人教版化学必修二知识点.pdf
人教版化学必修二知识点The fourth chapter hydrocarbonAlkane hydrocarbons CnH 2n+2Olefin hydrocarbon CnH 2n(n=2)C=CAlkyne CnH 2n-2(n=2)C=CAromatic hydrocarbons:benzene homologue CnH 2n-6(n=6)(1)the reason for different kinds of organic compounds:1.carbon atoms with 4 covalent bonds with other atoms;between2.carbon and carbon atoms,organic compounds to form a varietyof 1 inear and cyclic isomerism;3.(2)organic compounds:most carbon(3):Compound hydrocarbon containing only C and H elementsThe first section of methaneThe spatial structure of 1,methane:tetrahedron structure2,nature:Physical properties:colorless,tasteless,insoluble in water,natural gas,methane(pit gas)and main components of liquefiedpetroleum gasChemical properties:methane stable reaction with acid andalkali,the reaction can occur under certain conditions:(1)combustible(2)substitution reaction(3)high temperaturedecompositionCH3C1 gas CH2C12 liquid CHC13(chloroform)CC143,use:good fuel;preparation of H2,carbon black,chloroformetc.4,the experiment will be full of CH4 and C12:(volume ratio1:4)tube upside down in the water tank,the strong light aftera period of time,will see the c o l o r tube gas,liquidlevel in the pipe,the inner wall of the test tube has;adding AgN03 solution to remove tube,tube solution,s e e generation(fill phenomenon)commonly known as.CC14,_ density than waterThe second section of alkanes1,alkane:(1)structure:The hydrocarbon molecules of carbon in the single chain link,the rest of the valence bond with all carbon atoms of hydrogencombine,called hydrocarbons,or alkane.(2)nomenclature of alkanes:Simple nomenclature of alkanes:the number of carbon atoms ina,B,C,D,e,G,Xin,Ren,and GUI below tenSystematic nomenclature:1),find the longest carbon chain backbone;2)-recently branched chain coding3)name,simple to complexCH(CH3)2CH(C2H5)C(CH3)3 is the name ofThe name of 2,3,3 three-methyl ethyl butane is correct(3)the nature of alkanes:The increase of molecular weight,melting point and boilingpoint increased,density increases,by gas,liquid to solid(4carbon atoms or less is gaseous)Isomer is higher melting point and boiling point:The room temperature properties is very stable,generally notwith acid and alkali solution,KMnO4 reactionIn certain conditions,with halogen substitution reactionetc.2,the definition of homologues:structurally similarmolecules in n are CH2 atoms in substances called each otherhomologues.Methane,ethane and propane are alkane homologues.R:-CH3;alkyl methyl,ethyl-CH2CH3 is called3,isomer:The definition:have the same molecular formula,but withdifferent structures,called isomerism.Compounds withisomerism claimed isomers.Two isomers such as butane andisobutane is butane,belonging to two compounds.The number of isomers:CH4,C2H6,C3H8;C4H10 2;C5H12 3;C6H145;C7H16 9The concept of homologues isomers allotrope isotopeThe object of organic compounds of elemental atomsconditionAn example is CH2 structure of different structure anddifferent number of neutronsEthane and butane butane and isobutane 02 and 03 11H,12HThe third section of ethylene olefin1,the structure characteristics of ethylene:The 2 C atoms and 4 hydrogen atoms in the same plane.A key to the ethylene molecules in the double bond is easy tofracture2,nature:Physical properties:colorless little odor,insoluble inwater.Chemical properties:(1)the addition reaction of bromine canfade(2):1)the oxidation reaction of combustible air:bright flame,smoke;2)to KMnO4(H+)solution.(3):the polymerization of ethylene and poly polyethylene3,use:preparation of alcohol,plastic,and fruit ripening.4,industrial production process:from petroleum refiningLaboratory preparation method:Ingredients:alcohol,concentrated H 2SO4(concentrated H 2S04catalyst anddehydration role)collected:drainage gascollection method.Notice:1.ethanol and concentrated sulfuric acid according tothe volume ratio of 1:3 mixture can improve the utilization rateof ethanol,we should pay attention to when mixed sulfuric acidslowly along the glass rod by adding ethanol and stir.2.thermometer to measure the temperature of the reactant so beinserted below the liquid level.3.as anti bumping liquidshould be added into the porcelain pieces 4.to prevent lowtemperature the occurrence of side effects so rapidly heatingup to 170 DEG C 5.flask 1iquid color became dark,is due tosulfuric acid dehydration;6.is first removed from the waterconduit and then destroy the alcohol lamp.5,the olefin molecule containing a carbon carbon double bondhydrocarbon(1)the structure and characteristics of the formula:CnH2n(n=2)(2):General olefin flame is bright alkaneThe molecule contains unsaturated double bond,prone tooxidation,addition and polymerization.The fourth section acetylene acetylene1,the structure characteristics of acetylene:The 2 C atoms and 2 hydrogen atoms in the same line.C=C bond in the molecule of two is not a stable bond2 the nature of acetylene:(1)physical properties:also known as acetylene acetylene.Pure acetylene is a colorless,odorless gas,because ofcontaining PH 3,H 2S and other impurities and odor;slightlysoluble in water,soluble in organic solvents.(2)chemical properties and uses of acetylene:The oxidation reaction:1):flammable air,bright flame,smoke;acetylene combustionin 02,the flame temperature is very high(above 3000 degrees),which can be used for cutting and welding metal.2)can be oxidized in KMnO4 solutionThe addition reaction of bromine to fade;H C1 can be prepared from acetylene and pvc.3,the preparation of acetylene:laboratory method:Medicine:calcium carbide,(usually with water saturated saltwater)Principle:CaC2+2H 20,C2H 2=+Ca(OH)2Device:solid+liquid,gas collection:drainage methodNote:the reaction is too fast,so using a separatory funnelwater rate control.The used instead of water saturated saltwater,slow reaction rate.Collect the draining method(do notuse air discharge method,because of its density and close tothe air.)The fifth section of benzene aromatic hydrocarbonAromatic hydrocarbon:molecules containing one or morearomatic hydrocarbonThe molecular structure of benzene,1:Molecular formula:C6H6 t y p e:o r .Structure:the benzene can make KMnO4(H+)solution fade,explains the general C=C does not exist in benzene,benzenemolecules between 6 C atoms bond exactly the same,this is aunique bond between C-C and C=C.The 6 C and 6 H benzene molecules are in the same plane,in theorganic matter,a benzene hydrocarbon belongs to aromatichydrocarbon,simple said aromatic hydrocarbons,the simplestaromatic benzene.2,the physical properties of benzeneA colorless,special smell liquid,lighter than water,insoluble in water3 chemical properties of benzene,benzene molecules in between:the carbon carbon bond between C-C and C=C,under certainconditions,the benzene molecule can produce substitutionreaction,and can react with.1)substitution reaction:(1)benzene with bromine Br2 reaction(reaction with bromine)(2)the nitration of benzene:2)addition reaction of benzene with hydrogen reaction3):ignite combustible,bright flame,there are a lot of blacksmokePurpose:an important organic chemical raw materials,benzeneis often as organic solvent4)-colorless,heavier than water.The flask liquid for bromineand brown,available NaOH impurity separation with a separatoryfunnel.Nitrobenzene is colorless,insoluble in water,bitter almondodor,poisonous oily liquid,heavier than water.Three nitro toluene(TNT):light yellow needle crystal,insoluble in water,usually more stable,heat,impact is noteasy to explode.A sensitive explosive detonating agent,is ahigh explosive.4,benzene homologue1)benzene derivative formula:CnH 2n-6(n=6)2)because of the mutual influence of the benzene ring and sidechain,benzene also has some special properties different frombenzene.Note:benzene can make KMnO4(H+)solution,Cannot make bromine for reaction.Benzene homologues,KMnO4(H+)can make the solution fade,butyou cannot make water due to chemical reaction.Practice:write 1.reaction of toluene with HN032.isomers of C8H10:writingThe sixth section coal oi1Petroleum is the main energy in the world,known as“liquidgold,blood of industry”.A,oil refining1,the oil component(1)according to the elements:the basicelements contained in the oil is carbon and hydrogen(2)according to the chemical composition:is a mixture composedof various alkanes,cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarboncompounds.General oil does not contain olefins.Most of liquidhydrocarbons,while liquid hydrocarbons dissolved in a gaseoushydrocarbon and solid hydrocarbon.2,oil fractionation(1)the experimental device is divided into three parts:distillation,condensation and collection.(2):mercury thermometer position the bal 1 and the distillationflask branch level.Broken tiles,antibumping(with ethylene)(3)in the water inlet,outlet in(with the best air to thecontrary,the cooling effect)(4)fractionation principle:using the method of evaporationcondensation oi1 fractionation into distilled products ofdifferent boiling range.Each fraction is a mixture of3,the hydrocarbon cracking fracture with large molecularweight into small molecular weight hydrocarbons4,cracking:cracking under high temperatureTwo,the comprehensive utilization of coal1,coal is a complex mixture composed of inorganic and organicmatters.2 coal:coal carbonization,strengthen air thermaldecomposition3,coal gasification and liquefaction of the coal into gas andliquid fuel,objective to reduce the environmental pollutioncaused by burning coalOrganic reaction equationCH 4+C12,CH 3C1+H C1 CH 3C1+C12,CH 2C12+H C1CH 2C12+C12,CH C13+H C1 CH C13+C12,CC14+H C1CH 4+2C12,CH 2C12+2H C1CH 4+202,C02+2H 20CxH y+(x+y/4)02-xC02+y/2 H 20C2H 50H,CH 2=CH 2=+H 20CH 2=CH 2+H C1,CH 3CH 2C1CH 2=CH 2+H 2,CH 3CH 3CH 2=CH 2+Br2(water),CH 2Br-CH 2BrCH 2=CH 2+H 20,CH 3CH 20HNCH 2=CH 2,CH 2-CH 2nCH 3-CH=CH 2+H 2,CH 3-CH 2-CH 3CH 3-CH=CH 2+X2,CH 3-CH X-CH 2XCH 3-CH=CH 2+H X,CH 3-CH X-CH 3NCH 3-CH=CH 2,CH (CH 3)-CH 2nCaC2+2H 20,Ca(OH)2+C2H 2CH=CH+,CH2=CH2 H2CH2=CH2+H2,CH3CH3CH=CH+Br2,CHBr=CHBrCHBr=CHBr+Br2,CHBr2-CHBr2CH=CH+HC1(g,CH2=CHC1)一NCH2=CHC1,CH2-CHClnPVC(plastic)+3H2.+Br2(liquid)-Br+HBr+C12(liquid)-C1+HC12+1502-12 C02+6H20H0-N02+-N02+H20Methane ethylene acetylene benzeneThe molecular formula CH4 C2H4 C2H2 C6H6The structure of CH2=CH2 CH simplified CH4=CHElectronic typeThe structure characteristics of spatial configuration:tetrahedron structureThe plane type space configuration:The structure of C containing=C key:linear spaceconfigurationWith C=C bond structure:plane type space configurationIn the structure of benzene ring containing:Homologues of formula CnH2n+2 CnH2n(n=2)and CnH2n-2(n=2)and CnH2n-6(n=6)The physical properties of colorless,tasteless,insoluble inwater is colorless,slightly odor,insoluble in water,colorless and odorless,colorless,slightly soluble in waterhas a special smell of liquid,lighter than water,insolublein waterLaboratory preparation method(write type)Chemical property(write type):replaceCH4+C12.CH4+3C12.The decompositionIn addition,CH4CH2=CH2+Br2.CH2=CH2+H20.CH2=CH2+HC1.The CH2=CH2,the addition of polyadditionCH=CH+2Br2.CH=CH+2H2.Ch=ch+HC1 to replace 1.HalogenatednitrificationIn additionLight blue flame burning bright flame,black smoke bright flame,smoke bright flame,smokePass into the water Br2The phenomenon of Br2 water Br2 water Br2 water does not fadefade fade Br2 not fadePass into the KMnO4The phenomenon of KMnO4 solution does not fade KMnO4 solution.The KMnO4 solution and KMnO4 solution does not fade fadebenzene;Benzene homologues:KMnO4 solution.The sixth chapter summarized hydrocarbon derivativesDerivatives of hydrocarbon hydrocarbon evolved into theFunctional properties of compounds:special atom or group ofatoms called functional groups.Common functional groups:carbon carbon double bonds(C=C-(-)-or triple C=C),halogen atom(X),hydroxyl(OH),carboxyl(COOH,nitro(-)N02(-),aldehyde-).The first section of bromoethane halogenated hydrocarbonsA,bromoethane1.molecular structure(type four).2.physical properties:colorless liquid,insoluble in water,greater density than water3.chemical properties(1)hydrolysis reaction(replacing reaction)Condition:the water solution reaction with alkali bromideCh3ch2br+H 20+CH 3CH 2OH,H brWhat is the problem 1,bromoethane hydrolysis conditions?2,water solution before adding AgN03 solution,why the firstdrops of H NO3 acid?3,how to determine a halogenated hydrocarbon in halogen atoms?(2):C elimination reaction=C or C=CCondition:alcohol solution and alkali heat bromoethaneCh3ch2br=H 20+NaBr+Naoh-CH 2 CH 2Analysis:CH 3C1(3cch2br,CH 3 elimination reaction cannotoccur).Two,halohydrocarbonDefinition 1:2.physical properties:(1)insoluble in water,soluble in most organic solvents.Boiling point:(2)the same number of carbon atoms:the lessbranched,with higher boiling pointDifferent number of carbon atoms:the carbon atom number,higher boiling point.(3)density:the number of carbon atoms more,smaller densityCH 3C1 ch3ch2cl is a gaseous liquid remaining(or solid density-greater than water).3.chemical properties:hydrolysis reaction and eliminationreaction.4.E ffect of Freon on environment.Second ethanol alcoholA,ethanol1.molecular structure molecular formula:c2h6o type:CH 3CH 2OHor C2H 5OH.E lectronic structure:2.physical properties:colorless liquid with a special smell,volatile,and water miscible in any proportion,and candissolve a variety of organic compounds.As fuel,beverage,chemical raw material,solvent,disinfectant(75%)3.chemical properties(1)reacts with sodium:2CH 3CH 2OH +H 2=2Na,2ch3ch2onaThe hydrogen atoms in the hydrogen atom of hydroxyl ethanol asactive water molecules(2)oxidation reactionCombustion:CH 3CH 2OH +3H 20,2co2 302The catalytic oxidation of acetaldehyde.2CH 3CH 20H +2H 20,CH 3CH 0 202(3)-elimination reaction of intramolecular dehydration,ethylene.CH 3CH 20H,CH 2+H 20=CH 2=(4)-substitution reaction of intramolecular dehydration,diethyl ether.2CH 3CH 20H,ch3ch2och2ch3+H 20(5)substitution reaction with H XCH 3CH 20H,2ch3ch2cl+H 20+H C1According to the practice of ethanol molecular structure shownbelow to determine the molecular bond in the following reactionin the fracture situation 1)with sodium metal reaction bond rupture2)and concentrated H 2S04 thermal fracture keyto 170 degrees C3)in the catalytic oxidation ofbond rupture4)and concentrated H 2S04 thermal fracture keyto 140 degrees C4.Industrial process for production of ethanol:(1)(2)fermentation by ethylene hydration methodTwo,alcohol1.definition:alkyl chain with hydroxyl2.classification according to the numbers of hydroxy points(alcohols,polyols)saturated monobasic alcohol formula:CnH 2n+loh or R.3.chemical properties:ethanol and similar1 Na,H 2)and metal effect2)catalytic oxidation reaction to generate aldehydes orketones(3)elimination reaction intramolecular dehydration,C=C)4)intermolecular dehydration,ether5)and H X to R XThe elimination reaction conditions:-OH and carbon atomsadjacent connected carbon atoms must have H atoms(orthohydrogen free carbon does not eliminate).Such as CH 3OH,(CH 3)3CCH 2OH elimination reacti
