2023届高三英语名校新题专题03阅读理解之说明文解析版.pdf

2023届高三英语名校新题快递一开学考试专辑专题0 3阅读理解之说明文解析版两个文章出处：英文原版书籍；国外期刊网站命题材料 I-三大主题语境：人与自然；人与社会；人与自我四种语篇类型：应 用 文（必考）；说 明 文（必考）；记 叙 文（常考）J 议 论 文（较少）四种试题类型阅读理解 一三条命题规律解题步骤一细节理解题_ 推理判断题主旨大意题L词义猜测题一命题依照顺序：题序与文中信息先后相同-考点分布均匀：一般是一段一题，大致均匀一答案个数均等：ABCD的个数均等或大致均等一定：读题干，确定关键词（专有名词、数字等）-二找：用关键词、结合命题顺序、分布均匀，在文中找到信息句三比较：将信息与各项比较，选出正确答案阅读理解解题一思路意,便于快速定位信息。2.读题干：了解题目问什么,并在题干中找出便于定位的关键词。3.定位信息：带着问题和关键词，用查读法（scanning）到文中找到相关句段。（注意命题的顺序性和考点分布的均匀性原则）4.研读作答：理解所找到的相关句段，有的还要根据背景L常识进行简单的推理或判断，对比各选项，做出选择。阅读理解细节理解题-直接信息题：直接信息题比较简单，只需要题干关键词定位，带着问题找答案。间接信息题：间接信息题的隐蔽性比较强，正确选项需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行相应的语义转换或进一步的归纳概括。数字计算题：数字计算题需要根据题干要求在原文中找到有关的数字信息进行分析理解和简单计算，确定答案。意思猜测题五解种法语境法据所在句及其上下句或句绢推断代入法将各选项代入句中看是否通顺语法法据定义、同位语、冒号、破折号之后的解释或说明推断构词法据转化法、合成法和派生法（前缀、后缀、推断因果 so,because等转折 but,yet,however等逻辑法让步 though,although对比 oi otherwise,while,instead,rather than,on the contrary,on the other hand等我将题干中的about或from之后的内容或infer后that从句的主语作为定位词，找到答案依据二理理解信息句的字面意思三推依据字面意思，结合已有常识，进行符合情理的推断四比比较各选项，确定答案简单重复仅为文中信息的简单重复，而非推断的结论无中生有文中无信息支撑黑白颠倒与文中所述事实相反推理过度推得不合情理张冠李戴利用文中词语迷惑考生四大待件概拈性 概括全文，体现主旨告卜乂寸性内涵相符，范国一致新颖性新颖奇牛手，吸弓”1艮球简短性名词短谙，动名词短谙亘文祈使包立章标题T写作法干扰项以偏概全特 点.离题太远主题词法 根崩主题句，提炼主题词解题方法以此作标题，我应怎么写咯读法卜S昊落纳法(V读文章标胭读首尾段落读段落首尼Q田痣表句段关系的关联词之后的内容新阿艮道、及论文和I说明文：题彳U在音段|文体法 H 记叙文、坟论文：三题句般在尾段刊诂法 心三文中用现频率较高的主胭闻概拓法无主题句的文 华，血读者口 口概括人卷01【山东省济南市2022-2023学年高三开学摸底考试】Every summer artists perform at Fringe（边缘）Festivals around the world.Fringe Festivals are a celebration ofstrange art.They have all kinds of performers-from dancers,musicians and actors to everything in between.Theshows give artists a chance to create unusual art.For festival goers,each show is a time to experience somethingdifferent.The first Fringe Festival was held in Edinburgh,S cotland in 1947.That was also the year of the first EdinburghInternational Festival.Artists from around the world traveled to S cotland fbr the Edinburgh International Festival.They performed at arts centers throughout the city.Eight local theater companies did not receive an invitation,however.In response,they performed at smaller spaces around Edinburgh.These artists performed wherever theycould,including churches and even on the street.They started their own cultural event and named it the EdinburghFestival Fringe.What started as an alternative to the mainstream has now become the worlds largest arts festival.Today,thereare hundreds of Fringe Festivals taking place around the world.The one in Washington,D.C.,called the CapitalFringe Festival,is in its tenth year.It was held in the month of July.Julianne Brienza founded the Capital Fringe Festival.S he went to a school for the performing arts,but nowsees herself mainly as an organizer of the festival.Brienza believes that fringe performance art is special and canhave a powerful effect.The Capital Fringe Festival takes place in different locations throughout the D.C.area.S ome performanceshappen in traditional theaters.Others happen in unusual settings like old,empty buildings or stores after businesshours are over.Brienza says the purpose of Fringe festivals is to explore the limits of art in unique environments.S ince 2006,the event has made more than$1.7 million.It is the second largest Fringe Festival in the U.S.and its popularity hasgrown every year.The Edinburgh Festival Fringe continues throughout the month of August.8.Who may be interested in Fringe Festivals?A.S trange art lovers.B.Professional artists.C.Classical musicians.D.Traditional culture supporters.9.What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about?A.Why Edinburgh became the global art center.B.How the first Fringe Festival came into being.C.When the Edinburgh International Festival was held.D.Where the Edinburgh Festival Fringe was celebrated.10.What can we know about the Capital Fringe Festival?A.It is the worlds largest arts festival.B.It has no fixed places fbr celebration.C.It can never be accepted by the public.D.It has a longer history than other festivals.11.Which of the following may Brienza probably agree about Fringe Festivals?A.They raise peoples love of festivals.B.They limit the development of arts.C.Formal arts are looked down upon.Chances are offered to unusual arts.【答案】8.A9.B10.B11.D【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了边缘艺术节的起源和发展情况。【8 题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段Fringe Festivals are a celebration of strange art.They have all kinds ofperformersfrom dancers,musicians and actors to everything in between.（边缘艺术节是奇怪艺术的庆典。它们有各种各样的表演者，从舞者、音乐家和演员到介于两者之间的一切）”可知，各种各样的表演者可能在边缘艺术节表演奇怪的艺术。由此推知，奇怪的艺术爱好者可能对边缘艺术节感兴趣。故选A 项。【9 题详解】主 旨 大 意 题。根 据 第 二 段“Artists from around the world traveled to Scotland for the EdinburghInternational Festival.They performed at arts centers throughout the city.Eight local theater companies didnot receive an invitation,however.In response,they performed at smaller spaces around Edinburgh.Theseartists performed wherever they could,including churches and even on the street.They started their owncultural event and named it the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.（来自世界各地的艺术家前往苏格兰参加爱丁堡国际艺术节。他们在全市的艺术中心演出。然而，八家当地剧院公司没有收到邀请。作为回应，他们在爱丁堡周围较小的空间演出。这些艺术家尽可能在任何地方表演，包括教堂甚至街头。他们开始了自己的文化活动，并将其命名为爱丁堡边缘艺术节）”可知，八家当地剧院公司没有收到邀请参加爱丁堡国际艺术节，所以这些艺术家们开始了自己的文化活动，并将其命名为边缘艺术节，所以第二段主要介绍了第一届边缘艺术节是怎样产生的。故 选 B 项。【10题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段The Capital Fringe Festival takes place in different locations throughout the D.C.area.Some performances happen in traditional theaters.Others happen in unusual settings like old,emptybuildings or stores after business hours are over.（首都边缘艺术节在整个华盛顿地区的不同地点举行。有些表演在传统剧院进行。其他表演发生在不寻常的环境中，如旧的、空的建筑物或营业时间结束后的商店里）”可知，首都边缘艺术节没有固定的庆祝场所。故选B 项。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段Brienza says the purpose of Fringe festivals is to explore the limits of art inunique environments.Since 2006,the event has made more than$1.7 million.It is the second largest FringeFestival in the U.S.and its popularity has grown every year.（布里恩扎说，边缘艺术节的目的是探索艺术在独特环境中的极限。自 2006年以来，这项活动已经赚了 170多万美元。这是美国第二大的边缘艺术节，它的受欢迎程度每年都在增长）”可知，边缘艺术节探索艺术在独特环境中的极限，且边缘艺术节的受欢迎程度每年都在增长，所以布里恩扎认为边缘艺术节可以让不寻常的艺术也可以得到机会。故选D 项。01 r 山东省济南市2022-2023学年高三开学摸底考试】S ome scientists have traced the increase in earthquakes,especially in areas not known for the presence of faultlines or past seismic（地震的）activity,to human actions.The idea of humans causing earthquakes may seem strangeat first.After all,you can run around your backyard and jump up and down as you want,and the ground isnt goingto start shaking.However,scientists have identified a variety of large scale human activities that can result inearthquakes.S cientists have confirmed over 700 places where human activities have caused earthquakes over the lastcentury.While many human-related earthquakes are mild and dont cause much damage,some of them can beserious and dangerous.In fact,scientists believe human activity has caused earthquakes with magnitudes as high as7.9 on the Richter scale.S cientists believe most human-related earthquakes are the result of mining.As companies drill deeper anddeeper below Earths surface to get natural resources,holes left behind can cause instability that leads to collapsesthat cause earthquakes.Another human activity leading to earthquakes is fracking（水力压裂）for oil and gas,including the high pressure waste water processing that usually goes with fracking.In this process,water,sand andchemicals are pressed underground under high pressure to break rocks to release natural resources.Building large dams can also cause earthquakes.For example,about 80,000 people died in China in 2008 as aresult of a 7.9-magnitude earthquake caused by 320 million tons of water that had been collected in the ZipingpuReservoir after a large dam was built over a known fault line.These arent the only human activities that can result in earthquakes,though.S cientists point out thatearthquakes can also be caused by other human activities,such as construction of skyscrapers and nuclearexplosions.12.What does the underlined part“fhult lines“in Paragraph 1 refer to?A.Regions with active human actions.B.Places associated with natural balance.C.Zones where natural resources are rich.D.Areas where earthquakes tend to happen.13.What do mining and oil producing have in common?A.They break the balance of nature.B.They destroy the stability of rocks.C.They use high pressure to get resources.D.They do much damage to Earths surface.14.What can be inferred from Paragraph 4?A.The 2008 earthquake is the worst in history.B.Construction of dams should be stopped.C.Tons of water must cause earthquakes.D.The location of a dam matters much.15.What does the text mainly tell us?A.Nature punishes humans by means of earthquakes.B.Progress has been made on earthquake research.C.Humans are to blame fbr some earthquakes.D.Earthquakes are no longer nature-made.【答案】12.D13.B14.D15.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍的是一些地震是人类活动造成的，并介绍了哪些人类活动会造成地震。【12题详解】词义猜测题。根据画线短语句中“past seismic（地震的）activity”（过去的地震活动）和“to human actions”（人类行为）可知，科学家追踪的是由人类活动引起的地震，而不是一些容易发生地震的地区，“or”前后的“faultlines和“past seismic（地震的）activity”为选择关系，由此可知，“fault lines”指的也是一些容易发生地震的地区。故选D 项。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段关键句As companies drill deeper and deeper below Earths surface to get naturalresources,holes left behind can cause instability that leads to collapses that cause earthquakes.（随着公司在地球表面下越来越深地钻探以获取自然资源，留下洞可能导致不稳定，导致崩塌，引发地震。）可知，采矿留下的洞可能导致岩石不稳定，引发地震；再根据第三段关键句In this process,water,sand andchemicals are pressed underground under high pressure to break rocks to release natural resources.（在这个过程中，水、沙子和化学物质在高压下被压入地下，以破碎岩石，释放自然资源。）可知，石油生产使用的高压破碎岩石，导致岩石不稳定，引发地震，由此可知，采矿和石油生产的共同点在于它们破坏了岩石的稳定性。故选B 项。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段内容“Building large dams can also cause earthquakes.For example,about 80,000people died in China in 2008 as a result of a 7.9-magnitude earthquake caused by 320 million tons of waterthat had been collected in the Zipingpu Reservoir after a large dam was built over a known fault line.“健造大型水坝也会引起地震。例如，2008年，中国发生了 7.9级地震，造成约8 万人死亡。这场地震是由于紫坪铺水库在一条已知断层线上修建了一座大型水坝后，收集了 3.2亿吨水造成的。）可知，紫坪铺水库在一条已知断层线上修建了一座大型水坝，引发了地震，由此可知，大坝的位置非常重要，不应该建在断层线上。故选D 项。1 5 题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第二段关键句Scientists have confirmed over 700 places where humanactivities have caused earthquakes over the last century.（科学家们已经确认了上个世纪人类活动造成地震的 700多个地方。）可知，本文主要介绍的是一些地震是人类活动造成的，并介绍了哪些人类活动会造成地震，“Humans are to blame for some earthquakes”意为 有些地震是人类造成的“，选项能够概括文章主要内容。故选C 项。0 2【湖南省长沙市长郡中学2022-2023学年高三上学期入学考试】A large body of research has been developed in recent years to explain many aspects of willpower.Most of theresearchers exploring self-control do so with an obvious goal in mind:How can willpower be strengthened?Ifwillpower is truly a limited resource,as the research suggests,what can be done to make it stay strong?Avoiding temptation（诱惑）is an effective method for maintaining self-control which is called the“out ofsight,out of mind,principle.One recent study,for instance,found office workers less attracted to candy in the deskdrawer than that on top of their desks,in plain sight.The research suggesting that we possess a limited reservoir of self-control raises a troubling question.When weface too many temptations,are we to fail?Not necessarily.Researchers dont believe that ones willpower is evercompletely exhausted.Rather,people appear to hold some willpower in reserve,saved for future demands.The rightmotivation allows us to lap into those reserves,allowing us to cairy on even when our self-control strength has beenrun down.High motivation might help overcome weakened willpower-at least to a point.Willpower may also be made less vulnerable（脆弱）to being exhausted in the first place.Researchers whostudy self-control often describe it as being like a muscle that gets tired with heavy use.But there is another aspect tothe muscle comparison,they say.While muscles become exhausted by exercise in the short term,they arestrengthened by regular exercise in the long term.S imilarly,regular practices of self-control may improvewillpower strength.The evidence from willpower-exhaustion studies also suggests that making a list of resolutions on New YearsEve is the worst possible approach.Being exhausted in one area can reduce willpower in other areas,so it makesmore sense to focus on a single goal at a time.In other words,dont try to quit smoking,adopt a healthy diet and starta new exercise plan at the same time.Taking goals one by one is a better approach.Once a good habit is in place,Baumeister says,youll no longer need to draw on your willpower to maintain the behavior.Eventually healthyhabits will become routine,and wont require making decisions at all.8.From the studies in the passage we learn that.A.people have unlimited self-controlB.high motivation ensures ones successC.willpower is hardly completely exhaustedD.too many temptations often lead to failure9.The underlined phrase“tap into“in Paragraph 3 most probably means.A.make use of B.run out ofC.build D.increase10.The author compares self-control to muscles.A.to prove the long-term effect of willpowerB.to show the significance of regular exerciseC.to argue that self-control can be easily used upD.to explain the benefits of practicing self-control11.To develop a good habit,which of the following does the author prefer?A.I will give up dessert and do exercise.B.”I will set three goals this new semester.C.”I will read an English novel every month.,D.”I will keep myself from any temptation.【答案】8.C9.A10.D11.C【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文。短文列举了关于意志力的几种研究和观点，作者认为有了明确的目标，良好的自我监督和练习，就可以在面对诱惑时使意志力保持坚强。【8 题详解】细节推理题。根据第三段 Researchers dont believe that ones willpower is ever completely exhausted.Rather,people appear to hold some willpower in reserve,saved for future demands.可知，研究人员不相信人的意志力会完全耗尽，他们还有备用的和为将来需求节省的意志力。所以从文章中的研究我们了解到意志力几乎没有完全丧失。故 C 选项正确。【9 题详解】猜测词义题。由第三段“The right motivation allows us to tap into those reserves,allowing us to carry oneven when our self-control strength has been run down.”可知，正确 动机使我们能够利用这些储备，即使我们的自我控制能力已经被消耗殆尽，我们仍然可以继续前进。所以通过上下文的语境，判断出“tap into”指利用，与 make use o f同义。故 A 选项正确。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段 While muscles become exhausted by exercise in the short term,they arestrengthened by regular exercise in the long term.Similarly,regular practices of self-control may improvewillpower strength.可知，虽然肌肉在短期内会因运动而疲惫不堪，但长期而言，它们会通过经常锻炼而增强。同样规律的自我控制可以提高意志力。两者相比是为了说明同一个道理：长期的锻炼和自我控制的好处。所以作者把自我控制比作肌肉是为了解释自我控制的好处。故 D 选项正确。11题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段 Taking goals one by one is a better approach.Once a good habit is in place,youll no longer need to draw on your willpower to maintain the behavior.Eventually healthy habits willbecome routine,and wont require making decisions at all.可知，作者认为一个接一个的制定目标是一个更好的方法。一旦养成好习惯，你就不再需要依靠意志力来维持自己的行为。最终健康的习惯将成为惯例，而且不需要做任何决定。所 以 C 项“I will read an English novel every month.”是先设立目标，然后成为好习惯，作者更喜欢这种目标。故 C 选项正确。【点睛】根据事物的定义或者对事物总体的概括，从而判断出哪些具体事物或者具体的实践应该属于定义的范围或者是概括的范围是我们经常见到的推理判断题的题型。要解决这样的判断题，首先要讲对事物的定义或者对事物的总体概括要读清楚，然后根据对比4 个选项，哪个选项在定义或者概括范围内的。哪个就是正确的答案。由倒数第二段 Taking goals one by one is a better approach.Once a good habit is in place,youll no longerneed to draw on your willpower to maintain the behavior.Eventually healthy habits will become routine,and wont require making decisions at all.可知，作者认为一个接一个的制定目标是一个更好的方法。一旦养成好习惯，你就不再需要依靠意志力来维持自己的行为。最终健康的习惯将成为惯例，而且不需要做任何决定。C 项“I will read an English novel every