2023届新高考英语备考复习重点语法汇总.pdf

2023届新高考英语备考复习重点语法汇总、名词I.名词的种类:专有名词名词国名地名人名，团体机可数名词不可数名词构名称个体名词名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-S或E S。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-Smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives力 Sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-0结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以兀音字母加9 结尾的名词加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下:规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其彳也形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer;series,means,works,fish,species li,yuanjin,3只 有 复 数 形 式 ashes,trousers,dothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs（海关），forces（军队），times（时代），spirits（情绪），drinks（饮料）,sands（沙滩），papers（文件报纸），manners（礼貌）,looks（外表）,brains（头脑智力）,greens（青菜）,ruins（废墟）7表 示“某国人”力 K SAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以m a n 或-w om an结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law lookers-on,passers-by story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers,men servantsIII.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加S 构成，二是由介词o f加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。l.s 所有格的构成：2.s所有格的用法:单数名词在末尾加勺the bo/s father;Jacks book,her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room,the twins mother;不规则复数名词后加Sthe childrens toys,womens rights,以 S结尾的人名所有格加仁或者Dickens novels,Charless job,the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均须加SJapans and Americas problems,Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加SJapan and Americas problems,Jane and Marys father表 示 某 人 家 店 铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors,the barbers,the tailors,my uncles1表示时间todays newspaper;five weeks holiday2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere,the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名the countr/s plan,the worlds population,Chinas industry词4表示工作群体the ships creN,majoritys view the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey,five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time,the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view,a stones throw at ones wits end（不 矢 口 所 措）3.o f所有格的用法：用 于?命 的 东 西：the legs of the chair;the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed二、代词I.代词可以分为以下七大类:1人称代词主格1,you,he,she,it,we,you,they宾格me,you,him,her;it,us,you,them2物 主代词形容词性my,your;his,her;its,our;their名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词myselt yourself himself herself itself ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指词this,that,these,those,such,some5疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever;whichever;whatever6关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代词one/some/any each/every none/no,many/much,few/little/a few/a little,other/another;all/both,neither/eitherI I.不定代词用法注意点：1.one,some 与 any:1)one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。som e多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks?No,I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2)some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?3)som e和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes,if any.4)some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?2.each 和 every:each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary./Each(of us)has a dictionary./We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points./Every one of us has strong and weak points.3.none 和 no：n。等于not a n y,作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle?None.None of the students are(is)afraid of difficulties.4.other 和 another:1)other泛指“另 夕 卜 的，别的“常与其他词连用，如：the other day,every other week,some other reason,no other way,the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed,but all the others passed the exam.2)another指“又一个，另一个“无所指，复数形式是others,泛 指“别的人或事,如：I dont like this shirt,please show me another(one).The trousers are too long,please give me another pair/some others.Some like football,while others like basketball.5.all 和 both,neither 和 either all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和 none.All of the books are not written in English./Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers./Not both of us are teachers./Either of us is a teacher.三、动词动词需要掌握的知识点有四个：动词的1 6种时态；动词的被动语态；动词的非谓语动词；动词的虚拟语气。I.动词的分类动词的分类一共分为四大类：实义动词；连系动词；情态动词；助动词。实义动词：有实际意思的词，可以完整的作谓语，如write,buy等连系动词：无动词意义，连接主语和表语，如be,feel,look,taste等(与实义动词相对的)情态动词：表示情绪和态度的，可以理解成帮助增加感情色彩的词类，如can,may,must等。助动词：帮助构成疑问、否定等情况的词类,，本身没实际意义，如be,have,has,do,does,shall等。高频动词考点：,一、连系动词(be,look.get)二、使役、感观动词(let,make,feel)三、主动表被动(sell,write)四、只接动名词做宾语(mind,enjoy)五，只接不定式作宾语(ask,decide)六，宾语不同、意义不同(stop)七、接动名词、不定式意义区别不大(like)八、宾语不同、怛意义相同(need,require)*J九、接宾语和宾补、形式不同(allo，),十，拟语气(suggest)i、戏间蓑延续性动词(come)*十二、表计划未能实现的动词(plan)*十三、情感动词类(excile)十四、否定前移类(think).十五、不带不定式作复合宾语(wish,hope).十六、省略替代类(guess)U.动词的时态1.动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask/asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完 成 进have/has beenhad been askingshall/will have beenshould/would have been行askingaskingasking2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1）现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如:I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer.（已经看过，且了解这本书的内容）2）一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时 可 加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：I read the novel last month.（只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住）I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。【火眼金睛，辨 差 异】*1蛔that book.我读过那本书。（单纯叙述曾经发生过的事：读过了就结束了，仅此而已）*1 have read that book.我已经读过那本书了。（强调刚读过，对现在造成一定影响：接下来有可能要谈论此书了）。*I have been reading that book all the morning.我早上一直在读那本书。4.一般将来时的表达方式:将来时用法例句1will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year.2be going to+动词原形含 有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事Its going to clear up.Were going to have a partytonight.3be+doing进行时 go,come,start,move,leave,arrive 等词He is moving to the south.m.动词的被动语态表示将来可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作（位移动词）Are they leevinn for Europe?4be about to+动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语1 was about to leave when the bellrang.The meeting is about to close.5b e to+动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见Were to meet at the school gateat noon.6 一般现在时表来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来（火车、飞机等）The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten thisevening.常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/are asked6过去进行时was/were being asked2一般过去时was/were asked7现在完成时have/has been asked3一般将来时shall/will be asked8过去完成时had been asked4过去将来时should/would be asked9将来完成时will/would have been asked5进行时am/is/are being asked10含有情态动词的can/must/may be asked注-tV-忌事被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加n o t,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to,used to,have to,had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如：Trees should not be planted in summer./The boy was made fun of（of 不能丢）bv his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如:项It is believed that.It is generally considered that.It is said that.It is well known thnt.It must be pointed out that.It is supposed that.It is reported thatIt must be admitted that.It is hoped that.下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worth reading twice.The door wont shut./The play wont act.The clothes washes well./The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious./Water feels very cold.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave,enter;reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear;happen,occur;belong to,take place,break out,come about,agree with,keep up with,consist o have on,lose heart 等等IV.动词之特殊形式的用法非谓语动词1.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式to doto be doingto havedoneto be doneto have beendone在非谓语 口notfor sb.todo sth.具有名词、副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语2.做宾语的非谓语动词比较:分词现在分词doinghaving donebeing donehaving beendone具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done动名词doinghaving donebeing donehaving beendonesbs doinn具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词hope,want offer;long,feil expect,wish,ark,decide,pretend,mana叫 agree,afford,determine,promise,happen 只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind,miss,enjoy imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,considercant help,feel like,succeed in,be fond of object to,get down to,be engaged in,insiston,think of,be proud of,take pride in,set about,be afraid of,be tired of,look forwardto,devote oneself to,be worth,be busy pay attention to,stick to两者都以意义基本相begin,start,likejove,hate,prefer,continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）同need,want,require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动邈）意义相反stop to d o停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing停止正在做的事（常考的有8组）意义不同remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未姓）remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）go on to do（接着做 另 外 一 件事）go on doing（接着做同一件事）try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）mean to do（打算做，企图做）try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）mean doing（意识是，意cant help to do（不能帮忙做）carft help doing（忍不住要做）3.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句不定式ask,beg,expect,get,order;tell,want,wish,encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成1 heard him call me severaltimes.have,notice,see,watch,hear;feel,let,make现在分词notice,see,watch,hear;find,keep,have,feel主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成1 found her listening to theradio.过去分词动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态We found the village greatlychanged.4.非谓语动词做定语的区别:区别举例不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生1 have a lot of papers to type.1 have a lot of papers to be typed.动名词通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系Shall we go to the swimming pool?5.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生the boiling water/the boiledwaterthe developing country/thedeveloped country（发展中国家/发过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,现已经完成达国家）the falling leaves/the fallen leaves（空中正飘落的叶子/已经落到地上的叶子）区别举例不定式多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。My dream is to become a teacher.To obey the law is important.（dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主语时常用）动名词与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换位置。It is no use sayinn that again andagain.Teaching is my job.分词无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very,quite,rather等副词修饰。现在分词多含有“令人”之意,说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含 有“感到”之意，主语多是人。The situation is ensuragine.The book is well written.（常见分词有 astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing 及M-ed形式）V.动词之特殊形式的用法一虚拟语气类别用法例句If弓1导的条件与现在事实相反从句动词：过去式（b e用were）主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形If he were here,hewould help us.与过去事实相反从句动词：had+过去分词主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词If 1 had been free,1 wouldhave visited you.与将来事实相反从句动词：过 去 式/should+动词原形/were+不定式主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形If it should raintomorrow we would notgo camping.其它状语从句as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式They are talking as if theyhad been friends foryears.in order that/so that引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/might/would等+动词原形Turn on the light so thatwe can see it clearly.宾语从句demand,suggest,order;insist 后接的从句中动词为 should+动词原 形（should可省）He suggested that we notchange our mind.w ish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反1 wish 1 could be a popsinger主语从句在 It is necessary/important/strange that.,It is suggested/demanded/ordered/requested that.等从句中，谓语动词用should+动 词 原 形 It is strange that such aperson should be ourfriends.其它句型中It is time that.句型中动词用过去式或shou1d+动词原形 Its high time that we left.would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式1 would rather you stayedat home now.If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望If only our dream hadcome true!四、形容词和副词I.形容词：1.形容词的位置：1）形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置:1修饰 some,any every no 和 body thing,one 等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent,everything possible2以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available,the only solutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep 等可以后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with2）多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词3）复合形容词的构成:冠词前的形容词冠词指 弋词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短w新旧国籍产地材料.质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifu1goodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstoneI I.副词1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-year副词的分类:1时间副词soon,nov4 early,finally once,recently5频度副词always,often,frequently,seldom,never2地点副词here,nearby outside,upwards,above6疑问副词hoA4 where,when,why3方 耀 桐hard,well,fast,slowly excitedly,really7连接副词how when,where,why whether;however;meanwhile4程度副词almost,nearly very fairly quite,rather8关系副词when,where,whyIII.形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加er和est,多音节和一些双音节词前加m ore和most。常考用法如下：1.同级比较时常常用 as as 以及 notso(as).as 如：I am not so good a player as you are.2.可以彳修饰比 的词有：much,many,a lot,even,far,a bit,a little,still,yet,by far,any,a great deal。3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more the more 句型。如：Ilie harder you work,the more progressyou will make.4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:Our school is three times larger than yours.Our school is four times as large ar yours.Our school is four times the size of yours.6,表示“最高程度”的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect o五、连词1.连词的定义：连词是一种虚词，不能独立充当句子成分。2.连词的功能：只起连接作用。连接:词与词、短语与短语、句子与子。3.连词的分类(1)并列连词分类连词分类.并列连词(2).从属连词分类含义举例以and为代表表引申意义both.and,not only.but also,as well as以or为代表表选择关系or else（否 则）,either.or,neither.nor以but为代表表意义转折while,whereas（然而，鉴于）,yet,not.but以for为代表表因果关系for,so(2)从属连词分类定义主要包含简单从属连词单个单词充当after,although,though,as,because,before,idlest,once,Since,that,till/until,when,where,whether,while,unless 等复合从属连词两 个/两个以上单词构成except that,so that,given that,in that,in order that,now that,oncondition that,provided/providing（that）,for fear that;as/so far as（只要）,as/so long as,as soon as;in case,as though,no matter what/who/how/when/where 等关联从属连词两个关联词构成的从属连词although.yet,as.asjust as.so,if.then,no sooner.than,so.that,such.as,whether.orthe+比较级,the+比较级注意：边际从属连词（连词+副词/副词+连词）even if（即使,虽然），just as（正如）,if only（要是该多好），immediately,the moment,the minute,the instant,directly（一.就.）1六、介词1.介词：介词又称前置词，表示名词、代词等与句中其他词的关系，在句子中不能单独做句子成分。2.介词分类1一邮单词单介简如about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on20according to,because ofinstead of,up to,due to,owing to,thanks to3复合由两个介词连在一起固定构成的介词inside,into,onto,within,withoutout of,outside,through,upon 等介词由两个介词搭配连用的介词（即：双重介词）as to,from among,from behind,from und