实用英语写作技巧.pdf

英语写作英语写作Table Of ContentsI.说明.22.实用英语写作技巧.22.1 第一单元 段落简介.22.2 第二单元 主题句简介.62.3 第三单元如何写好主题句.92.4 第四单元如何写推展句.122.5 第五单元如何写结论句.162.6 第六单元如何写好一个段落(I).192.7 第七单元如何写好一个段落(II).222.8 第八单元推展段落方法之-事实与数据法.252.9 第九单元推展段落方法之二叙述法.282.10 第十单元推展段落方法之三描述法.302.11 第十一单元 推展段落方法之四 过程分析法.332.12 第十二单元组织段落方法时间顺序法和空间顺序法.362.13 第十三单元推展段落方法之五举例法.382.14 第十四单元推展段落方法之六 比较与对比法.412.15 第十五单元推展段落方法之七下定义法.432.16 第十六单元 推展段落方法之八分类法.452.17 第十七单元推展段落方法之九因 果 法(I.482.18 第十八单元推展段落方法之九因 果 法(II).502.19 第十九单元组织段落方法重要性和熟悉度顺序.532.20 第二十单元推展段落方法混合方法.562.21 第二十一单元 从段落到篇章.582.22 第二十二单元篇章的统一性、支撑性、连贯性和一致性.622.23 第二十三单元 如何用举例法推展篇章.672.24 第二十四单元 如何用比较与对照法推展篇章.702.25 第二十五单元如何用定义与分类法推展篇章.732.26 第二十六单元 如何用过程分析法推展篇章.752.27 第二十七单元 如何用因果法推展篇章.772.28 第二十八单元 情景作文 Situational Composition.802.29 第二十九单元 主题句作文 Topic Sentence Composition.822.30 第三十单元关键词作文Key Words Composition.852.31 第三H 单元 给出题目作文 Title-Given Composition.882.32 第三十二单元 图表作文 Writing a Composition According to Tables and Graphs.912.33 第三十三单元 英文书信写作English Letter Writing.942.34 第三十四单元 转换词语 Transitional Words and Phrases.972.35 第三十五单元 总复习 Revision Exercises.104英语写作1.说明戎 小 幺；竹影无风水 前 也于图书关于本书欢迎阅读竹影无风电子图书。所有资料皆来自互联网，由竹影无风编辑制作成电子图书，版权归原书作者。电子版可以自由传播，但请勿用于商业用途。愿大家好好学习，天天向上。在学习中有什么问题，欢迎来水韵论坛交流。网址是：h t t p:w w w.s j f t.c o m竹影无风2 004年6月2.实用英语写作技巧作 者：庞彤心许海萍2.1第 一单元段落简介第一 单 元 段落简介1.1段落段落是构成文章的一组句子。段落必须表达完整的意思：或描写事物(d e s c r i b e s o m e t h i n g),或争 论 某 事(a r g u e a b o u t s o m e t h i n g),或对某事提出 疑 问(q u e s t i o n s o m e t h i n g),或 要 求 什 么(d e m a n d s o m e t h i n g),或给事物下 定 义(d e f i n e s o m e t h i n g),或驳斥某观点(r e j e c t s o m e t h i n g)。2英语写作L 2典型段落的构成一个典型的段落通常由三部分组成：(1)主题句(the topic sentence)；(2)说明或支持主题的推展句(supporting sentences)；(3)结论句(theconcluding sentence)(有些段落没有该部分)。示范段落1-1We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because itcauses health problems.Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancerof the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs.Inaddition,it can bring about other health problems such as heart and lungdiseases.It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of deathin our society.1.3示范段落分析这是一个典型的段落，可概括提纲如下：主题句：We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit,because it causes health problems.推展句：1.Doctors say it can be a direc cause of cancer of the lungsand throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs.2.It can bring about other health problems such as heart and lungdiseases.结论句：It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of deathin our society.从以上提纲可见，主题句提出了一个问题：What kind of health problemsdoes cigarette smoking cause?随后的两个推展句回答了这个问题，结论句总结了推展句并再一次强调主题句。Exercise 1-1Directions：R ead the following paragraphs and find out the topicsentence,the supporting details and the concluding sentence,if thereis one.(1)3英语写作T he need for wildlife protection is greater now than ever before.Abouta thousand species of animals are in danger of extinction,and the rateat which they are being destroyed has increased.With mammals,forinstance,the rate of extinction is now about one species every year；from A.D.1 to 1800,the ratewas about one species every fiftyyears.Everywhere,men are trying o solve the problem of preservingwildlife while caring at the same time for the world s growing population.T opic S entence：_Detai Is：1._2._C oncluding S entence：_(2)T he Americans and the British not only speak the same language but alsoshare a large number of social customs.For example,in both America andEngland,people shake hands when they meet each other for the firsttime.Also,most English men will open a door for a woman or offer theirseat to a woman,and so will most Americans.Promptness is important bothin England and in America.T hat is,if a dinner invitation is for 7 oclock,the dinner guest either arrives close to that time or calls up toexplain his delay.T opic S entence：_Detai Is：1._4英语写作2.3.C oncluding S entence：一(3)Birds use many different materials to build nests.S ome birds use bitsof grass.T he tailor-bird of Africa and India uses grass to sew leavestogether.Other birds find twigs and pebbles useful.T opic S entence：_Details：1._2.3.C oncluding S entence：_5英语写作2.2第二单元主题句简介第二单元主题句简介2.1主题句作者的首要任务是让读者知道所写段落要谈的是什么，这就是每段的主题句的作用。因此主题句应该阐明段落的主要思想，所有支持主题句的细节和描述都与这一主要思想有关。2.2主题句的形式主题句通常有以下三种形式：1)肯定句(Affirmative S entence)Example：T he need for wildlife protection is greater now than everbefore.2)反诘句(R hetorical S entence)Example：H ow do you think people will solve the problem of wildlifeprotection?3)不完整句(Fragments)Example：And the workingman?初学者最好使用肯定句作为主题句。2.3主题句的位置主题句出现的位置有以下四种情况：1)段 首(At the beginning)主题句经常居于段首，以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要。这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点的段落。6英语写作2)段 末(At the end)用推理方法展开段落时，主题句往往位于句末。3)段 中(In the middle)有时为了使段落多样化，主题句也可以居于段中。4)隐 含(Implied)有时候，尤其在写叙述性或描写性段落时，当所有的细节都围绕着一个显而易见的主题时可以不用主题句。Exercise 2-1Directions：R ead the following paragraphs and identify the topicsentence.If it is implied,summarize it yourself.(1)But no matter what it is called,all polyester has certain goodpoints.It does not wrinkle easily.It dries quickly after it is washed.Itholds its shape.It is strong and keeps its colors well.T opic S entence：_Position：_(2)Black is the colour of mourning.R ed symbolizes danger,violence,or bloodshed.If you are afraid,you are yellow.N one of these sayingsis true outside the English speaking world.In C hina and K orea,whiteis the color of mourning.In R ussia red stands for beauty and life.InItaly and Germany you are yellow with anger,not with fear.T opic S entence：_7英语写作Position：(3)Our chief source of fresh water is rainfall that collects in lakes,rivers,and reservoirs.R ecently,however,we have discovered anewsource,aquifers,which are rock formations containing water.Even underdeserts,vast aquifers may be waiting to be tapped.C ompanies drillingfor oil in the M iddle East have sometimes struck aquifers,which provideunexpected water supplies for arid regions.T opic S entence：_Position：_(4)S uppose you re playing a game.You make a silly mistake and lose.Doyou become angry?Or can you laugh at yourself and hope to do better nexttime?S uppose you are at a special dinner.You accidentally spill somefood.Why keep worrying about how clumsy you look?Why not laugh it offand enjoy yourself anyway?If you can,it s good sign youve really grownup.T opic S entence：_Position：_(5)Young men sometimes bring edelweiss back for their girlfriends.T hegirls think of the flowers as a proof of true love.M ountain climbers,guides,and hunters pick edelweiss too.T hey wear it on their hats.T othem it is a sign of courage and daring.8英语写作T o p i c S e n t e n c e：_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _P o s i t i o n：_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _2.3第三单元如何写好主题句第三单元如何写好主题句3.1 关于写主题句的建议1）要写合乎语法的句子E x a m p l e 1：T w o c a u s e s o f t h e A m e r i c a n C i v i l W a r.这个句子是个不完整的句子，不合乎语法，因此不能用作主题句。E x a m p l e 2：T h e r e w e r e t w o c a u s e s t h a t l e d t o t h e A m e r i c a n C i v i l W a r.重写后的句子合乎语法，是个较好的主题句。2）要使用限写词限定主题为了正确表达观点，好的主题句经常使用关键词或词组，即限制词（c o n t r o l l e r s）限制这一观点。E x a m p l e 3：A i r t r a v e l i s m o r e c o n v e n i e n t t h a n t r a i n f o r a t l e a s t t h r e er e a s o n s.从上例主题句我们得知作者将要写“a i r t r a v e l%t o p i c）,他 将 要 把“t r a i n”（a s p e c t）和“a i r t r a v e l”作 比 较,并 且 陈 述 r e a s o n s”。由此可见，作者在“a s p e c t”（方面）和“r e a s o n （原因）两方面限制他的主题。3）要注意主题的可写性所定的主题不能太笼统，也不能太具体。9英语写作Example 4：In H emingway*s story“S oldier s H ome，K rebs tells hismother that he wants no part of God，s K ingdom.这个句子太具体以至于无东西可写，无法展开段落。Example 5：In H emingway y s story S oldier s H ome v,K reb is a lonely,cynical veteran.这个句子可作为主题句，因为可以围绕“lonely,cynical”展开段落。Example 6：L et me tell you something about overpopulation.这个句子太笼统，作为一个段落的主题太大，难于驾驭。Example 7：Why has the world population been increasing sorapidly inthe last decades?这个句子是个较好的主题句，作者用“the reasons for overpopulation inthe last decades,从“原因”(cause)和“时间”(t i m e)两方面限制了主题，能在一个段落内论述。Exercise 3-1Directions：Identify the areas which limit the topic sentences.3.1.1 S occer has become increasingly popular in the U S.in thelast ten years.T opic：_L imitations：_3.1.2 Pollution has caused three major problems in the last decades.T opic：_L imitations：3.1.3T here are two kinds of memory：short-term and long-term.T opic：_L imitations：_3.1.4 Women are playing an increasingly important part in societytoday.io英语写作T o p i c：_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _L i m i t a t i o n s：_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _3.1.5 W o m e n a r e p a i d l e s s f o r e q u a l w o r k t h a n m e n i n s o m e c o m p a n i e s.T o p i c：_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _L i m i t a t i o n s：_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _E x e r c i s e 3-2D i r e c t i o n s：W r i t e t w o t o p i c s e n t e n c e s f o r e a c h o f t h e t o p i c s,l i m i t i n gt h e t o p i c i n d i f f e r e n t w a y s.3.2.1 T o p i c：t h e s t u d y o f E n g l i s hT o p i c S e n t e n c e 1：T o p i cS e n t e n c e2：3.2.2 T o p i c：c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s t o d a yT o p i c S e n t e n c eT o p i c S e n t e n c e3.2.3 T o p i c：T o p i c S e n t e n c eT o p i c S e n t e n c e3.2.4 T o p i c：T o p i c S e n t e n c eT o p i c S e n t e n c e1：2：,w o m e n i n C h i n a1：_2：c r i m e1：_2：_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _E x e r c i s e 3-3D i r e c t i o n s：R e a d t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h s a n d s u p p l y t h e m i s s i n g t o p i cs e n t e n c e.11英语写作(1)Iceland,s flag,for instance,stands for features of the land.R edfor the fire of Iceland,s volcanoes.White is for ice.Blue is for themountains.On India s flag,the blue wheel stands for peace andprogress.T he white stripe behind it is for truth.T he black stripe onthe flag of M alawi stands for the N egro people of that African land.T hered stripe represents the blood they shed to free themselves from foreignrule.(2)T he one most people are familiar with is thedesk dictionary sometimesrefered to as general-purpose dictionary.Another kind is the pronouncingdictionary,which is concerned with a word，s pronunciation more than withits meaning.A third type is the bilingual dictionary,which lists thewords in one language and attempts to give equivalent meaning in anotherlanguage.Other types include technical dictionaries,special purposedictionaries,and scholarly dictionaries.2.4第四单元如何写推展句第四单元如何写推展句4.1段落的推展12英语写作在前儿单元中，我们谈到写段落的第一个步骤是写主题句。作者要对主题句在某些方面加以限制。第二个步骤将是写推展句。例如你要陈述你选择某院校的理由，第一步，写出主题句：T here are two main reasons why I have decided to attend BingstonU niversity next year.第二步，以数个理由推展你的主题：示范段落4-1 T here are two main reasons why I have decided to attend BingstonU niversity next year.First of all,there is the question of money：Bingstonv，s tuition is reasonable and I don,t even have to pay it all atonce.T his is very important,since my father is not a rich man.(4)With Bingston，s udeferred payment plan,my father will be able to paymy tuition without too much difficulty.T he second resaon is the fineeducation which I feed will receive there in agriculture,my chosenfield.(6)It is a well-known fact that Bingston hires only the finestprofessors in its Agriculture Department.M oreover,the universityreqires all agricultural students to get practical experience by workingon farms in the areawhile they are still going to school.4.2示范段落分析细节：two main reasons：理由 1-financial consideration(2)a.reasonable tuitionb.deferred payment plan(4)理由 2 quality of educationa.fine teachersb.practical experience在两个主要理由之下，作者用更小的细节支持它们。由此可见，段落的推展依赖于支持主题句的细节(details)。推展段落的方法很多。通常每个段落以一种方法为“支配方法”(the dominant method),必要时，可运用其它一种或数种方法作为“辅助方法”(the supporting method)o上面的示范段落使用因果法(cause-and-effect)作为支配方法，分类法(divisionand classification)作为辅助方法。作者还运用了“重要性排列顺序(the order13英语写作of importance)作为安排细节、组织段落的手段。我们将在以下各单元逐个讨论这些方法。E x e r c i s e 4-lDirections：R ead the following paragraphs and find out what detailsthe authors use to support their topic sentences.(1)Warm water freezes more quickly than cold.S ir Francis Bacon statedthat almost four hundred years ago.But few people believedhim一till1970.In that year,C anadian scientist George K ell proved the Englishscholar right.Dr.K ell filled an open pail with cold water.H e filledanother with warm water.H e exposed both to the same low temperature.T hewarm water froze first.T opic S entence：_Detai Is：1._2._(2)T here is a relationship between your blood type and yournationality.Among Europeans and people of European ancestry,about 42percent have type A while 45 percent have type 0.T he rarest is type B.Otherraces have different percentages.For example,some American Indian groupshave nearly 100 percent type 0.T opic S entence：_Details：1._2._14英语写作(3)Although thousands of people have been killed by sudden eruptions,volcanoes also benefit man,T in,tungsten,gold and other metals havebeen brought closer to the earth?s surface.C hemicals in the ash haveenriched farmland.When solid,lava is agood building material.And inItaly,steam from active volcanoes supplies heat and power to surroundingareas.T opic S entence：_Detai Is：1._2.3.4.(4)T he Women?s M ovement has had several effects on the Englishlanguage.It has created M s,a title for women comparable to the titleM r.for men.T he creator of the new title objected to the title M iss andM rs.once given to women because these titles violated a womans privacyby indicating her marital status.T he use of M s.now permits women to enjoythe same privacy that men have enjoyed with the use of M r.S econd,theM ovement has changed the ending of many compound words from-manto-person.For instance,the word“chairman“has been replaced in manyorganization with the word“chairperson”,and the word“salesman”hasbecome salesperson.Feminists insist that the substitution of-personfor-man makes the position more suitable for members of either sex.T hird,the M ovement is responsible for new terms.One example is male chauvinistpig,a term applied to a man who refuses to recognize the equality ofwomen.Another example is female chauvinist sow,a phrase used to describea female who believes that she is superior to males.T he most profoundeffect the M ovementhas had on the language is on the third person singularpronoun.T hirty years ago most English instructors forced their studentsto se he,him,and his for the third person singular when the sex of the15英语写作person was not known.T hus,students were taught to say,“Everyone hashis books”.T oday many English teachers permit students to follow thefeminist lead and use the masculine and feminine pronounstogether.T herefore,constructions such as his or her books arecommon.Although the Women，s M ovement may not have yet achieved all ofits goals,it has made a mark on the English language.T opic S entence：_Detai Is：1._2.3.4.2.5第五单元如何写结论句第五单元如何写结论句5.1结论句第一单元曾提到，段落由三个部分组成，最后一部分就是结论句(theconcluding sentence)0结论句通常与主题句一样包含有段落的中心思想，然而所用措辞与主题句不同。在示范段落 1-1,主题句是：We all know that cigarette smoking is adangerous habit because it causes health problems.结论句是：It is clearly ide