新概念第二册第4-6课知识点总结整理.pdf

Lesson 4 An exciting trip激动人心的旅行学必记单词exciting adj.令人兴奋的receive v.4 攵 至firm n.公司，商行different adj.不同的centre n.中心abroad adv.在国外Australia n.澳大利亚engineer n.工程师习常考短语1 .receive a letter from sb.收到某人的来信2.work for.为.效劳3.in the centre of.在.的中心4.a great number of different places 许多不同的地方5.an Australian car 一辆澳大利亚车6.have been to.去过.（回来了）7.have gone to.去了.（没回来）|-|经典句型1.1 have just received a letter from my brother.2.He is finding this trip very exciting.3.My brother has never been abroad before.4.He is working for a big firm.5.He has already visited a great number of differentplaces in Australia.标现在完成时1.现在完成时的定义:现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。全重点语法2.现在完成时用法：（a）：表示过去发生的动作或事情，对现在造成的影响。（b）：表示从过去开始发生的动作持续到现在，有可能马上结束，但也有可能继续下去。（c）：现在完成时的动词必须具有可持续性，至少是能重复一次以上的动作。解3.句型构成基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词（V-ed）+宾语（或者其他）例：I have just had breakfast.我刚吃完早饭。否定句：主语+have not/has not+动词的过去分词（V-ed）+宾语.例：1havent had breakfast.我还没吃早饭。一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词（V-ed）+宾语（或者其他）？例：Have you just had breakfast?你刚吃完早饭吗？特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）例：How long have you lived here?你住在这儿多久了?4.用法要点(a).现在完成时不能单独与准确时间状语连用，(如表示过去的时间状语)如:yesterday(morning afternoon),last(morning afternoon)等，除非与for,since(自从)连用(b).现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用，如：already(肯定，句 中)，yet(否定，疑问，句 末)，just,before,recently,still,lately,never 等：例：I havent seen much of him recently(lately).我已经很久没有看到他(最近的)。We have seen that film before.我们以前已经看过那部电影了。Have they found the missing child yet0!他们找到失踪的孩子了吗？(c).现在完成时态经常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如：often,sometimes,ever,never,twice,on several occasion 等例：Have you ever been to Beijing?你以前去过北京吗？I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.我从来没有听到Bunny说她的坏话。I have used this pen only three times.It is still good.这支钢笔我只用过三次。它仍然是好的。George has met that gentleman on several occasions.乔治已经在好几个场合见过那个先生几次。(d).现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用如：now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,thismorning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so for 等例：Peter has written six papers so far.彼得写了六篇论文，到目前为止。There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.今年以来旧金山雨水太多。The friendly relations and cooperation between our twocountries have been enhanced in the past few years.我们两国之间的友好合作关系在近几年得到了提高。Up to the present everything has been successful.到现在为止一切都是成功的。教材全解1.1 have just received a letter from my brother,T im.我刚刚收到弟弟蒂姆的来信。(a),have just received现在完成时的结构just是用于现在完成时的时间状语注意：just now=a moment ago 一般过去时的时间状语(b).receive a letter from sb.收到某人的来信=get a letter from sb.=have a letter from sb.=hear from sb.拓展：receive v.接受，收到(客观)/accept：同意接收(主观)例：This morning I received a bunch of flowers from a boy,but Ididnt accept it.今天早上我收到一束小男孩的花，但是我没接受。(c).my brother和Tim为同位语关系，互为补充说明的作用2.He has been there for six m onths.他在那儿已经住六个月了。解析：划线部分为for six months(对划线部分提问)How long has he been there?注意：现在完成时have/has done结构中的have/has相当于助词的用法，因此不需要借助助动词do/does/did3.Tim is working for a big firm and he has already visited agreat number of different places in Australia.蒂姆正为一家大公司工作，并且已经去过澳大利亚的不同地方了。(a),is working for.现在进行时可以表示现阶段的情况work for.为.效劳(b).firm n.商行，公 司(company 公司)拓展：adj.(not loose)稳固的例：I have fixed that knob.It is firm now.adj.(not doubtful)无疑的例：He gave me a firm refusal.他断然拒绝。adj.严格的，坚定的：例：I came to a firm decision and I will not change my mind.You must be very firm with that child.(c).has already visited现在完成时结构,其中already常用于现在完成时的肯定句中，表示已经(d).a great number of different placesdifferent adj.不同的 be different from 和.不同n.difference 差异例：There are some differences between these two countries.拓展：the number of/a number of这两个词组不同之处，就在于其前的冠词上1）the number of.表示“.的数量”。作主语的中心词时,谓语动词用单数形式，后常跟large,small等词作表语。例：The number of the students is very large in our school.我们学校的学生数量非常大。The number of the students in our school is2000.我校的学生人数是两千。2）a number of.的数量，相当于 many 或 a lot of,number前可以加small,large词来表示程度,a number of+复数可数名词作主语时，其谓语动词用复数形式。例:A number of the students are playing football.许多学生在踢足球。4.He has gone to Alice Springs.他现在去了 埃利斯斯普林斯简单辨析：have/has been to.去过.（已经回来）have/has gone to.去了.（还没回来）have/has been in+地点例：He has been to Beijing three times.他去过北京三次了Have you been to Paris?你去过巴黎吗？My father has gone to Canada and he will come back in sixdays.我爸爸去加拿大了，六天后回来。He has been in America for two years.他已经在美国两年了。5.My brother has never been abroad before,so he is findingthis trip very exciting.我弟弟以前从未出过国，因此，他觉得这次旅行非常激动人心。(a),has never been abroad before 现在完成时结构，其中 never和before可用于完成时中。abroad adv.(副词)在国外，到国外例：go abroad去国外 live abroad住在国外study abroad在国外学习(b).exciting adj.令人兴奋的/excited:感到激动的excite:v.激 动 其宾语一定是人彳 列：The news excited me.拓展：-ed:interested/amused/surprised/amazed/astonished(自己感到)-ing:interesting/amusing/suiprising/amazing/astonishing(令人感到)(c).find+n.+adj.觉得.怎么样 即find+宾语+形容词做宾补例：find the room cleanfind her happyLesson 5 No wrong numbers 无错号之虞学习|-|标必记单词pigeon n.鸽子message n.信息cover v.越过distance n.距离request n.要求，请求spare part n.备件service n.月 艮 务garage n.车库，小工厂urgent adj.紧急的常考短语1 .from one garage to the other.从一个汽车修理部到另一个2.cover the distance 越过全程，越过这段距离3.get a telephone for.为.搞至U（安装）一部电话4.request for.要求,请求.5.up to now 至目前为止6.in this way 就这样，通过这种方式7.urgent messages 紧急函件/信息经典句型6.The bird covered the distance in three minutes.7.In this way,he has begun his own private telephone service.8.Up to now/up till now,Mr.Scott has sent many request.9.Yesterday,a pigeon carried the first message from.to.10.Now he has just bought another garage in Pinhurst.一般过去时和现在完成时全解重点语法比较过去时与现在完成时1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语飞一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday,last week）.ago,inl980,in October,just now,具体的时间状语共同的时间状语：this morning,tonight,this April,now,once,before,already,recently,lately现在完成时的时间状语：fbr,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,inpast years,always,不确定的时间状语3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如 live,teach,learn,work,study,know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married 等。举例：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）Who hasnt handed in his paper?（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。He has been in the League for three years.（在团内的状态可延续）He has been a League member for three years.（是团员的状态可持续）He joined the League three years ago.（三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。）I have finished my homework now.-Will somebody go and get Dr.White?-Hes already been sent for.句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday,last,week,inI960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.教材全解6.Mr.James Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has justbought another in Pinhurst.詹姆斯.斯科特先生在锡尔伯里有一个汽车修理部，现在他刚在平赫斯特买了另一个汽车修理部。(a),have just bought现在完成时的结构just是用于现在完成时的时间状语(b).one.another(众多之中的另一个)例：Please bring me another chair.请再给我拿把椅子。one.the other(两者中的另一个)例：I have two pens.One is red,and the other is black.7.Yesterday,a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurstto Silbury.昨 天，一只鸽子把第一封信从平赫斯特带到锡尔伯里。(a)carry:带 着，携带例：I carried my son.I carry the bag.(b).from.to.从.至.例：The shop is open from 8 a.m.to 5 p.m.商 店 营 业 时 间 从 早 上8点 到 下 午5点。It is five miles from my home to school.从 家 到 学 校 有5英 里。(c).辨 析：message,advice,information,news易混词辨 析例 句messagen.（口头或 书 面的）信 息，口 信，为可数名词leave sb.a message:给.留便条ril leave you a message.我 会 给 你 留 便 条 的。take a message for sb.替捎 口 信Can you take a message for me?advicen.建 议，忠 告，为不可数名a piece of advice 一 条建议some advice 一 些建议教材全解词take/follow ones advice 采取/听从某人的建议informat-ionn.信息，为不可数名词He got some information from theInternet.要表明数量时，这么搭配：a piece of information.一 条信 息two pieces of information 两条信息newsn.新闻，消息，为不可数名词Journalists report news that comes fromour daily lives.记者报导的新闻来自我们的日常生活。three pieces of news 三贝！）消息例：_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ about the sports meeting make us excited.A.News B.InformationC.Messages D.Advice解析：本题中由“make”us excited可知,主语应为复数名词，A,B,D 三个选项为不可数名词，故选C.8.The bird covered the distance in three minutes.这只鸟只用了三分钟就飞完了全程。（a）,coverv.1）越过，行 过（距离），走过cover+距离：越过 cover the distance例：He covered sixty miles this morning.他今天上午走了 60 英里。v.2）cover:盖，覆盖例：Snow covered the whole village.大雪覆盖了 整个村庄。She covered this child w汕 a coat.她给孩子盖了一件外衣。教材全解n.3).覆盖物，盖子，罩子，(书的)封面等Put a cover on the box.(b).distance n.距离keep distance保持距离distant:(adj.)远距离的拓展：importance:(n.)重要 important:(adj.)重要的difference:(n.)差异 different:(adj.)不同9.Up to now,Mr.Scott has sent a great many requests forspare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to theother.到目前为止，斯科特先生从个汽车修理部向另一个发送了大量索取备件的信件和其他紧急函件。(a).up to now=up till now=so far 迄今为止，至 lj 目前为止，(一般与现在完成时连用)(b).requestn.耍求，请求request for:对 有请求，有需求例：I have a request for the cake.v.要求，请求request sb.to do sth.要求某人做某事=ask sb.to do sth.例：you are required/asked to do.(对人要求习惯用被动语态)(c),spare part 备件spare:1)adj.备用的，多余的，空闲的，剩下的in ones spare time=in ones free timeYou can sleep in the spare bedroom.你可以在客房睡(剩下的房间)。I have no spare time n o w.我现在没有空闲时间。2)v.抽出(时间)等，让给I have no time to spare.I cant spare the time,我抽不出时间。3)v.饶恕，赦免例：The robbers spared his life.抢劫犯放过了他的命。(d).a great many：许 多(+可数名词复数)a great number of：许 多(+可数名词复数)10.In this way,he has begun his own private telephoneservice.就这样，他开始了自己的私人的“电话”服务。(a),in this w ay这样，以这种方式拓展：in a friendly w ay以友好的方式 in a way：从某种意义上来说 in the way：挡路out of the way：让路(4)by the way：随便说一声，随便问一下(开头转移话题，随意性)on the way(to)：在去的途中 in the family way：怀孕了,快有小孩了 get one*s own way:随心所欲例：on the way to school/the office.；在去学校/办公室的路上on the way home.在回家的路上In a way,he is kind.从某种意义上来说，他还是友好的。Sorry,you are in the way.不好意思，你挡着路了。Get out of the way!让开！（b）.service n.业务，服务作为不可数名词时通常用于表示旅馆、餐馆以及商店等对旅客、顾客等的侍候、接待或服务；作为可数名词时可以表示为帮助他人所采取的行动或所做的工作。The service in that hotel is quite good.那个旅馆的服务非常号。You have done me a great service.你已经帮了 我很大的忙。service既可以指公用事业的业务，如：the mail service（邮政业务）、the telephone service（电话业务）；也可指办这些业务的机构，如：a travel service（旅行社）、a news service（通讯社）。令 At your service=Glad to be at your service=Im glad to beat your service.很乐意为你效劳。serve（v.）服务，接待例：serve the people为人民服务Lesson 6 Percy Buttons 珀西巴顿斯beggar n.乞丐food n.食物pocket n.衣服口袋call v.拜访，光顾学必记单词move v.搬家later adv.后来neighbour n.邻居习常考短语1 .move to sp.搬到某地2.knock at my door 敲我的门3.ask sb.for sth,向某人要求某物4.in return(for sth.)作为报答5.stand on ones head 倒立6.call at sp.光顾某地7.once a month 每月一次目经典句型11.1 have just moved to a house in Bridge Street.12.Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door.13.He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer.14.In return for this,the beggar stood on his head.15.He calls at every house in the street once a month.冠词标不定冠词a/an的用法：1、在叙述用于第一次提到的某人或某物之前。This is a book.这是一本书。2、泛指人或事物的某一类别，以区别于其他种类全A plane is a machine that can fly.飞机是一种能飞的飞机。3、泛指某人或某物A girl is waiting for you.一个女孩在等你。4、用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前，有“每一 的意思，相当于eveiy重点语法two kilometers an hour 每小时两千米 twice a month 每月两次5、用在某些被具体化的物质名词或抽象名词前，表示“一解阵，一份，一类，一场”等ThereUl be a strong wind in South China,在中国南部将有一次强风。6、用于某些固定词组中a few/little/bit 点 JLhave a cold 感冒have a good time 玩得高兴in a hurry 匆忙for a while 一会JLkeep a diary 写日记7、用于可视为一体的两个名词前a knife and fork 一副刀叉定冠词the的用法：1、表示双方都知道的人或事物Give me the book,please.请给我那本书。2、表示特指的或上文已提到过的人或事物Do you know the girl in red?3、表示世界上独一无二的事物The earth moves around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。4、用在序数词、形容词最高级的前面，以及对特定的两个人或事物进行比较时的比较级前面The first lesson is very easy.第一课很简单。She is the most careful student in our class.她是我妹班最认真的学生。5、用在姓氏的复数名词前表示一家人或夫妻俩The Greens are watching TV now.格林一家人现在正在看电视。6、用在单数名词前表示一类人或事物The orange is orange.橘子是橘黄色的。7、用在江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙漠等专有名词，或用在由普通名词构成的专有名词the Great Wall 长城 the United states 美国8、与某些形容词连用表示一类人The rich should help the poor.富人应该帮助穷人。9、用在表示方位或西洋乐器名称的名词之前Jilin is in the north of China.吉林位于中国的北部。I like playing the piano.我喜欢弹钢琴。10.用在某些固定词组中in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上，in the daytime 在白天，in the end 最后，all the time 一直，at the same time 同时,by the way顺便问一下，in the open air 在 户 夕 卜，at the age of在几岁时，at the beginning of 在开始时,on the other side 在另一边，in the middle of 在中间，at the moment 止 匕 亥（J定冠词的位置：1、当定冠词与alb half,both,double等词连用修饰名词时，定冠词放在这些词之后Look,all the books are here.瞧，所有的书都在这。Both the boys are from Class 1,Grade 2.这两个男孩都是二年级一班的。2、当定冠词与表示的倍数、分数的词连用时，需要放在这些词之后The bed is three times the size of that one.这张床是那张床的三倍大。This rope is one third the length of that one.这根绳子的长度是那根的三分之一。零冠词的用法：1、不可数名词和复数名词表泛指时前面用零冠词Man cant live without water.没有水人类就不能生存。Horses are domestic animals.马是一种驯养动物。2、某些专有名词，如人名、地名、国名、物质名词、抽象名词等表示泛指时前面有零冠词China is a great country.中国是一个伟大的国家Mary lives in New York.玛丽住在纽约。3、名词前已有物主代词，名词所有格，that,this,every等修饰语，用零冠词Every student likes English in our class.我们班每个学生都喜欢英语。4、用在表节日、日期、星期、月份、季节等词的前面，但若特指某年的某个月份或某年的某个季节，则需要在月份、季节前加theJune 1st is Childrens Day.六月一日是儿童节。Spring comes after winter.春天在冬天过后之后到来。That event happened in the spring of 1932.那件事发生在1932年的春天。5、称呼和表示头衔的名词作表语、同位语、补语时用零冠词This is Professor Li.这是李教授。Whafs wrong,Granny?怎么了，奶奶？6、三餐、球类及学科名词前用零冠词I went to school without breakfast this morning.今天早晨我没吃早饭就去上学了。He often plays basketball after school.他经常在放学后打篮球。7、“专有名词+普通名词”构成的街名、路名、山名等的名词前用零冠词Nanjing Road 南京路 Hainan Island 海南岛8、与 by连用的交通工具名词前用零冠词by car,by train,但 take a car,in a boat 等短语中的交通工具前需用冠词9、公共假日、节日名称前用零冠词New Years Day 元旦 Womens Day 妇女节1 0、某些固定词组或习惯用语中用零冠词day and night（日日夜夜）face to face（面对面）at school/work/home（在学校/在工作/在家）in danger（在危险中）in bed（卧病在床）in time（及时）at noon/night/dawn（在中午/晚上/黎明）on duty/watch(值日/执勤)教材全解1、I have just moved to a house in Bridge Street,我刚刚搬进了大桥街的一所房子。move：搬家，此处为不及物动词move to sp.搬入move into sp.搬进move out of sp.搬出move away 搬走move in搬进来了拓展：movevt.1)移动，搬动；搬家That chair is in the way,move it please.刃 R把椅子挡着道，请把它搬开。2)开动，驱动；使运行Water moves the water wheel.水推动着水车来回转。3)促使；鼓动Curiosity moved me to open the box.好奇心促使我将盒子打开。vi.1)移动；走动；位置变动He moved very slowly because his leg hurt.因为他的腿受伤了所以行动非常迟缓。2)迁移，搬家；移位He had moved to a new flat.他已经搬到一套新的公寓里。3)摇摆，摆动A few leaves were moving in the wind.几片树叶随风摇摆。n.l)移动；行动2)迁移；搬家3)步骤；措施2、Yesterday,a beggar knocked at my door.昨天一个乞丐来敲我的门。knock：敲击，碰撞，打常用搭配：1)knock at/on sth.敲某东西2)knock sb.down 击倒在地，打倒 e.g.He was knockeddown by a car.3)knock off e.g.Ifs time to knock off fbr tea.4)knock sth.off sth.e.g.The shop keeper knocks 20%off the bill.5)knock sb./sth.out 打晕，淘汰，出局 e.g.He wasknocked out of the game.6)knock sb./sth.over 撞翻，撞碎 e.g.He knocked overthe tea pot and it is broken now.3、He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer.他向我要一顿饭和一杯啤酒。ask sb.for sth,向某人要求某物e.g.He asked me for a gift.ask sb.sth.问某人某事e.g.The boy asked me a strange question.ask sb.to do sth.要求某人做某事e.g.My mother asked me to get up early every day.ask sb.about sth 打听，询问e.g.We must ask him about it.4、In return for this,the beggar stood on his head andsang songs.作为回报，乞丐头顶地倒立起来，嘴里还唱着歌。in return(for sth.)：作为报答二 as a rewarde.g.He gave me a book in return for my help.stand on ones head:倒立 类似词组：stand on ones knees 跪下lie on ones back 仰卧lie on ones side 侧卧lie on ones stomach 趴下5、Later a neighbour told me about him.后来，一位邻居告诉了我他的情况.later adv.后来，也可作adj.l)late的一种比较级形式2)稍迟的，较晚的3)过后的，以后的neighbour(neighbor)n.邻居拓展：adj.邻居的，邻接的，邻近的v t.与.为邻 It neighbours Italy in the south.其南部与意大利接壤。6、Everybody knows him.大家都认识他。everybody是不定代词，谓语动词常用第三人称单数，比如：everything,anything,somet