高中英语写作系列---段落写作的基本原则讲义.doc

段落写作的基本原则(Effective Paragraph)一个好的段落应该具有以下四个特征：1) 完整性(completeness)；2) 统一性(unity)；3) 连贯性(coherence)；4)句式的多样性(variety)。一、完整性(completeness)段落的完整性指的是段落的结构和内容是完整的。结构完整即指一个段落通常由主题句、扩展句和结尾句三部分构成；内容完整指的是一个段落只能表达一个意思，而且所表达的内容应该是完整的。作者一写好主题句，就应该用扩展句进行推展，细节越充足越好。例如，你认为“Riding motorcycles is dangerous”，你就应该用你所知道的事实证明这一观点是正确的。你可以使用数字(statistics)，列举例子(example)，进行描绘(descriptions)等。例：Ever since the time of the Greeks, drama has played an important role in man's lives.The Greek tragedies and comedies were a central part of the citizens' lives in ancient Greece.During the Middle Ages, Bible stories were acted out in churches, and wandering companies of players performed in the streets. In modern times, drama is brought directly into people's homes through the magic of television.主题句：Ever since the time of the Greeks, drama has played an important role in man's lives.细节：1. ancient Greece2. the Middle Ages3. modern times上段中作者根据各个不同历史时期提供细节，举例说明戏剧的重要性。二、统一性(unity)一个好的段落应该具有统一性。统一性就是一个中心思想统领整个段落。每个细节都应支持主题句，不应有无关的细节。为了支持主题，要尽可能多地提供细节，但又要避免滥用细节。 Innovations, whether practical or aesthetic, are often resisted by the general population.2 When the early experiments in the field of aviation began their work, there were many who said, “If God had wanted man to fly, he would have given him wings.”3 The Wright brothers made the first powered flights in a heavier-than-air craft in 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Even today there are many who strongly object to modern art and music as being nothing more than “splashes of paint and honking horns.”The painter Picasso's well-knownmasterpiece “The Three Musicians” is doneprimarily in blues and browns.主题句：Innovations, whether practical oraesthetic, are often resisted by the general population.推展细节：1. People's objection to the earlyexperiments in the field of aviation.2. People's objection to modern art and music.无关细节：1. The Wright brothers experiment in flight. 2. Picasso's painting.三、连贯性(Coherence)段落的连贯性指的是段落结构和内容上的连贯。即段落的结构层次和内容安排都应按照一定的逻辑顺序编排，段落的句子以清晰、符合逻辑的顺序连接。连贯性使读者能够找出每个观点之间的联系以及这些观点与主题句的关系。若想实现连贯性，需要注意以下几点：1. 使用统一时态如果随意而毫无理由地改变时态，那么不管作者连句的技巧多么高超，段落也不可能取得连贯性。在写作时，常使用现在时或过去时，选用哪一种时态取决于作者处理材料的方式。2.使用某种逻辑顺序常用的逻辑顺序有：(1)时间顺序(time order)；(2)空间顺序(space order)；(3)重要性顺序(order of importance)；(4)熟悉度顺序(order of familiarity)3. 使用转承词语使用转承词语(transitional words)是保持段落连贯性的重要方法之一。转承词语可以起黏着物的作用，把各部分连接起来，使句子间的关系更加清楚。常见的转承词语有：(1)并列连词(coordinator)：例如and、but、so等；(2)连接副词(conjunctive adverb)：例如therefore、however、moreover等；(3)从属连词(subordinator)：例如because、although等；(4)介词短语(preposition phrase)：例如because of、in spite of等。4. 重复除上述方法之外，有意识地重复某些关键词也可以大大增加段落的连贯性。四、句式的多样性(variety)句式多样性不是对单个句子的要求，而是指段落中所有的句子。多变的句式可以使整个段落生动活泼，充满活力，也有助于强调重要的观点。句式的多样性也是作者驾驭语言文字能力的体现，除了在进行段落和文章写作时将简单句、并列句以及复合句有机的结合之外，长短句的使用可以使写作富于节奏，平行结构的使用可以让句子充满韵律，主动被动的交替使用以及疑问、感叹等语气的转变都可以达到句式改变的写作效果，从而使语言形式丰富多彩，值得学习者在具体的写作实践中尝试使用。【练一练】Let's Practice!一、阅读下列段落，找出主题句及其位置，若主题句为隐含，请予以总结。1. But no matter what it is called, all polyester has certain good points. It does not wrinkle easily. It dries quickly after it is washed.It holds its shape. It is strong and keeps its colors well.Topic Sentence:Position:2. Black is the colour of mourning. Red symbolizes danger, violence, or bloodshed. If you are afraid,you are yellow.None of these sayings is true outside the English speaking world.In China and Korea,white is the color of mourning. In Russia red stands for beauty and life. In Italy and Germany you are yellow with anger, not with fear.Topic Sentence:Position:3. Our chief source of fresh water is rainfall that collects in lakes, rivers, and reservoirs. Recently,however,we have discovered a new source, aquifers, which are rock formations containing water. Even under deserts, vast aquifers may be waiting to be tapped. Companies drilling for oil in the Middle East have sometimes struck aquifers, which provideunexpected water supplies for arid regions.Topic Sentence:Position：4. Suppose you're playing a game. You make a silly mistake and lose.Do you become angry? Or can you laugh at yourself and hope to do better next time? Suppose you are at a special dinner. You accidentally spill some food.Why keep worrying about how clumsy you look? Why not laugh it off and enjoy yourselfanyway? If you can, it's good sign you've really grown up.Topic Sentence:Position：二、阅读下列段落，找出主题句和结尾句，重新安排句子顺序，使得整个段落内容表达清楚连贯。1 In less than three years the farm had gone to pieces. 2 All the windows had been broken out of the big two-story farm house. 3 In the front of the house the grass was about three feet tall and the barn yard was full of weeds instead of pigs squealing to be fed.There were no more cows to milk or horses to ride.My grandmother's farm has a lot of enjoyable memories for me,but after she died, I left home to join the army and when I returned, I was disappointed at the changes that had taken place. Paint was peeling off the house and the porch roof was sagging.7 Lively as the place had been before my grandmother died, it seemed to have died with her now.8 This farm had once been lively with the noise of a tractor plowing the land and a dog barking whenever someone came up to the house.Topic Sentence: Supporting Details:Concluding Sentence:3、 用描述法描写你所熟悉的一种自然现象进行段落写作。四、用定义法给“友谊”下定义进行段落写作，并用例证法进行扩展。五、用分类法参照所给信息进行段落写作。Topic sentence:The teachers of a university are made up of two kinds.Details: 1. Administrative staff 2. Teaching staff六、用逐点比较法参照所给提纲进行段落写作。Outline:I. Convenience A. living on campus B. living off campus. Safety A. living on campus B.living off campus. Expenses A. living on campus B.living off campus七、用因果法分析学生考试作弊的动机进行段落写作。八、用论证法中的演绎法参照所给信息进行段落写作。Being persistent is one of the secrets towards success.9、 用数据法参照所给信息进行段落写作。Item 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998Food 65% 60% 48% 42% 35%Clothing 8% 9% 12% 15% 17%Recreation 3% 5% 7% 8% 10%Others 24% 26% 33% 35% 38%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%People's expenditure had a dramatic changes from the year of 1994 to the year of 1998.十、用引用法参照所给信息进行段落写作。It usually takes years of efforts before one can achieve his or her success.十一、用例证法参照所给信息进行段落写作。You may have heard the old saying "Constant drops wear away the stone".The truth of it has been proved by the successful lives of many great men and women十二、根据所给主题句，筛选出和主题无关的细节。Topic Sentence: My main satisfaction in life comes from the people who are part of my life.Supporting Details:a. For me a day is good or bad depending on whether or not I have gotten along well with my associates.b. I am not at all affected by the weather the way some people are.c. For instance,my father judges his day by whether or not the sky is blue.d. On a rainy day he is always in a bad mood. e. What counts for me is to feel human warmth and friendship.f. My favorite entertainment is to be with one or two intimate friends, sitting in front of a fireplace and sharing intimate recollections.十三、阅读下列段落，找出主题句，以及和主题无关的句子。 Different people spend their weekends indifferent ways.Some enjoy going to the mountains to hike, ski or just relax.3 Water skiing is much more difficult than snow skiing. Others prefer going to the beach to enjoy the seashore activities and to get a suntan.5 Some of these people work very hard during the week; others have rather relaxing jobs. 6 Still others like to relax by staying home and reading a good book.Topic Sentence:Irrelevant Sentences:十四、比较下列两个段落，选出表达更为有效的一个，讨论一下理由。1 There are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep almost anywhere. For example,there is a lot of sleeping on the bus or train on the way home from work in the evenings.A man will be reading the newspaper, and seconds later it appears as if he is trying to eat it. Or he will fall asleep on the shoulder of the stranger sitting next to him.Another place where unplanned naps go on is in the lecture hall. In some classes, a student will start snoring so loudly that the professor has to ask another student to shake the sleeper awake. A moreembarrassing situation occurs when a student leans on one elbow and starts drifting off to sleep. The weight of the head pushes the elbow off the desk, and this momentum carries the rest of the body along. The student wakes up on the floor with no memory of how he got there.The worst time to fall asleep is when driving a car. Police reports are full of accidents that occur when people fall asleep at the wheel and go off the road. If the drivers are very lucky, they are not seriously hurt. One woman's car, for instance, went into the river. She woke up in four feet of water and thought it was raining.When people are really tired, nothing will stop them from falling asleepno matter where they are.2 There are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep almost anywhere.For example, on the bus or train on the way home from work.A man will be reading the newspaper, seconds later it appears as if he is trying to eat it.Or he will fall asleep on the shoulder of the stranger sitting next to him.Another place where unplanned naps go on are in the lecture hall. In some classes, a student will start snoring so loudly that the professor has to ask another student to shake the sleeper awake. A moreembarrassing situation occurs when a student leans on one elbow and starting to drift off to sleep. The weightof the head push the elbow off the desk, and this momentum carries the rest of the body along. The student wakes up on the floor with no memory of how he got there.The worst time to fall asleep is when driving a car. Police reports are full of accidents that occur when people conk out and go off the road.If the drivers are lucky they are not seriously hurt. One woman's car, for instance went into the river. She woke up in four feet of water. And thought it was raining. When people are really tired, nothing will stop them from falling asleepno matter where they are.18