畴对于定语的处理：of a series of instruments 通常前置对于定语从句的处理：可以前置也可以单独成句，但是这里最好是单独成句，因为前面有了一个定语了，再倒就繁琐了；参考译文：新学派的一位领军人物坚持认为：简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命主要是指一系列工具的改进，发明和使用，这些改进发明和使 用在无数个方向扩展了科学的范畴。（使得科学在各个领域无所不及/使得科学涉及到了无数个方向的各个领域）根据昨天的句子造的一个句需要大家翻译一下，背一下：In many cases,nowadays,the environment is usually changed not so much to benefit human life asto bring disastrous moments to our future generations.Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation havelargely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.主干识别：tools and technology have been ignored.其他成分：over the years状语themselves反身代词作同位语as a source of fundamental innovation 定语by historians and philosopher 状语翻译点拨：定语前置：作为基本发明源泉的工具和技术本身；词的处理：philosophers of science科学哲学家/科学思想家参考译文：多年来，作为基本发明源泉的工具和技术本身在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们所忽视了。昨天的参考翻译：In many cases,nowadays,the environment is usually changed not so much to benefit human life asto bring disastrous moments to our future generations.现在很多情况下,人们改变环境与其说给我们的生活带来了好处,不如说为后人带来了灾难。（moments可以不翻译）翻译是一种再创造，在保证语义正确的情况下需要符合中文表达的习惯。.Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly inventedtelescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around theearth.主干识别：Galileos greatest glory was that（主句主干）he was the first person to prove that（从句主干）the planets revolve around the sun（从句主干）其他成分：to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that（定语）（turn.on.to prove（目的状语）.）rather than around the earth（我们很熟悉的 rather than 做状语）翻译点拨：中文到英文，如果表语较短的时候没有必要遵守英文中的主系表结构：他是第一个人，就直接翻译为：“他第一个将”就可以了。he is the one who invented the telephone.可以翻译为：他发明了电话=他是发明电话的那个人。参考译文：伽利略最大的辉煌就是在1609年的时候，他第一个将新发明的望远镜对准了天空，去证明了行星是围绕着太阳而不是地球转动的。附上一个句子明天说答案大家试着翻译一下：Sometimes one pays most for the things one gets for nothing.94年第五句：Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense oftechnology or vice verse often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.主干识别：Whether+主语从句 depends on the issue其他成分：the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense oftechnology or vice verse(主语从句)of which is seen as the driving force.of 短语 of+which 引导的宾语句子翻译点拨：先翻译主语从句，再用代词“这”代替；词的处理：increase the financing of pure science增加对纯理论科学的经费投入at the expense of technology减少对技术经费的投入the driving force动力，驱动力量the issue o f 可以不翻译：比较两种翻法：1.哪一方被看做是驱动力的问题2.那一方面被看做是驱动力第二种更加符合中文的表达。政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。昨天句子的答案：有时候不费钱的来的东西反而最贵主句：sometimes one pays most for the things定语从句省略了 that:(that)one gets for nothingth at指代前面的things做宾语完整就是：one gets the things for nothing直接翻译就是：有时候，一个人为不费任何代价而得来的东西支付了最多；转译：有时候不费钱的来的东西反而最贵95年第一句：The target is wrong,for in attacking the tests,critics divert attention from the fault that lies withill-informed or incompetent users.主干识别：The target is wrong其他成分：for in attacking the tests,critics divert attention from the fault that lies with illinformedor incompetent users.（原因状语）for+状语从句；in attacking the tests状语从句中的状语；critics divert attention from the fault.（状语从句的主句）that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users 定语从句修饰 fault;翻译点拨：词汇的处理：divert attention from.divert attention from.原义是把注意力引开，反译为没有注意到；lies with 在于Ill-informed or incompetent users不甚了解或使用不当的使用者；初步可以翻译为：这个目标是错的，因为批评者在攻击测试的时候，没有注意到在于这个错误，这个错误在于不甚了解或使用不当的使用者，但是这个翻译明显不符合中文的表达习惯需要修改：主要是后半部分：将 两 个“这个错误”合并为：测试的错误在于将a ill-informed or incompetent翻译为动词：“不了解，不太会”那么主语就应该是原句中的“user”，缺一个对象那应该tests”修改完成：参考译文：这个目标是错的，因为抨击测试的时候，批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用者不了解也不太会恰当使用测试。关注指代！同时觉得翻译难的同学其实是不习惯这类型的中文：）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which itis interpreted.主干识别：How+主语从句 depends upon the the amount,reliability,and appropriateness and onthe skill and wisdom.其他成分：of the information used 定语with which it is interpreted 定语主语从句主干：the predictions will be validated by later performance,how well 状语翻译点拨：validated证实how w ell多好.但是直译过去就是会多好的被证实。中文的习惯是：多大程度被证实；with which it is interpreted 定语从句前置确定最后的it的指代应该是information；信息；则 口 J以主动变为被动：解释这些信息时的参考译文：这些预测在多大程度上会被之后的表现所证实则依靠于所用信息的数量，可靠性和适合性，同时取决于解释这些信息时的技巧和智慧。这个句子关注并列，同时both作为代词的用法：）Whether to use tests,other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidencefrom experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.主干识别：Whether to use tests,other kinds of information,or both depends,therefore,uponthe evidence and upon such factors.其他成分：or both=or tests and other kinds of information（both 指代前面）in a particular situation 状语therefore 状语from experience concerning comparative validity 定语修饰 evidenceas cost and availability 定语修饰 factors翻译点拨：in a particular silualion在某一特定情况卜the evidence from experience经验依据（来自经验的证据）comparative validity 相对效度concerning 与.有关的availability能否获得（有无来源）参考译文：所以在某一特定的情况下，是否使用测试以及其他的各种信息或者两者使用，取决于有关相对效度的经验依据，也取决于诸如经费（多少），有无来源等因素。95年的出题是爱极了并列：）这也是好事，可以多练习，多琢磨。In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most preciselydefined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined.主干识别：the tests work其他成分：most effectively状语when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined 状语从句（the qualities can be most precisely defined 主干；to be measured 定语修饰qualities）least effectively 状语when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined 状语从句（what is to be measured or predicated 状语从句中的主语）翻译点拨：the tests w ork测试有效be most precisely defined 很精确界定（most=very；the most 才是最高级）measured 测量参考译文：一般的说，当所要测定的素质/性质/特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地被界定时.，测试的效果则最差。95年的最后句，依然出现了并列，注意虚拟语气的省略现象。For example,the tests do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how ablean underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorablecircumstances.主干识别：the tests do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how+从句其他成分：how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under morefavorable circumstances.how 引导,个宾语从句，其主句为 how able an underprivileged youngster mighthave been；还原为中文的语序为：an underprivileged youngster might have been how able;条件状语从句：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances,（if 被省略,had提前）还原为：if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances.翻译点拨：compensate fo r弥补gross social inequality明显的社会不公and thus 因此te ll说明underprivileged贫困的、物质条件不好的under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境 卜本句只要能识别出句子结构翻译就比较容易了。参考译文：测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。96年第一句：Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonableconsequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.主干识别：这是两个句子：第 句：Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.第二句：Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science beingto some extent self-accelerating.主干：Others are reasonable consequences.of particular advances in science being self-accelerating 定语to some extent状语，某种程度上翻译点拨：Others=other causes;reasonable consequences=reasonable resultsparticular advances in science 科学中的特定发展；being self-accelerating 的处理是难点;就结构上讲是做为定语修饰science,但是这里却不能直接前置为：正在自我加速的科学中的特定的发展的结果；我们讲过定语从句表示原因，其实定语何尝乂不能表示原因呢？所以在这里可以翻译为：科学在一定程度上自我加速（science）being self-accelerating）有了在科学上的特定发展（particular advances in scence）合并为：由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而引起的特定发展的参考译文：在这些原因中，有一些是完全理性（自然）的社会需求的结果，而其他的一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而引起的特定发展的合理（自然）后果。This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusionthat the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannotgenerally be foreseen in detail.主干识别：This trend began其他成分：during the Second World War 状语when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that agovernment wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.（定语从句）several governments came to the conclusion.（定从主干）the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishmentcannot generally be foreseen in detail.（定从中的同位语从句）the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail（同从主干）that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment（同 从 匚 P 的定从）翻译点拨：这次的句子结构不难，把从句都剥离出来就简单了。scientific establishment 科研机构 in detail 详细1 .This trend began during the Second World War这种趋势开始于二战期间2.when several governments came to the conclusion that那个时候几个政府达成一个结论。3.the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.特定的需求通常是无法详尽预见的。4.that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment（that 指代 specificdemands）政府想要对其科研结构所做的具体要求。参考译文：这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。The problem seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not relatedto immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.主干识别：The problem seems mostly effectively done其他成分：by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but ofpossible consequence in the future.（状语）not.but.F JO 后需要对称因此 related to 修饰 research,所以 of possible consequence in the future 则也修饰 research;彳 列 句：Some satellite relay stations relay radio waves to the earth but they receive thewaves not from the earth,but from other space.某些卫星中继站向地球转播无线电波，但它们不是从地球而是从外层太空接收无线电波。翻译点拨：这句话的关键在于将被动变为主动；The problem seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain.原译：这会被通过支持 而最好的被解决；改译：支持，能最好的解决这个问题；词汇处理：immediate goals 当前 目 标a certain amount of research 某些研究m ostly通常，往往参考译文：给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来往往能有效地解决这一问题。However,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some ofthe worlds more fascination and delightful aspects.主干识别：the world is so made其彳也成分：that elegant systems are unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascination anddelightful aspects.结果状语从句主干in principle 状语some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful 都是定语，修饰名词 aspects翻译点拨：这句话句子结构不难主要是对词的处理：l.lhe world is so made直 译“世界就是这样构成的”，意 译“世界就是如此二2.elegant systems elegant大纲解释为“优 雅 的,优美的,精致的”,这些词义与system（体系、系统）都不能搭配，所以引申为“完美的”。注意下列例子中elegant的翻译：elegant manners优雅的风度an elegant dress漂亮雅致的女服a set of books with elegant bindings 一套装帧精美的书籍a life of elegant ease优裕闲适的生活an elegant style of writing 优雅的文体an elegant piece of reasoning 简要明确的论证an elegant wine 上等好酒3.in principle惯用法，意 为“原则上，基本上，大体上，在理论上”。例如：We agree in principle but we dislike your methods.我们原则上同意，但我们不喜欢你使用的方法。Theres no reason in principle why man shouldnt one day travel to the most distantstars.从理论上讲，没有理由认为人类不可能在将来的某一天飞向遥远的星球。4.deal with.aspects按照搭配原则译为“解决/处理问题注意：aspects的词义定位一定要以deal with为依据。参考译文：然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系般而言是无法解决/处理世界上某些更加引人入胜和令人愉悦的问题的。New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have inthe past,giving rise to new standards of elegance.主干识另II：New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future.其他成分：as they have in the past,giving rise to new standards of elegance.翻译点拨：new forms of thought新的思维方式as well as=and 例如：new subjects for thought新的思维对象（或内容）注意：subject在此不能理解成“学科”或 题 目”，因为它与前面的form构成一对概念，所以应该翻译成“对象”或“内容must此处不能理解成“必须”arise产生as they have in the past这个从句省略了动词arisen,as在此是连词，意 为“正如”。give rise to是个习惯表达法，意 为“引起、导致”。elegance eleganl的名词，在此译为“完美”。注意：”完美的标准”这样有歧义给完美以新的标准参考译文：同 过 去 样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。Do animals have rights?This is how the question is usually put.lt sounds like a useful,ground-clearing way to start.(71)Actually,it isnt,because it assumes that there is an agreedaccount of human rights,which is something the world does not have.主干识别：it isnt其他成分：A ctually,状语because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights,which issomething the world does not have.状语从句it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rightswhich is something the world does not have翻译点拨：当翻译的句子中出现指代的时候有时需要往前找到指代的对象，并翻译出来，以语义是否通顺为标准。it指代前面的句子可以翻译为：这种说法，isnt后面省略了 so或true这种说法并不对/情况并不是这样的第二个i t也是指代it:这种说法认为an agreed account约定的看法,共同的认识an agreed account of human rights关于人权的约定的认识which is something the world does not have.这个认识是世界上没有的。参考译文：这种说法是不对的，因为这种说法认为存在着一种被大家认同的关于人权的看法，而这种共识其实是不存在的。事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract,as part of an exchange ofduties and entitlements.主干识另：Some philosophers argue that其他成分：rights exist only within a social contract.宾语从句as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.定 语（主语补足语）修饰rights翻译点拨：argue认为，辩说a social contract 社会契约as part o f作为（是）.的一部分entitlements 利益，权利参考译文：有些哲学家认为，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that animals should betreated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration atall.主干识别：It leads the discussion to extremes冒号后的主句:it invites you to think that其他成分：at the outset状语animals should be treated 宾语从句主干either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with noconsideration at a ll.宾语从句中的状语the consideration humans extend to other humans（带定语从句的名词）做 with的宾语补全为：the consideration（that）humans extend to other humans翻译点拨：词的处理leads.toextremes引向两个极端（极端就是两个啊）at the outset 从一开始invites you to think 使人们认为consideration humans extend to other humans 人对其他人的关心；参考译文：这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样的关心，要么完全冷漠无情。74)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.主 F 识别：extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.其他成分：Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in e