新视野大学英语4.pdf
Unit 3,book4Longing for a New Welfare SystemPeriod：2 periodsTeaching objectives:Students should be able to1.master new words,phrases and expressions used in the text.(Put the stress on the wordbuilding,collocation and the usage of the phrases and expressions)2.understand the text correctly and grasp the main idea3.learn about the sentence structure and the text structure4.conduct a series of reading,listening speaking,translating and writing activities concerningthe theme of the textTeaching ProcedureA.Pre-reading Activity lOminutes)1.Who are the main characters in the text?(Pair work)(John Callahan:welfare client;Suzanne:social worker/caseworker)2.From the title,Longing for a New Welfare System can you predict what the author will talkabout?1).Problems of the present welfare system;2)new system3.Which part does the author give more space?(first one)4.Background information of the textSocial welfare：Public assistance programs,commonly called“welfare，provide cash or in-kind benefits forparticular categories of the financially needy.The U.S.welfare system operates on both the federaland state levels.The federal welfare program is known as Social Security that provides benefits orassistance for childcare,disability,food and medical assistance(also known as Medicaid).Thestate welfare programs,on the other hand,provide assistance to both individuals and localcommunities with state schooling and social insurance.U.S.welfare programs grew significantlyin the decades following World War II,but increases in welfare costs during the 1960s and 1970sbrought into question the extent and quality of public assistance.In the early 1980s the ReaganAdministration reduced welfare expenditures and suggested turning responsibility for welfarefunding over to the states.The cuts in federal funding that took effect during the ReaganAdministration did in fact effectively place the responsibility for maintaining funding levels on thestates and,in some cases,on the larger cities.The result has been a widening of the alreadyexisting disparities in social services spending between states,and between cities and regionswithin a state.Social welfare is an integrated part of a countrys social policy.The website offers definitionsof such concepts as welfare and welfare state and discussions on welfare systems of othercountries(in addition to the U.S.).B.While-reading Activity1 Ask students some sign post questions to each paragraph to see how well the studentsunderstand each paragraph and train Ss skimming ability.(Some of the questions are on P.66Comprehension of the text)2 Language Points:A welfare client is supposed to cheat.(Para.1)Meaning:People believe that a welfare client cheats/is cheating.be supposed to:1)be generally believed or expected to be or doI havent seen it myself,but its supposed to be a great movie.我还没有看过这部影片，但据说它挺不错的。Shes supposed to have had five hundred pairs of shoes.据说她有 500 双鞋。2)be expected or required to do or be sth.according to a rule,a custom,an arrangement,etc.Youre supposed to buy a ticket,though not many people do.尽管没有多少人买票，但你应该买。Youre supposed to ask the teacher if you want to leave the room.如果你要离开教室，得跟老师说。Faced with sharing a dinner of raw pet food with the cat,many people in wheelchairs I knowbleed the system for a few extra dollars.(Para.l)Meaning:In the face of sharing uncooked pet food with the cat,many of my wheel-chairedacquaintances have to lie about their circumstances,thus getting a little extra money from welfaregivers.face with：meet(sth.bad or difficult)Faced with the evidence,he had to confess.面对证据，他不得不坦白。,bleed the system for a few extra dollars.(Para.l)Meaning:force the system to pay a few extra dollarsI have opted to live a life of complete honesty.So instead,I go out and drum up some business anddraw cartoons.(Para.2)Meaning:I have chosen to live a completely honest life.So I dont lie to get some extra welfaremoney,but I go out and try hard to get some business and draw cartoons.opt to do sth.:choose to do sth.;decide to do sth.in preference to anything elseWhen he left school,he opted to go to college and study for a degree,rather than getting a jobstraight away.毕业后他选择上大学读学位，而不是直接工作。drum up some business.(Para.2)drum up:try hard to get support,customers,business,etc.He had flown to the north of the country to drum up support for the campaign,他飞到该国北方去为竞选争取支持。The department store is offering big discounts to drum up business.这家百货商店正提供很大的折扣来招揽生意。Oh,Fm tempted to get paid under the table.(Para.2)Meaning:I feel a desire to make money secretly/to be paid without being known toothers.under the table:in a secret wayThey were charged with taking money under the table.他们被指控私下拿钱。Capitals will be the major consideration under table.资金将是需私下考虑的主要内容。Note:This expression is used mainly in American English;the usual British expression is underthe counter0.But even if I yielded to that temptation,big magazines are not going to get involved in somesticky situation.(Para.2)Meaning:But even if I couldnt resist/gave in to that temptation and wanted to be paid withoutbeing known to caseworkers,big magazines I am working for wont agree to get themselves intotrouble by telling lies for my sake.yield to:1)stop resisting(sth.)I yielded to an impulse.我听凭一时的冲动行事了。The government refused to yield to the hostage takers1 demand.政府拒绝答应人质挟持者的要求。2)(formal)be replaced by sth.Old-fashioned methods yielded to new technology.老式的方法已被新技术所取代。Radio has long been under pressure to yield to television.收音机长期处于被电视机取代的压力之中。Very high-profile.(Para.2)Meaning:The big magazines appear to be open and above-board as they honestly report to thewelfare caseworkers the amount of money I make.Please note the sarcastic tone of the writer.When we refer to somebody as a high-profile person or something as a high-profile event,wemean they attract a lot of attention or publicityDeep down,caseworkers know that they are being made fools of by many of their clients,andthey feel they are entitled to have clients bow to them as compensation.(Para.3)Meaning:In their true feelings,caseworkers know that their clients are fooling them for extramoney,and,in return,they feel they have the right to get these welfare beneficiaries to behavehumbly.deep down:in sb.s true feeling;in fact rather than by appear under the tableDeep down(inside you),I know you love me really.在你心底里，我知道你是真心爱我的。He knew,deep down,that he would have to admit his guill.他心里明白他将不得不认罪。they are being made fools of by many of their clients.(Para.3)make a fool of sb.:trick sb.into behaving foolishlyHed been made a fool o f,他被人骗 了。Your brother is making a fool of you.你兄弟在愚弄你。Compare:make a fool of oneself:behave in a way that makes other people think that one issilly or lacking in good judgmentHe was drinking and making a fool of himself.他喝酒时，出尽了 洋相。feel they are entitled to have clients.(Para.3)be entitled to:have the right to have or do sth.You will be entitled to your pension when you reach 6 5.你至I 65 岁时，可以享受养老金。Everyone entitled to his or her own opinion.每个人都有权发表自己的意见。She read a poem entitled The Apple Tree.她读了一首名为 苹果树的诗歌。Fm not being bitter.(Para.3)Meaning:I am not feeling angry deliberately/on purpose.The structure“be being+adjective/noun“is used to talk about action and behavior.Youre being stupid.(=Youre doing stupid things.)I was being very careful.(=I was doing something very carefully.)We do not use this structure to talk about feelings.For example：Im happy just now.(Not Im being happy just now.)I was very depressed when you phoned.(Not I was being depressed.)a detective in shorts.(Para.3)shorts:n.trousers that end above the knees or reach the knees,which is oftenworn by children or by adults in hot weather,and when relaxing or playing sportstennis shorts网球短裤She put on a pair of shorts and a T-shirt.她穿上运动短裤和 T 恤衫。,saw some new posters pasted on the wall.(Para.4)see sth.doneCompare:see sb.do(doing)sth.This was my cue to beg.(Para.7)Meaning:This remark was a signal made by Suzanne for me to ask for forgiveness.,I talked back.(Para.7)talk back:answer sb.rudely,esp.sb.in authorityDont talk back.It*s rude.别顶嘴，不礼貌。Children who talk back are regarded as cheeky and disrespectful.顶嘴的孩子被认为是又厚脸皮又不懂礼貌。Suzanne tries to lecture me about repairs.(Para.9)lecture:v.criticize sb.or tell them how one thinks they should behave,esp.when it isdone in an annoying wayDont start lecturing m e!别开始教训我!He*s always lecturing me about the way I dress.他老说我穿着不得体。n.a long angry talk that sb.gives to one person or a group of people when theyhave done sth.wrongI know I should stop smoking-dont give me a lecture about it.我知道我应该戒烟别跟我长篇大论。,which is always breaking down.(Para.9)break down:(of a machine or vehicle)stop working because of a faultThe telephone system has broken dow n.电话线路出故障了。The car broke down on the way to the airport,and I had to get a taxi.轿车在去飞机场的途中抛锚了，我只好叫了一辆出租车。Eve heard that you put a lot more miles on that wheelchair than average.(Para.9)Meaning:Ive heard that you use your wheelchair more often than the average clientsdo.No wonder thats why your wheelchair is always breaking down.Fm an active worker,not a vegetable.(Para.10)vegetable:n.1)(figurative)a person who is physically alive but not capable of much mental or physicalactivity,for example because of an accident or illness(This usage can be offensive.)Severe brain damage turned him into a vegetable.严重的大脑损伤使他变成了植物人。2)a person who has a boring lifeSince losing my job Fve felt like a vegetable.丢了 工作后,我觉得人都变呆 了。,so I can get around in a wheelchair.(Para.10)get around:(BrE also get about)move from place to place or from person to personShe gets around with the help of a stick.她拄着拐杖，四处走动。Bad news gets around quickly.坏消息传播得很快。Government cuts in welfare have resulted in hunger and suffering.(Para.11)result in:make sth.happenThe cyclone has resulted in many thousands of deaths.这场龙卷风使几千人丧生。These policies resulted in many elderly and disabled people suffering hardship.这些政策导致许多老年人和残疾人生活艰难。She looked into every corner in search of unreported appliances,.(Para.13)look into:examinePolice are looking into the disappearance of two children.警察正在调查两名儿童失踪的事情。in search of:looking forMany of the refugees are traveling to the north of the region in search of food and shelter.许多难民正奔向该地区北部，寻找食物和庇护所。but there was always a thick pile of forms to fill out at the end of each visit,accounting for everypenny.(Para.13)Meaning:.but I had to fill out a lot of forms at the end of each visit,explaining how I spent themoney I had got from the welfare system.fill out:(also fill in)complete(a form,etc.)by writing informationThe policeman filled out a parking ticket.警察填好张违章停车罚款单。account for:be or give a reason for(sth.or doing sth.)He accounted for the missing items as lost but found them later.他解释说那些不见了 的东西丢失了，但后来又找到了。I find it very difficult to account for the fact that two of our best students failed the exam.我觉得很难解释为什么两名最好的学生考试不及格。,building up my market.(Para.14)build up:create or developShes built up a very successful business.她建立起一家成功的企业。Weve built up good relationships with our clients.我们与客户建立了 良好的关系。Its impossible to jump off welfare.(Para.14)Meaning:It is not possible to shift away from welfare and depend on oneself all of asudden.,not have to go through an embarrassing situation.(Para.14)go through:experience or sufferHe would go through fire and water for his country.为 了国家他赴汤蹈火也在所不惜。He has already gone through many sufferings.他已经受了 许多苦难。There needs to be a lawyer who can act as a champion for the rights of welfare clients,because thesystem so easily lends itself to abuse by the welfare givers as well as by the clients.(Para.15)Meaning:Welfare clients need a lawyer who can enthusiastically support,defend and fight fortheir rights,as the system can be so easily abused by both parties thewelfare givers and the clients.There needs to be a lawyer who can act as a champion for the rights of welfare clients,.(Para.15)Notice the word“there”is followed by the verb“needs”.Some other verbs can also be usedin this way.For example:There seems to be some problems.Could you be quiet?There happens to be a lecture going on.There tends to be jealousy when a new little brother or sister comes along.In a small town in Germany there once lived a poor shoemaker.There remains nothing more to be done.Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black.There followed an uncomfortable silence.With some verbs(e.g.say,think,feel,report,understand,presume),the passive structure ispossible with“there”.There are thought to be more than 3,000 different languages in the world.There was said to be disagreement between the Prime Minister and the Home Secretary.so easily lends itself to abuse.(Para.15)lend oneself to:be easily used for a particular activity or resultHer voice doesnt really lend itself well to blues singing.她的嗓音不太适合唱蓝调歌曲。Some problems do not lend themselves to financial solutions.有些问题不适合用钱来解决。sit on:be an official member of a group of people that represent or control an organizationShe sat on the companys board for five years.她在公司的董事会当了 5 年董事。He sits on a number of committees.他是好儿个委员会的委员。How many people sit on the commission?这个委员会有多少委员？one step at a time?(Para.16)one/a step at a time:going slowlyLets take things a/one step at a tim e.让我们一步一步地做这些事。One step at a time,youll finally go through the whole thing.慢慢来，你会做完整件事的。Someday people like me will thrive under a new system that will encourage them,not seek toconvict them of cheating.(Para.17)Meaning:One day in the future,disabled people like me living on welfare will do well and getsuccessful if the old system is transformed into a new one that encourages its clients instead ofseeking to prove them to be cheating.not seek to convict them of cheating.(Para.17)convict sb.ofHe was convicted of fraud/robbery/th e ft.他被判犯有诈骗罪/抢劫罪/盗窃n.a person who has been found guilty of a crime and sent to prisonan escaped convict 一 名逃犯Compare:accuse,chargeIf you accuse somebody of doing something wrong,you say that they did it.For example,somebody can be accused of being dishonest,or of having a fault like laziness.If somebody hasdone something against the law,they can be accused of a crime and put on trial in a court of law.When the police charge somebody or charge him or her with committing a crime,they formallyaccuse them of it.The police charge a person with a crime when they have evidence that theperson was responsible for it.You can also charge somebody with things like not doing their dutyor lying.You do not use charge1 when referring to minor faults.Understanding Figurative LanguageIn Unit 5,Book 2,we mentioned many different ways of using figurative language.a)Similes(明喻，直喻).These are figurative expressions that directly compare one thing toanother by using the words as or like.b)Metaphors(暗喻),in which comparisons are only implied,without using as,like and the like.c)Personification(拟人)，figurative expressions which compare non-human things to humans.Of course,there are many more figures of speech than has been mentioned.Here are some tips for you to recogni
