新概念英语第一册全部语法.pdf

新概念英语第一册全部语法一,时态：i般现在时，现在进行时，i般过去时，现在完成时，一般将来时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时1.一般现在时表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。U 含有b e 动词的句子H e i s a t e a c h e r.T h e g i r l i s v e r y b e a u t i f u l.T i m a n d J a c k a r e s t u d e n t s.变疑问句将b e 动词移到句首I s h e a t e a c h e r?I s t h e g i r l v e r y b e a u t i f u l?Ar e T i m a n d J a c k s t u d e n t s?变否定句在b e 动词后面加n o tH e i s n o t a t e a c h e r.T h e g i r l i s n o t v e r y b e a u t i f u l.T i m a n d J a c k a r e n o t s t u d e n t s.肯定回答及否定回答Y e s,h e i s.No,h e i s n o t.Y e s,s h e i s.No,s h e i s n o t.Y e s,t h e y a r e.No,t h e y a r e n o t.u不含有动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子第三人称单数及单数名词He likes books.She likes him.The dog likes bones.变疑问句在句首加d o e s,动词变为原型Does he like books?Does she like him?Does the dog like bones?变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn t,动词变为原型He doesn,t like books.She doesn t like him.The dog doesn t like bones.肯定回答及否定回答：Yes,he does.No,he doesnJ t.Yes,she does.No,she doesn tYes,it does.No,it doesn t.注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S,不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。其他人称及复数名词I want to have a bath.W e have some meat.The students like smart teachers.变疑问句在句首加doDo you want to have a bath?Do we have any meat?Do the students like smart teachers?变否定句在主语和动词之间加don t.You don,t want to have a bath.We don,t have any meat.The students don t like smart teachers.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I do.No,I don t.Yes,we do.No,we don,tYes,they do.No,they don t.2.现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。构成：主语+b e 动词+动词的现在分词+其它成分（现在分词的构成见附录）We are having lunch.He is reading a book.The dog is running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Are we having lunch?Is he reading a book?Is the dog running after a cat?Are the boys swimming across the river?变否定句在be动词后面加notWe are not having lunch.He is not reading a book.The dog is not running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.特殊疑问句：what,which,how,where,who,etc.疑问词+动词+主语+现在分词What are you doing?What is she doing?What is the dog doing?（必背）没有进行时的动词表示状态，思想，感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作1.表示感觉，感官的词see,hear,like,love,want,2.have,has当“拥有”讲时没有进行时3.一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或事件，常和表示过去的时间状语连用I,$11 yesterday,last night,the day before yesterday,3 days ago,含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，am,is的过去式为was,are的过去式为wereI was at the butcherJ s.Y o u w e r e a s t u d e n t a y e a r a g o.T h e t e a c h e r w a s v e r y b e a u t i f u l t e n y e a r s a g o.变疑问句将b e 动词移动到句首W e r e y o u a t t h e b u t c h e r s?W e r e y o u a s t u d e n t a y e a r a g o?W a s t h e t e a c h e r v e r y b e a u t i f u l t e n y e a r s a g o?变否定句在b e 动词后面加n o tI w a s n o t a t t h e b u t c h e r s.Y o u w e r e n o t a s t u d e n t a y e a r a g o.T h e t e a c h e r w a s n o t v e r y b e a u t i f u l t e n y e a r s a g o.肯定回答否定回答Y e s,I w a s.No,I w a s n o t.Y e s,y o u w e r e.No,y o u w e r e n o t.Y e s,h e/s h e w a s.No,h e/s h e w a s n o t.特殊疑问句：W h a t d i d y o u d o?（必背）不含有b e 动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，动词过去式构成见附录I f i n i s h e d m y h o m e w o r k y e s t e r d a y.T h e b o y w e n t t o a r e s t a u r a n t.T h e S a w y e r s l i v e d a t K i n g S t r e e t a y e a r a g o.变疑问句在句首加d i d,动词变为原型Di d y o u f i n i s h y o u r h o m e w o r k y e s t e r d a y?Di d t h e b o y g o t o a r e s t a u r a n t?Di d t h e S a w y e r s 1 i v e a t K i n g S t r e e t a y e a r a g o?变否定句在主语和动词之间加d i d n o tI d i d n o t f i n i s h m y h o m e w o r k y e s t e r d a y.T h e b o y d i d n o t g o t o a r e s t a u r a n t.T h e S a w y e r s d i d n o t l i v e a t K i n g S t r e e t a y e a r a g o.肯定回答及否定回答Y e s,I d i d.No,I d i d n,t.Y e s,h e d i d.No,h e d i d n,t.Y e s,t h e y d i d.No,t h e y d i d n o t.4.现在完成时构成：主语+助动词h a v e,h a s+过去分词用法：1）表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和j u s t,u s u a l l y,a l r e a d y,s i n c e等时间副词连用I h a v e j u s t h a d l u n c h.（饱了，不用再吃了）H e h a s h a d a c u p o f t e a.（不渴了，不用再喝）T h e y h a v e a l r e a d y h a d t h e i r h o l i d a y.（不能再度假了）T h e b o y h a s a l r e a d y r e a d t h e b o o k.（已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）2）询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：H a v e y o u f i n i s h e d y o u r h o m e w o r k?H a v e y o u b e e n t o Be i j i n g?H a v e h e s e e n t h e f i l m?3）表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked for this school for 1 year.4）表示一种经历，经验：去过地方，做过事情，经历过事情I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film.I have never been to cinema.I have ever been to Paris.Have been to 表示去过，have gone to 表示去了I have been to London.（人已经回来）He has gone to London.（人还在那里）5）表示一种结果，一般不和时间副词联用I have lost my pen.I have hurt myself.He has become a teacher.She has broken my heart.句型变化：变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加not.e.g.Have you lost your pen?I have not lost my pen.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I have.No,I have not.特殊疑问句：What have you done?W h a t h a s h e d o n e?一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用错：I v e l e f t Be i j i n g f o r 3 d a y s.对.：I l e f t Be i j i n g 3 d a y s a g o.1 h a v e b e e n a w a y f r o m b e i n g f o r 3 d a y s.5.一般将来时表示将来将要发生的动作，经常和t o m o r r o w,n e x t y e a r,t h e d a y a f t e r t o m o r r o w,t h ey e a r a f t e r t h e n e x t,i n f i v e h o u r s *t i m e,e t c.表示将来的词联用结构：主语+助动词w i 1+动词原形I w i l l g o t o Am e r i c a t o m o r r o w.T h e p i l o t w i l l f l y t o J a p a n t h e m o n t h a f t e r t h e n e x t.J a c k w i l l m o v e i n t o h i s n e w h o u s e t o m o r r o w m o r n i n g.变疑问句将助动词移到句首W i l l y o u g o t o Am e r i c a t o m o r r o w?W i l l t h e p i l o t f l y t o J a p a n t h e m o n t h a f t e r t h e n e x t?W i l l J a c k m o v e i n t o h i s n e w h o u s e t o m o r r o w m o r n i n g?变否定句在助动词后面加n o tI w i l l n o t g o t o Am e r i c a t o m o r r o w.T h e p i l o t w i l l n o t f l y t o J a p a n t h e m o n t h a f t e r t h e n e x t.J a c k w i l l n o t m o v e i n t o h i s n e w h o u s e t o m o r r o w m o r n i n g肯定回答及否定回答Y e s,I w i l l.No,I w i l l n o t.Yes,he/she will.No,he/she will not.Yes,he will.No,he will not.特殊疑问句：What will you do?6.过去完成时：用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。结构：had+过去分词After she had finished her homework,she went shopping.They had sold the car before I asked the price.The train had left before I arrived at the station.After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。变疑问句将助动词移到句首Had she finished her homework?变否定句在助动词后面加notShe hadn,t finished her homework.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,she had.No,she hadn,t.特殊疑问句：What had she done?7.过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作，经常用在when,while,as引导的状语从句中。结构：was/were+doingWhen my husband was going into the dining room this morning,he dropped some coinson the floor.While we were having dinner,my father was watching TV.8.过去将来时结构：would doShe said she would go here the next morning.二.特殊句型：there b e 句型，be going t o 结构1.Be going to 结构表示打算，准备，计划做某事结构：主语+be动 词+going to+动词原型I am going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Are you going to make a bookcase?Are they going to paint it?Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?变否定句在be动词后面加notI am not going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I am.No,I am not.Yes,they are.No,they are not.Yes,he is.No,he is not.特殊疑问句What are you going to do?What are they going to do?What is the father going to do?（必背）2.There be 句型表示哪里有什么东西（某处有某物）u There is+单数名词+表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）There is a book in this room.There is a pen on the tableu There are+复数名词+表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）There are two pens on the table.There are three schools there.变疑问句将be动词移到句首Is there a book in this room?Are there two pens on the table?变否定句在动词后面加notThere is not a book in this room.There are not two pens on the table.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,there is.No,there is not.Yes,there are.No,there are not.三.问句：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句，选择疑问句，否定疑问句2 一般疑问句：助动词/be动词+主语Are you a teacher?Do you want to have a cup of tea?2 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句What is your name?2 选择疑问句：orDo you want beef or lamb?2 反意疑问句：肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分，否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分You don,t need that pen,do you?2 否定疑问句：一般疑问句+否定词Aren t you lucky?Don*t you want have a rest?四.冠词用法：a/an/the的一般用法详细见笔记五.限定词：some,any,many,much2 some,a ny修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some2 many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用many,much,而用a lot of,在否定句中表示很多用many,much.I have a lot of money.I don,t have much money.六.名词：种类，复数，名词所有格1.名词分为可数名词和不可数名词2不可数名词无法分开的东西：water,tea,bread,milk,rice（米）抽象的东西：love,beauty,coldness（寒冷）不可数名词有以卜.特点：1 不能用a,an修饰1 不能加s1 和单数be动词或动词搭配2 可数名词：单数可数名词要用冠词修饰，复数可数名词要在名词后面加s,名词复数共有以下几种变化:规则变化的名词复数形式规 则1一般情况+se.g.sh ellf shells bookf books规则2以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾+ese.g.fox-*foxes church-*churches,bus-abuses,watch-*watches规则3以o结尾+s或+ese.g.potato-*potatoes,Negrof Negroes,hero-*heroes,tomato-*tomatoes,（口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿），剩下一般加s,rad io-*radios规则4以f,fe结尾的，变f,fe为vese.g.life-*lives half-*halves,shelfshelves,city-cities,wife-*wives规则5以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i+ese.g.s k y-s k i e s f l y f l i e s不规则变化的名词复数形式单数m a nw o m a nf o o tg o o s et o o t h复数m e nw o m e nf e e tg e e s et e e t h单数c h i l ds h e e pd e e rm o u s ef i s h复数c h i l d r e ns h e e pd e e rm i c ef i s h七.介词（注意总结书上词组）八.副 闻：用法及形容词变副词的变化U 副词可以修饰形容词，动词，副词或整个句子。如:T h e b o o k i s v e r y g o o d.H e r u n s f a s t.S h e c a m e h e r e qu i t e e a r l y.C e r t a i n l y I w i l l g o w i t h y o u.u 变化：1.直接在形容词后加T y,c a r e f u l-c a r e f u l l y,s l o w-s l o w l y,2.以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把 y 变 I,加 T y,h a p p y-h a p p i l y,1 u c k y-1 u c k i l y3.有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化f a s t,h a r d,l a t e4.有些词加上Ty后意思与原词相差很远：n e a r y-n e a r l y,h i g h-h i g h l y,l a t e-l a t e l y,九.情态动词的使用：c a n,m u s t,m a y,m i g h t,n e e d,1.情态动词c a n （能够）,m u s t （必须），m a y （可以）结构：主语+c a n/m u s t/m a y+动词原型H e c a n m a k e t h e t e a.S a l l y c a n a i r t h e r o o m.W e c a n s p e a k E n g l i s h.变疑问句将情态动词移到句首C a n h e m a k e t h e t e a?C a n S a l l y a i r t h e r o o m?C a n w e s p e a k E n g l i s h?变否定句在情态动词后面加n o tH e c a n n o t m a k e t h e t e a.S a l l y c a n n o t a i r t h e r o o m.W e c a n n o t s p e a k E n g l i s h.肯定回答及否定回答Y e s,h e c a n.N o,h e c a n n o t.Y e s,s h e c a n.N o,s h e c a n n o t.Y e s,w e c a n.N o,w e c a n n o t.特殊疑问句：W h a t c a n y o u d o?（必背）注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加S。2.M u s t/h a v e t o 的区别m u s t 表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，h a v e t o 是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做m u s t 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而 h a v e t o d o 可以用在任何时态3.m u s t,m a y,m i g h t 表示猜测：u m u s t d o 表示对现在事实的猜测u m u s t h a v e d o n e 表示对过去事实的猜测u m u s t h a v e b e e n d o i n g 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测u m a y/m i g h t d o,m a y/m i g h t h a v e d o n e 表示没有任何事实依据的猜测，m i g h t 的可能性更小。u c a n t/c o u l d n,t表示不可能4.n e e d 用法：u表 示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式:I n e e d a p e n.D o y o u n e e d a n y b e e r?N o,I d o n t.I n e e d t o h a v e a r e s t.u N e e d d o i n g=n e e d t o b e d o n e,表示被动T h e f l o w e r s n e e d w a t e r i n g.u N e e d 在否定时做情态动词使用Y o u n e e d n t g o s o e a r l y.=Y o u d o n,t n e e d t o g o s o e a r l y.M u s t I c l e a n t h e d e s k r i g h t n o w?N o,y o u n e e d ny t.十.不定代词及不定副词：S o m ea n yn oe v e r y t h i n gs o m e t h i n ga n y t h i n gn o t h i n ge v e r y t h i n go n es o m e o n ea n y o n ea n y t h i n ge v e r y o n ew h e r es o m e w h e r ea n y w h e r ea n y w h e r ee v e r y w h e r eb o d ys o m e b o d ya n y b o d yn o b o d ye v e r y b o d yI l o o k e d f o r m y b o o k e v e r y w h e r e,b u t I c a n t f i n d i t a n y w h e r e.If y o u w a n t g o s o m e w h e r e,i f y o u w a n t t o b e s o m e o n e,y o u m u s t w a k e u p.He l p!S o m e b o d y?A n y b o d y?Y o u a r e r e a l l y s o m e t h i n g.S i n c e e v e r y b o d y i s h e r e,l e t s b e g i n o u r c l a s s.W h e r e d i d y o u g o?I w e n t n o w h e r e.N o b o d y i s a t h o m e.I h a v e n o t h i n g l e f t.H-一.感叹句：u W h a t +名词+主语+谓语W h a t a b e a u t i f u l g i r l s h e i s!u Ho w +形容词+主语+谓语Ho w b e a u t i f u l t h e g i r l i s!十 二.祈 使 句：1 第二人称：1 l e t+其他人称代词1 祈使句的否定，加 d o n t1 反意疑问祈 使 句（第二人称）祈使句表示请求，命令，建议，邀请等，谓语动词一律用原型，句子中通常不用主语，句末用惊叹好或者句号，用降调。肯定句动词原型伊 i j,C o m e h e r e,p l e a s e.Go d o w n s t a i r s,p l e a s e.S t a n d u p.S i t d o w n.B e q u i e t.B ec a r e f u l.祈使句中如果有唤语，一定要用逗号隔开，放在句首或者句尾C o m e i n,A m y.S i t d o w n h e r e,T o m.M a r y,g i v e m e a b o o k p l e a s e.否定：D o n t+动词原型D o n,t c o m e h e r e.D o n,t s i t d o w n.D o n t s t a n d u p.D o n,t g i v e m e i t.l e t s b.d oLe t m e p a s s.Le t u s h a v e a r e s t.Le t s h a v e a r e s t.（反意疑问）：Le t s h a v e a w a l k a l o n g t h e r i v e r,s h a l l w e?Le t u s g o o u t f o r a d r i n k,w i l l y o u?十三.倒装句：s o/n e i t h e r 的倒装e g.He c a n s w i m.S o c a n I.I d i d n t g o t o c l a s s.N e i t h e r d i d I.结构:s o/n e i t h e r+b e+主语s o/n e i t h e r+助动词+主语s o/n e i t h e r+情态动词+主语一般现在时，d o,d o e s/a m,i s,a r e现在进行时，a m,i s,a r e一 一 般过去时，d i d现在完成时，h a v e,h a s一般将来时，w i l l,s h a l l,过去进行时，w a s,w e r e过去完成时，h a d过去将来时，w o u l d十四.直接引语/间接引语如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态，人称，时间地点及指示词u 时态变化：一般现在时-般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时b e g o i n g t o-w a s/w e r e g o i n g t o/w o u l dc a n-c o u l dm a y-m i g h tu时间地点及指示词的变化:h e r e 一t h e r e,t o m o r r o w 一t h e n e x t d a y,t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y,t h i s 一t h a t U 人称变化：根据句意改变人称。十五.直接宾语/间接宾语主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务，也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。He g i v e s m e a b o o k.m e 间接宾语，a b o o k 直接宾语直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词t o 或 f o r主语+及物动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语Gi v e m e a b o o k.Gi v e t h e b o o k t o m e.S e n d h i s a l e t t e r.S e n d a l e t t e r t o h i m.S h o w h i m t h e n e w d r e s s.S h o w t h e n e w d r e s s t o h i m.十六.从句：宾语从句，定语从句（限定性），表语从句，状语从句（i f 引导的真实条件句）u 宾语从句：如果宾语从句的主句中的动词为过去时，那么宾语从句中的时态要和主句统一；如果宾语从句为疑问词引导，那么语序要用陈述语序，即主语在前，动词在后。u 定语从句：U表语从句:u状语从句（i f 引导的真实条件句）：主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时W h a t w i l l y o u d o i f y o u w i n a l o t o f m o n e y?If i t r a i n s t o m o r r o w,I w i l l s t a y a t h o m e.十七.动词不定式做宾语及宾语补语的用法（详细用法请见N EC II）结构：t o d o,用法：可以做除谓语以外的所有成分，语 法 上 称之为非谓语动词。做宾语：在一些动词后常用不定式做宾语,例如：w a n t,l i k e,a s k ,t r y-做宾补：w a n t s b.t o d o,a s k s b.t o d o,l i k e s b.t o d o 附录：代词及b e 动词名词复数动词的第三人称单数形式动词现在分词动词过去式过去式的读音形容词的比较级形容词和副词的最高级代词及b e 动词第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数主格Iweyouyoushe/he/itthey宾格m eusyouyouher/him/itthem代词所有格m youryouryourher/his/itstheir名词性代词mineoursyoursyourshers/his/itstheirsbe动词现在时A marea r ea r ei sa r eb e 动词过去时w a sw e r ew e r ew e r ew a sw e r e名词的复数规则变化的名词复数形式规 则 1一般情况+se.g.s h e l l-s h e l l s t o y t o y s规则2以 s,x,c h,s h 结尾+e se.g.f o x-f o x e s c h u r c h-*c h u r c h e s规则3以 o 结尾s或+e se.g.r a d i o-r a d i o s p o t a t o f p o t a t o e s规则4以 f,f e 结尾的，变 f,f e 为 v e se.g.l i f e-*l i v e s h a l f-h a l v e s规则5以辅音字母+y结尾，变 y 为 i+e se.g.sk ysk i e s stud yf stud i e s动词的第三人称单数形式规 则1一般情况+se.g.l i k e-l i k e s,l ook-l ook s规则2以 s,x,c h,sh 结尾+e se.g.d o d oe s,c a tc h-c a tc h e s规则5以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i+e se.g.c a rry-c a rri e s,f l y-f l i e s动词现在分词规则一一般动词加-i nge.g.l ook l ook i ng,re a d re a d i ng,pl a y pl a yi ng规则二以不发音的字母结尾的单词去e加-i nge.g.m a k e m a k i ng,ta k e ta k i ng,a rri ve a rri vi ng规则三重读闭音节词结尾，即单词中只有