阅读理解（说明文）（解析卷）---2023年中考英语考点详解+专项训练.pdf

专题”螂遂建悠 说明文）41号导90道一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即who f what f when f where-*how f why。l.who:问的是这篇文章的主体是谁?（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）2.what:问的是主体做了什么事情?（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途）3.when和where:是在何时何地发生的?（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途）4.how:通过什么方式表现出来的？5.why:这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。ttsum说明文体裁文章的阅读技巧说明文是以说明为主要表达方式用来说明事物，阐明事理的一种文体。它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性，给人准确的科学知识或正确思想。一般可分为实体事物说明和抽象事物说明两大类，词典、教材、论文、实验报告、产品说明书、广告、解说词及科学小品等都属于说明文。阅读说明文体裁的文章时应首先抓住下面的重要信息：A.说明的对象B.说明对象的特征C.说 明 的 方 法（例证法；定义法；分类法；因果关系法；比较对照法；过程分析法）（1）例证法这是用具体例子来说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律的方法，所用例子必须有代表性、典型性，能体现人或事物的本质特征。这是用特殊来说明一般的方法。通常在主题句后，用Forexample或For instance等短语引导出具体的例子。（2）定义法下定义就是给说明对象一个明确概念。这是科学而严密的说明方法。它既能揭示事物的本质特征，勾勒其大概，描绘其轮廓，同时也能确定事物的范围和界限。下定义是多方面的，可以给人、事物、思想等下定义。(3)分类法分类法是对同属不同类或同类而不同种的人或事物,根据不同性质进行分门别类地说明的方法。分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一。分类必须遵守分类规则,使分类对象具有统一属性，依据同一分类标准，并使分类的子项相互排斥，不互相包蕴。(4)因果关系法事物变化的原因和结果是紧密相关的。如果某个现象的存在必然引起另一个现象的发生,那么，这两个现象之间就具有因果关系。因果关系包括由果推因(由结果去推测原因)和由因推果(由原因去推测结果)两种情况。因果关系符合人们的日常思维逻辑，因而在写作中得到广泛应用，常用 because,as,since,so,now that,if.then,the reason is that 等表示因果关系。(5)比较对照法有意识地把两种相反、相对的事物或同一事物相反、相对的两个方面放在一起,用比较的方法加以描述或说明，指出其相同点,这种写法叫做比较;指出其不同点，叫做对照。比较和对照各有不同的侧重,但两种方法经常结合使用。(6)过程分析法过程分析法就是把事物发展过程分为若干步骤，然后逐一加以分析说明。这种写法在说明文中使用得相当广泛 过程分析与叙事和因果关系等写法有密切关系，但彼此又有明显区别:叙事研究的对象是What happens;因果关系研究的对象是Why it happens,而过程分析研究的对象是 How it happenso41考题5击1、江苏南通中考真题)Thirty-Six StratagemsiM),which show our ancient Chinese wisdom,are our ancientculture treasure.And many of these stratagems can still be put into practice in many fields,such aswar,politics,business and even daily life.The following are four of them.Lefs enjoy the charmof our traditional culture.Stratagem OneWhen a thief is inStratagem TSvoThis stratagem is from ayour house,youd better shut your doors atpoem by Du Fu,a famous poet of the Tangonce in order to prevent him from runningDynasty.A line in the poem reads:To shoot theaway.man on horse-back,shoot his horse first;ToWhy?For our ancient Chinese,therecatch the robbers,capture their leader first.are two reasons.First,if you let yourIn a war if you want to beat the enemy,enemy run away,he will come back.Second,once your enemy succeeds inrunning away,it is dangerous for you tochase him.attack the leader first.Once the leader is caught,their forces will break down and fall into chaos.Stratagem ThreeChinese alwaysbelieve that tigers are more powerful whenthey are in the mountains.Once they leavemountains,they will become less powerful.And there are a few Chinese sayingslinking tigers with mountains.The stratagem advises you not todirectly attack an enemy in his own area.Instead,you should try to make him leavehis place first,making him lose thegeographical advantage.In this way,yourenemy will be beaten easily.Stratagem FourExperienced fishers allknow how to prevent a hooked fish breaking theline.Move the fish line from side to side togradually make the fish calm down and get tired,and then you can catch it easily.In the same way,once your enemy istrapped,he will often struggle,trying to runaway.Leave him the false feeling that he stillhas a chance to run away.When he gets tiredand loses his guard,you can capture him withless difficulty.1.Which of the following describes Stratagem Two?A.Shutting the door to catch the thief.B.Catching your enemys leader first.C.Letting the enemy off to catch him later.D.Tricking the tiger out of the mountain.2.From the stratagems above,we know that.A.it is wise for you to attack enemies in their own placesB.it is impossible for people to make others lose their guardC.it is dangerous to give your enemies a chance to run awayD.it is better to shoot the man on horse-back first not the horse3.Where can we probably read Thirty-Six Stratagems!A.In a guide book.B.In an art book.C.In a science book.D.In a classical book.【答案】1.B 2.C 3.D【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介 绍 三十六计中的四个。1.细节理解题。根据To shoot the man on horse-back,shoot his horse first;To catch the robbers,capture their leader first.”可知，射人先射马，擒贼先擒王。故选B。2.推理判断题。根据First,if you let your enemy run away,he will come back.Second,once yourenemy succeeds in running away,it is dangerous for you to chase him.”可知I,给敌人逃跑的机会是很危险的，故选C。3.推理判断题。本文介绍 三十六计中的四个，所以推测可能在一本古典书里看到，故选 D。2、（2022四川巴中市教育科学研究所中考真题）Embroidery（刺绣）is an important traditional art form in Chinese culture.The most famousembroidery styles are Su embroidery from Suzhou,Shu embroidery from Sichuan,Xiangembroidery from Hunan and Yue embroidery from Guangdong.Shu embroidery has the longesthistory of all.Since modern machines can make cheaper embroidery products today,fewer people buyhand-made Shu embroidery products.There are also very few young embroiderers.The skill isendangered.Meng Dezhi,a national-level inheritor（传承人）of the art form,has been making Shuembroidery for forty years.She used to work at the Chengdu Shu Embroidery Factory.But in2006,the factory went broke and Meng lost her job.Wanting to save the art,Meng wanted to haveher own place and teach Shu embroidery to others.Its hard work.Embroidery takes time and patience.Workers need to divide each silkthread（线）into more than ten or even thirty pieces.Each piece is thinner than a single human hair.In 2016,Baidu invited Meng to make a homepage logo for Qixi Festival.It was a small logo,butit required the use of 45 types of sewing techniques（针法）and 35,000 stitches（针）.Meng is teaching in different universities and communities to save Shu embroidery.Shebelieves that Shu embroidery stands fbr thousands of years of Sichuan culture and should be saved,feel that I have the responsibility to pass on Shu embroidery skills to young people,to let it runfrom generation to generation.She said.4.How many embroidery styles are mentioned in the passage?A.Three.B.Four.C.Five.D.Six.5.Why are the Shu embroidery skills in danger of dying out?A.Because Shu embroidery has the longest history.B.Because embroidery takes time and patience.C.Because the Shu Embroidery Factory went broke.D.Because there are fewer people buying hand-made Shu embroidery products.6.What does the underlined word“broke mean?A.破产 B.损坏 C.违反 D.折断7.How is Meng trying to save Shu embroidery?A.By making more Shu embroidery products.B.By making more logos fbr companies like Baidu.C.By teaching in different universities and communities.D.By encouraging young people to learn the skill.8.What does the passage mainly talk about?A.Embroidery needs protecting.B.A traditional art form.C.A famous embroiderer.D.A hard job.【答案】4.B 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.A【导语】本文主要介绍了刺绣的类型和刺绣的特点，以及孟4 0 多年来都在制作蜀绣，之后破产但仍以另一种方式拯救蜀绣。4.细节理解题。根据“The most famous embroidery styles are Su embroidery from Suzhou,Shuembroidery from Sichuan,Xiang embroidery from Hunan and Yue embroidery from Guangdong.可知，文章提到了苏绣、蜀绣、湘绣和粤绣，此处共提到4 种刺绣品。故选B。5.乡田节理解题。根据“Since modem machines can make cheaper embroidery products today,fewer people buy hand-made Shu embroidery products.There are also very few youngembroiderers.The skill is endangered.”可知，由于现代机器可以制作更便宜的刺绣产品，越来越少的人购买手工蜀绣产品，年轻的刺绣师也很少，所以这项技能岌岌可危。故选D。6.词义猜测题。由“Meng lost her job”判断，前面应该是指工厂倒闭。因此broke是“破产”的意思。故选A。7.细节理解题。根据“Meng is teaching in different universities and communities to save Shuembroidery.”可知，孟正试图通过在不同的大学和社区教蜀绣来挽救这一艺术。故选Co8.主旨大意题。根据Embroidery is an important traditional art fbnn in Chinese culture.，“Theskill is endangered.和Meng is teaching in different universities and communities to save Shuembroidery 可以判断，本文主要讲述“刺绣需要保护”。故选A。3、（2022山东烟台中考真题）For the first time,scientists have grown plants in moon soil（土壤）collected by NASAsApollo astronauts.The scientists had no idea if anything would grow in moon soil.They wanted to see if itcould be used to grow plants.Robert Feri of the University of Florida was surprised with theresults.Plants actually grow in moon soil J he said.Feri and other researchers planted thale cress,a small flowering plant,in moon soil.The goodnews was that all of the seeds（种子）grew.The bad news was that after the first week,they grewslowly.Most of the plants ended up small and not fully developed.Scientists found that the longer the soil was on the moon,the worse the plants seemed togrow.The soil collected by the Apollo 11 was the least helpful for growth.It was a couple billionyears longer.One solution might be to use younger soil on the moon,like lava（火山岩浆）,or putin some special nutrient（营养物）mixtures.Only 382 kilograms of moon rocks and soil were brought back by the six Apollo groups thatlanded on the moon.Early last year,NASA finally gave out 12 grams of soil for the plantingexperiment（实验）.The Florida scientists hope to reuse their moon soil later this year,planting more thale cressbefore possibly moving on to other plants.A scientist said,Growing plants is a big step forward.The real next step is to go and do it onthe surface of the moon.9.What did Robert Feri think of the results of the planting experiment?A.Surprising.B.Disappointing.C.Awful.D.Regretful.10.What do the Florida scientists plan to do this year?A.To find some younger soil on the moon.B.To make some special nutrient mixtures.C.To plant some other plants in new moon soil.D.To use the moon soil again in theexperiment.11.What may be the real purpose of the planting experiment?A.To collect more soil from the moon.B.To send more scientists to the moon.C.To grow plants on the moon surface.D.To plant more thale cress on the moon.12.What can we infer（推断）from the passage?A.Most of the plants grew well after two weeks.B.The soil collected by the Apollo 11 isthe oldest.C.It is easy for astronauts to bring back moon soil.D.Scientists found no ways to improvethe experiment.【答案】9.A 10.D 11.C 12.B【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍一项关于月球上的土壤是否可以用来种植作物的研究。9.细节理解题。根据Robert Feri of the University of Florida was surprised with the results.“可知，佛罗里达大学的Roberi Feri对结果感到惊讶。故选A。10.细节理解题。根据“The Florida scientists hope to reuse their moon soil later this year,plantingmore thale cress before possibly moving on to other plants.”可知，佛罗里达的科学家们希望在今年晚些时候重新利用他们的月球土壤,在可能种植其他植物之前种植更多的芥蓝。故选D。11.细节理解题。根据“Growing plants is a big step forward.The real next step is to go and do iton the surface of the moon.”可知，种植植物是向前迈出的一大步，真正的下一步是在月球表面进行。故选C。12.推理判断题。根据Scientists found that the longer the soil was on the moon,the worse theplants seemed to grow.The soil collected by the Apollo 11 was the least helpful for growth.“可知，科学家们发现，月球上的土壤时间越长，植物生长得越糟糕，阿波罗11号收集的土壤对作物生长的帮助最小。由此推知，阿波罗H 号收集的土壤是最古老的，故选B。4、（2022-山东威海中考真题）The Ultra Ironman Triathlon Race（超长铁人三项比赛）is considered one of the mostchallenging sporting events in the world.Competitors swim,ride a bike,and run.The race is madeup of a 3.86-kilometer swim,a 180.25-kilometer bicycle ride,and a 42.2-kilometer run.Thereare no breaks during the race,so competitors must keep going no matter what.People who chooseto enter this race must be healthy and prepared in both mind and body.There are several rules for those who want to compete in the Ultra Ironman Triathlon Race.The minimum age of racers is 18,so everyone who competes is an adult.Training for the Ironmancan take more than a year.People who train often start practicing the events at shorter distancesfirst and then increase the amount of length and time they swim,bike,and run.Training can bedifficult because people need to find a balance of strength and endurance（忍耐力）training.Without enough training,people can get harmed.Some people even put on weight when trainingbecause their bodies store calories（卡路里）instead of using them for energy.All people intraining should drink plenty of water.In the past 40 years,the Ironman has developed from a single race into a global（全球的）movement.Todays Ironman races have events of different distances and racers of different ages.Since 2008,Weihai has held the Ironman Triathlon Race once a year.Weihai Triathlon Sports（威海铁人三项运动协会）was founded in2011.The 2014 World TriathlonChampionships（世界铁人三项锦标赛）was held in Weihai,which was the first time that theevent was held in an Asian city.Look at the pretty WeiWei,the mascof（吉祥物）of Weihai Ironman Triathlon Race.Exercise is good for peoples health and helps the heart.People take part in other sports andgames such as golf or football,but the Ironman is a challenging way to stay fit.Even though it ishard,it can still be fbn.Its a great way to stay active and enjoy life!13.Ironman Kace i n c l u d e s.A.swimming,golf and cycling B.swimming,cycling and running C.swimming,footballand running14.People taking part in the Ultra Ironman Triathlon Race must be 18 years old.A.less than B.at least C.at most15.In the Ultra Ironman Triathlon Race,you will easily if you are not well-trained.A.be hurt B.keep energy C lose weight16.The World Triathlon Championships first came to China in.A.2008B.2011C.201417.Which of the following is TRUE?A.Ironman Race is difficult and boring.B.Ironman racers can have a break during the race.C.Ironman Race has developed and changed a lot.【答案】13.B 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.C【导语】本文主要介绍了超长铁人三项比赛的相关信息。13.细节理解题。根据Competitors swim,ride a bike,and run”可知,包括游泳,骑自行车和跑步，故选14.细节理解题。根据“The minimum age of racers is 18,so everyone who competes is an adult”可知，年轻必须是至少18岁，故选B。15.细节理解题。根据“Without enough training,people can get harmed可知,没有足够的训练，人们可能会受伤，故选A。16.细节理解题。根据“The 2014 World Triathlon Championships（世界铁人三项锦标赛）washeld in Weihai,which was the first time that the event was held in an Asian city”可知，2014 年首次在中国举办，故选C。17.推理判断题。根据“In the past 40 years,the Ironman has developed from a single race into aglobal（全球的）movement”可知，铁人三项比赛己经发展和改变了很多，C 表述正确，故选Co5、（2022辽宁鞍山中考真题）During the cold winter,we usually catch a cold,have a fever or a cough.There are somecommon and great ways that you can follow to keep yourself away from these problems.Never leave your house without warm clothes.It might be sunny in the morning or daytimebut it is getting colder as the sun sets.So make sure you have a sweater or a coat for the coldernight.Dont walk without shoes in your house.We have a habit of staying bare feet at home.Thecold passes from feet to head in no time and that is why we need to wear shoes to stay away fromthe cold.Drinking ginger tea helps your body get warm during the colder days.Drinking green teakeeps your body healthy and solves many health problems.Green tea is even good for those whowant to get thinner.Still if you catch a cold,do not let the cold build up in your body.It better to take quickaction against the cold through proper exercise.Do some warm-up exercise in the morning or rub（摩擦）your hands quickly.Jogging（慢跑）or yoga also helps your body become warm to stayaway from the cold and fever.Follow these simple ways,and youll enjoy the winter greatly.18.During the cold winter,you may NOT according to Paragraph 1.A.catch a cold B.have a cough C.have a headache D.have a fever19.The underlined word“bare means in Chinese.A.基本的 B.赤裸的 C.空洞的 D.干净的20.How can you stay away from the cold in winter?A.By wearing beautiful clothes.B.By eating well.C.By walking outside often.D.By doing exercise properly.21.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A.You need to wear a coat for the colder night when leaving your house.B.We may drink green tea to get fatter.C.You ca