英语演讲的艺术week-three培训讲学.ppt

英语演讲的艺术week-three This array of topics is from A to Z.It just happened naturally.Therere literally endless possibilities for speech topics-from A to Z.Choosing a Topic Topic:the subject of a speech.First step in speechmaking.The topic is determined by:occasion,audience,speakers qualifications.Two Broad Categories of Topics Subjects you know a lot about.Subjects you want to know more about.Topics You Know a Lot About Most people speak best about subjects with which they are most familiar.Think a topic,draw on your own knowledge and experience.Here are a few examples of topics based on your personal knowledge:1.How to Have a Successful Job Interview2.Changchun:The Movie City of China3.A Tour of Nanhu Lake4.Migraine Headache:You Can Live With ItTopics You Want to Know More About Make your speech a learning experience.A subject about which you already have some knowledge or expertise but not enough to prepare a speech without doing additional research.Want to explore for the first time.Subjects about which you hold strong opinions and beliefs,such as:National or international concerns such as global warming,media violence,or stock-market regulations.Avoid political topics.Brainstorming for Topics Brainstorming:a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.Procedures:1.Personal inventory 2.Clustering 3.Internet searchPersonal Inventory 盘点法 Make a quick inventory of your experiences,interests,hobbies,skills,beliefs,and so forth.Jot down anything that comes to mind.From this list may come a general subject area out of which you can fashion a specific topic.Clustering 聚类法 Take a sheet of paper and divide it into nine columns as follows:People,Places,Things,Events,Processes,Concepts,Natural Phenomenon,Problems,Plans and Policies.List in each column the first four or five items that come to mind.Result:People:my family;Mao Zedong;Yang Liwei;Guo Jingjing.Places:my hometown;my province;Three Gorges;Dujiangyan.Things:cell phones;MP3;movies;cartoons.Events:graduation;marriage;Olympic Games;World Cup.Processes:dreaming;taking photographs;cooking Yunnan food;carving jade.Concepts:Buddhism;multiculturalism;medical ethics;feminism.Natural Phenomenon:earthquakes;tsunami(海啸);glaciers;ice age.Problems:cyber crime;childhood obesity;college entrance exam;divorce.Plans and Policies:developing solar power;changing graduation requirements;building a new computer center;recycling.Sub lists for movies,Three Gorges,and Yang Liwei:1.Movies:Academy Awards;prizes;lotteries;gambling.2.Three Gorges:Yangtze River;Chongqing;mountains;flooding.3.Yang Liwei:astronauts;space program;moon;aliens.Internet Search Connect to a subject-based We sit.Baidu Baike-Yahoo!Directory-Librarians Index to the Internet-www.lii.orgWhatever the means you use for selecting a topic,start early!Jot down ideas for topics as they occur to you.Determining the General Purpose General purpose:the broad goal of a speech.To inform:act as a teacher or lecturer,give information.To persuade:act as an advocate or a partisan,win over your listeners to your point of view-go get them to believe something or do something.Determining the Specific Purpose Specific purpose:a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.For example:To inform my audience about recent discoveries of dinosaur fossils.To inform my audience about the benefits of music therapy for people with psychological disabilities.To persuade my audience that personal happiness is more important than financial success.To persuade my audience that the nationwide college entrance examination is the best way to select qualified student.These specific purpose statements are so clear.They state what the speaker wants to say and what the speaker wants the audience to know.It helps keep the audience at the center of your attention.Tips for The Specific Purpose StatementFormulating a specific purpose is the most important early step in developing a successful speech.Write the Purpose Statement as a Full Infinitive PhraseIneffective:Calendars.More Effective:To inform my audience about the four major kinds of calendars used in the world today.The ineffective statement is adequate as an announcement of the speech topic.But it is not thought out fully enough to indicate the specific purpose.Express Your Purpose as a Statement,Not as a QuestionIneffective:What is Halloween?More Effective:To inform my audience about the history of Halloween festivities.The question might arouse the curiosity of an audience.But its not effective as a specific purpose statement.It gives no indication about what direction the speech will take or what the speaker hopes to accomplish.Avoid Figurative Language in Your Purpose StatementIneffective:To inform my audience that yoga is extremely cool.More Effective:To inform my audience how yoga can improve their health.The ineffective statement doesnt state concisely what the speaker wants to achieve.Figurative language can reinforce ideas within a speech.But it is too ambiguous for a specific purpose statement.Make Sure Your Specific Purpose Is Not Too Vague or GeneralIneffective:To persuade my audience that something should be done aboutFraudulent land developers.More Effective:To Persuade my audiencethat harsher penalties are needed to prevent the practices of Fraudulent land developers.The ineffective purpose statement is too broad and ill-defined.No clues about what the speaker believes should be done.The more effective purpose statement reveals clearly what the speaker plans to discuss.The more precise your specific purpose,the easier to prepare your speech.Compare the following topic and specific purpose:Topic:Hot-air-balloons.Specific Purpose:To inform my audience about hot-air-balloons.Topic:Hot-air-balloons.Specific Purpose:To inform my audience about the scientific uses of hot-air-balloons.Choose a Specific Purpose That Is Appropriate for Your Audience No matter how well you construct your speeches,they are likely to fall flat unless you speak about matters of interest to your listeners.Make sure your specific purpose is not too technical for your audience.Make the number of jargons as small as possible.Choose a Specific Purpose You Can Achieve in the Allotted Time Classroom speeches are usually quite short,ranging from 2 to 8 minutes.No matter what the audience or occasion,make sure you have a specific purpose that you can reasonably hope to achieve in the allotted time.Phrasing the Central Idea Central idea:a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.A concise statement of what you expect to say.Expressed as a simple,declarative sentence that refines and sharpens the specific purpose statement.Residual message:what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech.Most of the time the central idea will encapsulate the main points to be developed in the body of the speech.For example:Topic:Qipao.General Purpose:To inform.Specific Purpose:To inform my audienceof the history,styles,and cultural impactof Qipao.Central Idea:Qipao was created in the1920s,comes in a number of styles,andhas exerted significant cultural impact on Chinese women.The speaker starts with a broad subject(Qipao)that becomes narrower and narrower as the speaker moves from the general purpose to the specific purpose to the central idea.Settle on a specific purpose early.Then do your research and decide on the main points.Tips for the Central Idea Make sure the central idea is not too general.Express the central idea as a full sentence.State the central idea as a declarative sentence,not as a question.Avoid figurative language in the central idea.Make Sure the Central Idea Is Not Too GeneralIneffective:Banning violent content ontelevision is a good idea.More Effective:Because violent contenton television increases antisocial behaviorin young children,it should be banned onweekends and before 9:00 p.m.on schoolnights.The Ineffective is too general.Not convey the speakers viewpoint sharply and clearly.What does the speaker mean by a“good idea”?The More Effective reveals exactly what the speaker thinks should be done,and why.Express the Central Idea as a Full SentenceIneffective:Green tea versus black tea.More Effective:Despite differentmethods of preparation,green tea andblack tea are both made from the leavesof Camellia sinensis and both have their own health benefits.The Ineffective does not reveal enough about the content of the speech to serve as the central idea.The More Effective identifies with precision the similarities and differences of green tea and black tea.State the Central Idea as a Declarative Sentence,Not as a QuestionIneffective:What are nanorobots?More Effective:Microscopic in size,nanorobots are being developed for use in medicine,weaponry,and daily life.The question might attract the attention of listeners,but not identify the main points to be developed in the speech.The central idea should always be expressed as a full declarative sentence.Avoid Figurative Language in the Central IdeaIneffective:Hainan Island is an awesomeplace for a vacation.More Effective:Hainan Island has manyattractions for vacationers,including awarm climate,excellent food,and ethnic villages.The Ineffective is perfectly appropriate for informal conversation,but not for the central idea of a speech.The More Effective avoids figurative language and specifies the major attractions of Hainan Island.The End!此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢