2022年贵州GRE考试模拟卷一.pdf
2022年贵州GRE考试模拟卷一（本卷共分为1 大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总 分 100分，60分及格。）单 位：姓 名：考 号：题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分一、单项选择题(共5 0题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意)1.The opposite of adaptive divergence is an interesting and fairlycommon expression of evo-Iution.Whereas related groups oforganisms take Line on widely different characters in becoming(5)adapted to unI i ke envi ronments in the case of adapt i ve di vergence,we find that unrelated groups of organisms exhibit adaptiveconvergence when they adopt similar modes of I ife or becomesuited for spec i a I sorts of env i ronments.For(10)examp Ieyinvertebrate marine animals living firm-ly attached to the seabottom or to some fore i gn object tend to deve I op a subcy I i ndr i ca Ior conicaI form.This is iI lustrated by coral individuals,bymany sponges,and even by the d i m i nut i ve tubes(15)of bryozoans.Adaptive convergence in taking this coral-l ike form is shown bysome brachiopods and peIecypods that grew in fixed position.More readily appreciated is the stream Iined fitness ofmost fishes for moving swiftly through water;(20)they have no neck,the contour of the body is smooth I y curved so as to give minimumresis-tance,and the chief propel Iing organ is a powerful tai I fin.The fact that some fossi I repti les(ichthyosaurs)and modern mamma I s(wha I est(25)do I phi ns)are who I ly fish I ike in formis anexpression of adaptive convergence,for these a ir-breathing reptiles and mammals,which are highly efficientswimmers,are not closely related to fishes.Unrelated ord i stant I y related organ i sms(30)that deve I op simi lar ity of form aresomet i mes des i gnated as homeomorphs(hav i ng the sameform).It can be inferred that in the paragraph i mmed i ate Iy preceding thispassage the author d i scussedA.marine intelligenceB.adaptive divergenceC.air-breathing reptilesD.environmental impactsE.(E)organisms with similar forms2.Observe the di lemma of the fungus:it is a plant,but it possessesno ch I orophy 11.W h i I e a 11 other p I ants put the sun s energy to workfor them Line combining the nutrients of ground and air into the(5)body structure,the ch I orophy 11 ess fungus must I ook e I sewhere foran energy supply.It finds it in those other plants which,havingreceived their energy free from the sunf re Iinquish it at somepoint in their cycle either to animals(like us(10)humans)or tofungi.In this search for energy the fungus has becomethe earth1 s major source of rot and decay.Wherever you see moldform i ng on a p i ece of bread,or a pi Ie of I eaves turn i ng to compost,or a(15)bI own-down tree becom i ng pulp on the ground,youare watch i ng a fungus eat i ng.W i thout fungus act i on the earthwould be pi led high with the dead plant I ife of past centuries.In fact,certain plants which contain resins that are toxic tofungi wi 11(20)last indef in iteIy;specimens of the redwood,forinstance,can s t ill be found resting on the forestcenturies after having been blown down.The passage states al I the fol lowing about fungi EXCEPT:floorA.They are responsible for the decomposition of much plant life.B.They cannot live completely apart from other plants.C.They are vastly different from other plants.D.They are poisonous to resin-producing plants.E.(E)They cannot produce their own store of energy.3.Ocean water plays an indispensable role in supporting Iife.Thegreat ocean basins hold about 300 mi 11 ion cubic mi Ies of water.Fromthi s vast Li ne amount,about 80,000 cub ic mi les of water are(5)suckedinto the atmosphere each year by evapora-tion and returned byprecipitation and drainage to the ocean.More than 24,000 cubicmiles of rain descend annually upon the continents.This vastamount is required to replenish the lakes and(10)streams,springsand water tables on wh i ch a 11 flora and fauna are dependent.Thus,the hydro-sphere permits organic existence.Thehydrosphere has strange characteristics because water hasproperties unlike those of any(15)other liquid.One anomaIy is thatwater upon freezing expands by about 9 percent,whereasmost liquids contract on coo Ii ng.For this reason,ice floatson water bod i es i nstead of sinking to the bottom.I f the i ce sank,the hydrosphere would(20)soon be frozen solidly,except for a thinlayer of surface melt water during the summer season.Thus,al I aquatic Iife would be destroyed and the interchangeof warm and cold currents,which moderates climate,would benotab Iy absent.(25)Another outstand i ng characteristic of wateris that water has a heat capacity which is the highest ofal I liquids and solids except ammon i a.Thischaracteristicenables the oceans to absorb and store vast quantities of heat,thereby often pre-(30)vent i ng c I i mat i c extremes.I n add it ion,waterdis-so I ves more substances than any other liquid.It isthis characteristic which helps make oceans a great storehousefor minerals which have been washed down from the continents.In several(35)areas of the world these minerals are being commercial ly exploited.Solar evaporation of salt is widelypracticed,potash is extracted from the Dead Sear and magnesiumis produced from sea water along the American Gulf Coast.According to the passage,the hydrosphere is NOTA.responsible for all forms of lifeB.able to modify weatherC.a source of natural resourcesD.in danger of freezing overE.(E)the part of the earth covered by water4.Nearly two thousand years have passed since a census decreed byCaesar Augustus became part of the greatest story every told.Manyth i ngs have L i ne changed i n the i nterven i ng years.The hote I i ndus-(5)try worries more about overbui I di ng than over-crowding,and ifthey had to meet an unexpected i nf I ux,few i nns wou I d have a mangerto accom-modate the weary guests.Now it is the censustaker that does the traveling in the fond hope that(10)a highlymob i I e popu I at i on wi 11 stay put long enough to get a goodsamp Ii ng.Methods of gath-ering,recording,and evaIuat i nginformation have presumably been improved a great deal.Andwhere then it was the modest purpose of Rome to(15)obtain a simplehead count as an adequate basis for Ievying taxes,now batteriesof comp Ii cated stat i st i caI series furnished by governmentalagen-cies and private organizations are eagerly scannedand interpreted by sages and seers to get a clue to(20)future events.The Bible does not tel I us how the Roman census takers made out,and as regards our more immediate concern,the re lia b ility ofpresent-day economic forecasting,there are con-siderabledifferences of opinion.They were aired(25)at the celebration ofthe 125th anniversary of the American StatisticaI Association.There was the thought that business forecast i ng might we I I beon its way from an art to a science,and some speakers taIkedabout newfangIed computers and(30)h i gh-fa Iut i n mathemat i caIsystems in terms of excitement and endearment which we,at leastin our younger years when these things matter,wouldhave associated more readily with the description of a fairmaiden.But others pointed to(35)the deplorable record of highlyesteemed forecasts and forecasters with a batting average belowthat of the Mets,and the presidentelect of the Associationcautioned that high powered sta tisti-cal methods are usuallyin order where the facts(40)are crude and inadequate,the exactcontrary of what crude and i nadequate stat i st i c i ans assume.W e left this birthday party somewhere between hope and despairand with the conviction,not real ly newly acquired,that properstatisticaI(45)methods appl ied to ascertainable facts have theirmerits in economic forecasting as long as neither forecasternor pub Iic is de Iuded into mistaking the de Ii neat i on ofprobabiI ities and trends for a pre-diction of certainties ofmathematicaI exactitude.According to the passage,taxation in Roman times was based onA.mobilityB.wealthC.populationD.census takersE.(E)economic predictions5.The atmosphere is a mixture of several gases.There are about tenchemical eIements which remain permanently in gaseous form in theatmo-Line sphere under al I natural conditions.Of these per(5)manent gases,oxygen makes up about 21 percent and nitrogen about78 percent.Several other gases,such as argon,carbon dioxide,hydrogen,neon,krypton,and xenon,comprise the remaining1 percent of the voIume of dry air.The amount(10)of water vapor,and its variations in amount and distributiony are ofextraordinary importance in weather changes.Atmospheric gaseshold in sus-pension great quantities of dust,pollen,smoke,and other impurities which are a I ways present in(15)considerable,but variable amounts.The atmosphere has no definite upperIim its but gradually thins untiI it becomes imperceptible.Unti I recently it was assumed that the air above the firs t fewmiles gradual ly grew thinner and(20)colder at a constant rate.Itwas also assumed that upper air had little infIuence on weatherchanges.Recent studies of the upper atmosphere,currentlybeing conducted by earth sate I Iites and m issile probings,haveshown these assumpt i ons to be(25)i ncor rect.The atmosphere has threewe 11-def i ned strata.The layer of the air next to theearth,which extends upward for about 10 mi les,is known asthe troposphere.On the who Ie,it makes up about(30)75 percent ofal I the weight of the atmosphere.It is the warmest part of theatmosphere because most of the solar radiation is absorbed bytheearth f s surface,which Warms the air i mmed i ate Iysurrounding it.A steady decrease of temperature(35)with increasingeIevation is a most striking char-acteristic.The upper layersare colder because of their greater distance from the earth5 ssurface and rapid radiation of heat into space.The temperatures within the troposphere decrease about(40)3.5 degrees per1000-foot increase in altitude.Within the troposphere,windsand air currents distribute heat and moisture.Strong winds,called jet streams,are Iocated at the upper I eve Is ofthe troposphere.These jet streams are both(45)comp I ex andwidespread in occurrence.They normally show a waveshapedpattern and move from west to east at velocities of 150 mph,butvelocities as high as 400 mph have been noted.The infIuencesof changing Iocations and(50)strengths of jet streams upon weatherconditions and patterns are no doubt considerable.Currentintensive research may eventua11y reveaI their trues i gn i f i cance.Above the troposphere to a he i ght of about(55)50 mi les is a zone called the stratosphere.The stratosphereis separated from the troposphere by a zone of uniformtemperatures called the tropopause.Within the lower portionsof the stratosphere is a layer of ozone gases which fiIte rs(60)out most of the ultraviolet rays from the sun.The ozonelayer varies with air pressure.If this zone were not there,theful I blast of the sun s uItra-violet I ight wouId burn our skinsfblind our eyes,and eventua 11 y result in our destruction.Within(65)the stratosphere,the temperature and atmosphericcomposition are relatively uniform.The layer upward of about50 miles is the most fascinating but the least known of thesethree strata.It is called the ionosphere because it(70)consistsof electrically charged particles cal led ions,thrown from thesun.The northern I i ghts(aurora boreal is)originate within thishighly charged portion of the atmosphere.Its effect uponweather conditions,if any,is as yet unknown.Which of the fol lowing title s best summarizes the content of the passageA.New Methods for Calculating the Composition of the AtmosphereB.New Evidence Concerning the Stratification of the AtmosphereC.The Atmosphere：Its Nature and Importance to Our WeatherD.The Underlying Causes of Atmospheric TurbulenceE.(E)Stratosphere,Troposphere,Ionosphere：Three Similar Zones6.*Like her white fr iends Eleanor Rooseve11 and Aubrey Williamsr MaryBethune be I i eved i n the fundamenta I comm i tment of the New Dea I to Lineassist the black Amer ican,s struggle and in the(5)need for b I acksto assume responsibiIities to help win that struggle.Unlikethose Of her white I iberal associates,however,Bethune5 s ideashad evoIved out of a long experience as a Mrace leader.nFounder of a sma 11 bl ack co 11 ege in(10)Fiori da,she had become widelyknown by 1935 as an organizer of black womenJ s groups and asa c iv il and political r i ghts act i v i st.Deep Iy re Iigious,certain of her own capabi I it ies,she held a re I a-t i ve I yuncluttered view of what she fe lt were the(15)New Deal9 s and herown peopIe9 s obIigations to the cause of racial justice.Unafraid to speak her mind to powerful whites,including thePresident,or to differing black factions,she combined faithin the u11imate wi 11 ingness of whites to discard(20)their prejudiceand bigotry with a strong sense of racial pride and commitmentto Negro seIf-heIp.More than her I iberal white friends,Bethuneargued for a strong and direct black voice in in iti-ating andshaping government poI icy.She pur-(25)sued this in herconversations with President Roosevelt,in numerous memorandato Aubrey Williamsf and in her administrative work as headof the NationaI Youth Administration5 s Off ice of Negro Affairs.With the assistance of Williamsy(30)she was successfuI in havingblacks seIected to NYA posts at the nationaI,state,and locallevels.But she also wanted a black presence throughoutthe federal government.At the beg inning of the war she joinedother black leaders in demanding(35)appointments to the SeIectiveService Board and to the Department of the Army;and she wasinstrumental in 1941 in securing Ear I Dickerson9 s membershipon the Fair EmpIoyment Practices Committee.By 1944,she wass t ill mak i ng(40)appea I s for b lack representat ion in al I pub I i c programs,federal,state,and I oca I,n and n i n po I i cy-mak i ng postsas we 11 as rank and f i Ie jobs.Though recogn i z i ng the weaknessin the RooseveIt administration9 s response to Negro(45)needs,Mary Bethune remained in essence a black partisanchampion of the New Deal during the 1930s and 1940s.Her strongadvocacy of admin-istrati on policies and programs waspredicated on a number of factors:her assessment of the low(50)status of black Americans during the Depression;her faithin the w ill ingness of some I iberal whites to work for theinclusion of bI acks in the govern-ment,s reform and recoverymeasures;her convic-tion that only massive federal aid GouldeIevate(55)the Negro economically;and her belief that thethirties and forties were producing a more se lf-aware andself-assured black popuI at i on.Like a number of her whitefriends in government,Bethune assumed that the preservation ofdemoc-(60)racy and black people s Hful I integration into thebenefits and the responsibi I itie srr of American I ifewereinextricably tied together.She was con-vineed that,with thehelp of a friendly govern-ment,a mi Iitant,aggressive”NewNegro*1 would(65)emerge out of the devastation of depression andwar,a New Negro1 1 who would save America from itself,whowouId lead Amer ica toward the fu11 reaI ization of its democraticideas.The tone of the authorJ s discussion of Bethune is best described
