2022高考英语语法知识点.pdf

2022高考英语语法知识点有哪些高考英语语法知识点有哪些1、名词(D 可数名词及其单复数(2)不可数名词(3)专有名词(4)名词所有格2、代词(D 人称代词：主格和宾格形式(2)物主代词：形容词与名词性形式(3)反身代词：m y s e l f,h i m s e l f,o u r s e l v e s,e t c.(4)指示代词 t h i s,t h at,t h e s e,t h o s e(5)不定代词 s o m e,an y,n o,e t c.(6)疑问代词 w h at,w h o,w h o s e,w h i c h,e t c.3、数词(D 基数词(2)序数词4、介词和介词短语词：汇表中所列介词的基本用法5、连词：词汇表中所列连词的基本用法6、形容词(比较级和最高级)(1)作定语、表语、宾语补足语的基本用法(2)比较等级(原级、比较级、最高级)的基本用法构成-e r,-e s t；m o r e,t h e m o s t基本句型as+原级形式+as.n o t as (s o)+原级形式+as.比较级形式+t h an.t h e+最高级形式+.i n (o f).7、副词(比较级和最高级)(1)表示时间、地点、方式、程度等的基本用法(2)疑问副词 w h e n,w h e r e,h o w(3)比较等级(原级、比较级、最高级)构成-e r,-e s t；m o r e,t h e m o s t基本句型as+原级形式+as.n o t as (s o)+原级形式+as.比较级形式+t h an.the+最高级形式+.in(of).8、冠词：一般用法9、动词(1)行为动词或实义动词：及物动词不及物动词(2)连系动词 be,look,turn,get,bee,etc.(3)助动词 be,do,have,shall,will,etc.(4)情态动词 can,may,must,need,etc.10、时态(1)一般现在时I get up at six oclock every morning.He doesnt speak R ussian.They are very busy.The moon moves round the earth.When you see him,tell him to e to my place.I11 go to see you tonight if Im free.(2)一般过去时I was in Grade O ne last year.I got up at five yesterday.(3)一般将来时shall(will)+动词原形I shall(will)go to your school tomorrowafternoon.She will be here tomorrow.be going to+动词原形Im going to help him.(4)现在进行时Were reading the text now.Theyre waiting for a bus.(5)现在完成时I have already posted the letter.They have lived here for ten years.(6)过去进行时We were having a meeting this time yesterday.The teacher was talking to some parents when Isaw her.(7)过去完成时We had learned four English songs by the end oflast year.The film had already begun when I got to thecinema.She said that she had not heard from him since heleft Beijing.(8)过去将来时He said he would go to the cinema that evening.Betty said she was going to visit her uncle nextSunday.11、被动语态(一般现在时，一般过去时，含有情态动词，一般将来时)(1)一般现在时的被动语态English is taught in that school.(2)一般过去时的被动语态The song was written by that worker.(3)一般现在时带情态动词的被动语态She must be sent to hospital at once.(4)一般将来时的被动语态The homework will be done in two hours.12、非谓语动词(1)动词不定式(全部掌握)作主语To learn a foreign language is not easy.It is not easy to learn a foreign language.作宾语 They began to read.作宾语补足语Jim asked me to help him with his lessons.We often heard her sing.作定语I have an important meeting to attend.作状语She went to see her grandma yesterday.用在 how,when,where,what,which 等之后I dont know how to use a puter.Do you know when to start?He didnt know what to do next.(2)动词的-ing形式(3)动词的-ed形式13、构词法合成法：classroom,something,reading-room派生法：worker,drawing,quickly,careful,kindness,cloudy,unhappy(3)转化法：hand(n.)hand(v.)dry(adj.)一dry(v.)(4)缩写和简写14、句子种类(1)陈述句(肯定式和否定式)(2)疑问句:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句(3)祈使句(肯定式和否定式)(4)感叹句15、句子成分(1)主语Be t t y l i k e s h e r n e w b i k e.He ge t s u p e ar l y e v e r y d ay.T o l e ar n a fo r e i gn l an gu age i s n o t e as y.(2)谓语(主谓一致)W e w o r k h ar d.T h e b o y c au gh t a b i r d.He i s m y b r o t h e r.T h e y al l l o o k fi n e.(3)表语He r s i s t e r i s a n u r s e.I t s m e.Im ready.He got angry.We were at home last night.His cup is broken.宾语Tom bought a story-book.I saw him yesterday.He wanted to have a cup of tea.(5)直接宾语和间接宾语He gave me some ink.O ur teacher told us an interesting story.(6)宾语补足语Call her Xiao Li.You must keep the room clean.John asked me to help him.定语This is a green jeep.This is an apple tree.Are these students your classmates?Winter is the coldest season of the year.I have something to tell you.(8)状语You are quite right.She will arrive in Beijing on Monday.He stopped to have a look.16、简单句的基本句型第一种：主语+连系动词+表 语(S+V+P)The bike is new/in the room.第二种：主语+不及物动词(S+V)He swims.第三种：主语+及物动词+宾 语(S+V+O)Children often sing this song.第四种：主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO)She showed her friends all her pictures.第五种：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+O+C)We keep our classroom clean and tidy.第六种：there be句型17、主谓一致 Did you go to the show last night?一Y e ah.Ev e r y b o y an d gi r l i n t h ear e a i n v i t e dA.w e r eB.h av e b e e nC.h as b e e nD.w as【答案】D【解析】考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据问句的时态可知此处时态用一般过去时。An d 连接的单数可数名词作主语，其前用e v e r y,e ac h,n o,m an y a 等来修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式，故本题选D。A 项主谓一致错误;B 项时态、主谓一致错误;C项时态错误。18、并列复合句He l i k e s m at h s,b u t h e n e e d s h e l p.I h e l p h i m an d h e h e l p s m e.19、主从复合句(1)宾语从句He s ai d (t h at)h e fe l t s i c k.I t ak e b ac k w h at I s ai d.I d o n t k n o w w h e t h e r (i f)s h e s t i l l w o r k s i n t h efac t o r y.I c an t t e l l w h o i s t h e r e.Can you tell me where the Summer P alace is?(2)状语从句The train had left when I got to the station.I11 go with you to the cinema this afternoon ifIm free.The students went to the farm because the farmersneeded some help.The earth is bigger than the moon.He was sotired that he couldnt walk on.Jack worked hard so that he might get a good job.Doctor Wang went to the hospital though it rainedheavily.(3)定语从句Find the girl who is wearing a red skirt.Show me the picture that you like best.Colour the birds which(that)are flying.(4)主语从句(5)同位语从句(6)表语从句20、直接引语与间接引语“I will go to Shijiazhuang tomorrow”,momsaid.-*Mom said she would go to Shijiazhuang thenext day.21、省略一、祈使句自然可省去主语，如：Leave him in peace!不要去打扰他!Come at one oclock sharp.准一点钟来。Listen to me,children!听我讲,孩子们！Look both ways before you cross the road.过马路之前要向两边看看。二、除祈使句外，还有其他省去主语的情况，如：Don*t know.我不知道。（省去主语DBeg your pardon.请原谅。（省去主语DHad a good time,didnt you?玩得很好，不是吗？（省去主语you）Doesnt look too well.他脸色不大好。（省去主语he或 she）Looks like rain.像是要下雨了。（省去主语it）三、Must be somebody waiting for you.一定是有人在等你。Appears to be a big crowd in the hall.大厅里似乎有一大群人。22、倒装一、全部倒装全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：1.here,there,now,then,thus 等副词置于句首，谓语动词常用be,e,go,lie,runo例如：1)There goes the bell.铃声渐渐消失了。2)Then came the chairman.然后主席就来了3)Here is your letter.这是你的信。2.表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：1)O ut rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。2)Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：1)Here he e s.他来了。2)Away they went.他们走了。二、部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或 did,并将其置于主语之前。1.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如 no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,at no time,in no way,notuntil 等。例如：1)Never have I seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。2)Nowhere will you find the answer to thisquestion.你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。3)Not until the child fell asleep did the motherleave the room.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。注意：当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如：1)I have never seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。2)The mother didnt leave the room until thechild fell asleep.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。2.带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有：not,never,seldom,scarcely,barely,little,at no time,not only,not once,under on condition,hardly when,nosooner,than 等。例如：1)Not only did he refuse the gift,he alsoseverely criticized the sender,他不仅拒收了 礼品，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。2)Hardly had she gone out when a student came tovisit her.她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。3)No sooner had she gone out than a student cameto visit h e r.她刚要走时一个学生来看她。注意：只有当Not only but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only-but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。例如：Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜欢音乐。3.表 示 也 、也不”的 so,neither,nor放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。例如：1)Tom can speak French.So can Jack.Tom 能说法语，我也能。2)If you wont go,neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。注意：当 so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为 的确如此”。例如：1)Tom asked me to go to play football and so Idid.Tom让我去踢足球，我去了。2)-Its raining hard.-So it is.-雨下得很大。-的确很大。4.only放在句首，强调状语(副词，介词短语或状语从句等)，全句语序要部分倒装。例如：O nly in this way,can you learn English well.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。O nly after being asked three times did he e tothe meeting.他被请了三次才来开会。注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装O nly when he is seriously ill,does he ever stayin bed.他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。三、as,though引导的倒装句as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词，副词，分词，实义动词提前）。此时应注意：1）句首名词不能带任何冠词;2）句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：Try hard as he will,he never seems able to dothe work satisfactorily.尽管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作满意。注意：让步状语从句中，有 though,although时，后面的主句不能有but,但 是 though和 yet可连用。四、其他部分倒装1.so that句型中的s o 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：So frightened was he that he did not dare to movean i n c h.他害怕得动都不敢动。2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：May you all be happy.望大家开心愉快。3.在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词，可将i f 省略，把 were,had,should移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：Were I you,I would try it again,如果我是你，我就再试一次。23、强调一、强调句型为了强调句子的某一成分(通常是主语、宾语、或状语)，常用强调句型：It is(was)+被强调部分+that(who)表示强调的i t 在句子中作主句的主语;被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语;强调的主语如果是人，that和 who都可用。如：Last night I saw a film in the Youth P alace.强调主语：It was I that(or：who)saw a film inthe Youth P alace last night.强调宾语：It was a film that I saw in the YouthP alace last night.强调地点状语：It was in the Youth P alace that Isaw a film last night.强调时间状语：It was last night that I saw a filmin the Youth P alace.另外，还要注意下面几点:1）在强调主语时，that后的谓语动词要与被强调者保持人称和数的一致。如：It is I who am a teacher.2）即使被强调的主语是复数，主句中的谓语动词也用单数。如：It is they who often help me with my lessons.3）在强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，不能用when,where,why 或 how,而要用 that。如：It was because her mother was ill that she didntgo with us.It was only when I reread his poems recently thatI began to appreciate their beauty.It was the house that the murder happened.4）在强调n o t until结构中由until短语（或从句）表示的时间状语时，要用固定的强调句型：It is（was）notuntil.that.注意此时原句的notuntil要变成notuntil,that从句中的谓语动词要用肯定式。如：My father didn*t e home until 12 oclock lastnight.It was not until 12 oclock last night that myfather came home.I didn t realize she was a famous film staruntil she took off her dark glasses.It was not until she took off her dark glassesthat I realized she was a famous film star.5)原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来的各种时态，用 Itisthat(who);如果原句谓语动词是过去各种时态，则用It was that(who)6)在强调一般疑问句中的某一成分时，主句要用一般疑问句的语序。that后面的原句其余部分在移走了被强调部分后词序及词形都不可以改动。如：Did this happen in Beijing?Was it in Beijing that this happened?7)特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以强调，其强调结构是 疑问词+is(was)it that.?如：Where were you born?Where was it that you were born?8)强调句型容易和句型It is/was+名词+that名词从句混淆。如果把构成强调句型结构的词It is(was)that(who)，去掉，被强调部分归位后，应该能够形成一个完整的句子(这也是判断是否是强调句型的方法)。但后者的It is/wasthat是不可去掉的，否则that前的名词就找不到位置，原句也不再成立，如下面这个句子如去掉Itis/wasthat就不再完整：It was the rule of the school that the pupilsshould wear their school uniforms.强调句型还容易跟It is/was+形容词+that名词从句这一句型混淆。如：It is clear(obvious,true,possible,certain.）that.该句型中i t 是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句，常译为 清楚（显然，真的，肯定）”是主语从句最常见的一种结构。It is very clear that he s round and tall like atree.That he s round and tall like a tree is veryclear.9）强调句可以用作宾语从句。如：He told me that it was because he was late forclass that he was punished.I really can t remember where it was that Ifirst met the man.10）强调句型可有如下变体：It is/was变成 情态动词+be”o 如：It may be my bike that he is riding.It must have been the manager that spoke to you.11）与疑问词连用构成特殊疑问句和感叹句。如：Whom was it that Mr.Smith saw in the parkyesterday?Why is it that silver is not widely used as aconductor?What a beautiful picture it is that you havedrawn!12）被强调的名词或代词可带有一个定语从句。如:Was it Bill,who plays football well,that helpedthe blind man cross the road?It was in the school,where(or：in which)I oncestudied,that we hold a party.Was it in the house,which we visited last year,that the murder happened?二、用助动词do或其变化形式does,did来强调句中谓语动词，用来加强陈述句和祈使句的语气，译 作“的确”，“一定”，“确实”。如：He did send you a letter last week.We re pleased that she does intend to e.Do write to me when you get there.三、用倒装句来加强语气。如：O nly in this way can we solve this problem.Never will China be the first to use nuclearweapons.P roud as these nobles are,they are afraid to seeme.In front of the farmhouse there sat a little boy.四、用形容词，副词或者否定词very,never,ever,even,still,single,simply,just,only,too 等来表示强调。如：At that very monent he heard a cry for help.I cant even remember the name of that old friendof mine.Not a single person has been in the office thisafternoon.You are the only person here who can speakChinese.This is just what I wanted.五、用 what引导的名词性从句或wh-疑问词+ever构成的复合词引导的状语从句来强调从句中的主语，宾语或状语等。如:What Mary does every day is to give piano lessons.Whenever you e to me,you can e right in.六、反复使用同一个词来加强语气，可反复使用词的一般是动词，副词，形容词和名词。如：He worked(and)worked until late at night.They walked for miles and miles.I11 never,never forget you.七、用 at all,in every way，“in noway,“by all meansw,“by no meansn,“onlytoo”,“all too,but too,in heaven”,“inthe worldr,“in hell”,“on earthw,“under thesun”等来加强疑问或否定语气。如：Where in the world did you go just now?What on earth are you doing?Shes not in the least angry with me.The clerk is not at all fit for the post.八、用感叹句来表示强烈的感情，突出说话人的情感。如：How interesting a story it is!九、用反身代词表示强调。如：I myself will see her off at the station.You can do it well yourself.十、用破折号、黑体字也可以表示强调，加强语气：Its because of hard work-ten years of hard work.24、虚拟语气1）概念虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。2）在条件句中的应用条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。真实条件句真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中i f 是如果的意思。时态关系句型：条件从句主句一般现在时shall/will+动词原形If he es,he will bring his violin.非真实条件句D 时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。a.同现在事实相反的假设。句 型：条件从句主句一般过去时should(would)+动词原形If they were here,they would help you.b.表示于过去事实相反的假设。句型：条件从句主句过去完成时should(would)have+过去分词If she had worked harder,she would havesucceeded.The rice would not have been burnt if you hadbeen more careful.If my lawyer had been here last Saturday,hewould have prevented me from going.If he had e yesterday,I should/would have toldhim about it.含义：He did not e yesterday,so I did not tellhim about it.If he had not been ill and missed many classes,he would have made greater progress.含义：He was ill and missed many lessons,so hedid not make greater progress.c.表示对将来的假想句型：条件从句主句一般过去时should+动词原形were+不定式would+动词原形should+动词原形If you succeeded,everything would be all right.If you should succeed,everything would be allright.If you were to succeed,everything would be allright.混合条件句主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。If you had asked him yesterday,you would knowwhat to do now.（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）If it had rained last night（过去），it would bevery cold today（现在）.虚拟条件句的倒装虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were,should,或 had,可将if省略，再把were,should或 h a d 移到从句句首，实行倒装。Were they here now,they could help us.=If they were here now,they could help us.Had you e earlier,you would have met him=If you had e earlier,you would have met him.Should it rain,the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain,the crops would be saved.注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were,不用w a s,即在从句中be用 were代替。If I were you,I would go to look for him.如果我是你，就会去找他。If he were here,everything would be all right.如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。特殊的虚拟语气词：should1)It is demanded/necessary/a pity+that结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should加动词原形，should可省略。句型：(1)suggestedIt is important that+(should)do(3)a pity(1)suggested,ordered,proposed,required,demanded,requested,insisted；+(should)do(2)important,necessary,natural,strangea pity,a shame,no wonder(3)It is suggested that we(should)hold ameeting next week.It is necessary that he(should)e to our meetingtomorrow.2）在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。order,suggest,propose,require,demand,request,insist,mand,insist+(should)doI suggest that we(should)hold a meeting nextweek.He insisted that he(should)be sent there.注意：如 suggest,insist不表示“建议”或“坚持要某人做某事时“，即它们用于其本意“暗示、表明”、“坚持认为“时，宾语从句用陈述语气。The guard at gate insisted that everybody obeythe rules.判断改错：(错)You pale face suggests that you(should)beill.(对)Your pale face suggests that you are ill.(错)1 insisted that you(should)be wrong.(对)1 insisted that you we