串的基本操作(共11页).doc
精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上1 上机实训3:串的基本操作一、 实训目的 通过实训,掌握串的运算(赋值,比较,联结,插入子串,模式匹配等) 二、 实验理论知识 1) 串的基本概念及其含义 串( string)是由零个或多个字符组成的有限序列,一般记作:s='a1a2an'(n0),其中s为串的名字,用单引号括起来的字符序列为串的值;ai(1in)可以是字母、数字或其它字符(取决于程序设计语言所使用的字符集);n为串中字符的个数,称为串的长度。2) 串的存储表示及其实现 l 顺序存储可以用一组地址连续的存储单元依次存放串的各个字符,这是串的顺序存储结构,也称为顺序串l 链式存储和线性表的链式存储结构相类似,也可采用链表方式存储串值。串的这种链式存储结构简称为链串。用链表存储字符串,每个结点需要有两个域:一个数据域(data)和一个指针域(Next),其中数据域存放串中的字符,指针域存放后继结点的地址。3) 模式匹配问题三、 实训案例与分析 【实例1】串的存储与基本运算 【实例分析】在本实例中练习计算字符串的长度、字符串的复制、字符串的比较、字符串的连接、字符串的插入等基本操作。在设计时1) 编写一个菜单函数,根据不同情况做(1-5)不同选择。2) 如果选择1,即要求计算输入字符串的长度。3) 如果选择2,完成字符串的复制。4) 如果选择3,完成字符串的比较。5) 如果选择4,完成两个字符串的连接。6) 如果选择5,字符串的插入。【参考程序】#include <stdio.h>#define MAX 128typedef enum fail,success status;typedef enum false,true boolean;main() int strlen();void strass();boolean strcmp();status strcat( );status strins();int t,n,i;boolean b;status st;char sMAX,s1MAX,s2MAX;printf("n1. The length of stringn");printf(" 2. The assignment of stringn");printf(" 3. A string compare with another string:n");printf(" 4. A string connect with another string:n");printf(" 5. A string to be inserted into another stringn");printf(" Please input a operation:");/*输入操作选项*/scanf("%d",&t);switch(t) case 1:printf("please input a string:n");getchar();gets(s);n=strlen(s);printf("the length is: %d",n);break;case 2:printf("please input the first string:n");getchar();gets(s1);printf("please input the second string:n");getchar();gets(s2);strass(s1,s2);break;case 3:printf("please input the first string:n");getchar();gets(s1);printf("please input the second string: n");gets(s2);b=strcmp(s1,s2);if (b=true)printf("equaln");elseprintf("not equaln");break;case 4:printf("please input the first string:n");getchar();gets(s1);printf("please input the second string:n");gets(s2);st=strcat(s1,s2);if(st=success)printf("answer is %sn",s1);elseprintf("error!n");break;case 5:printf("please input the first string:n");getchar();gets(s1);printf("please input the second string:n");gets(s2);printf("please input i:");scanf("%d",&i);st=strins(s1,i,s2);if(st=success)printf("answer is: %sn",s1);else printf("error!n");break;case 0:break;default: printf("There isn't this operation!");int strlen(s) /*求字符串的长度子函数*/char s; int i;for(i=0;si!='0'i+);return (i);void strass(s1,s2)char s1,s2; int i=0;while(s1i!='0') s2i=s1i;i+;s2i='0'printf("s2 is %s",s2);boolean strcmp(s1,s2) /*字符串比较子函数*/char s1,s2; int i=0;while (s1i=s2i && s1i!='0' && s2i!='0')i+;if (s1i='0' && s2i='0')return (true);elsereturn (false);status strcat (s1,s2) /*字符串连接子函数*/char s1,s2; int i,j,k;i=strlen(s1);j=strlen(s2);if(i+j)>=MAXN)return(fail);for(k=0;k<=j;k+)s1i+k=s2k;return (success);status strins (s1,i,s2)char s1,s2;int i; int m,n,k;m=strlen(s1);n=strlen(s2);if (i<0|i>m|(m+n)>MAXN )return (fail) ;for(k=m;k>=i;k-)s1k+n=s1k;for(k=0;k<n;k+)s1i+k=s2k;return (success);【测试数据与结果:】计算字符串的长度1. The length of string2. The assignment of string3. A string compare with another string:4. A string connect with another string:5. A string to be inserted into another stringPlease input a opertation:1please input a string:you are a boy!the length is: 14字符串的复制 1. The length of string2. The assignment of string3. A string compare with another string:4. A string connect with another string:5. A string to be inserted into another stringPlease input a opertation:2please input the first string:you are a boy!please input the second string:i am a girl!s2 is you are a boy!字符串的比较 1. The length of string2. The assignment of string3. A string compare with another string:4. A string connect with another string:5. A string to be inserted into another stringPlease input a opertation:3please input the first string:you are a boy!please input the second string:i am a girl!not equal字符串的连接 1. The length of string2. The assignment of string3. A string compare with another string:4. A string connect with another string:5. A string to be inserted into another stringPlease input a opertation:4please input the first string:you are a boy!please input the second string:i am a girl!answer is: you are a boy!i am a girl!字符串的插入 1. The length of string2. The assignment of string3. A string compare with another string:4. A string connect with another string:5. A string to be inserted into another stringPlease input a opertation:5please input the first string:you are a boy!please input the second string:i am a girl!please input i:2answer is i am a girl! you are a boy!【实例2】统计主串指定单词在主串中出现的次数和位置【实例描述】统计主串指定单词在主串中出现的次数和位置,要求:1) 输入以回车作为结束符的一串字符作为主串;2) 求主串中指定单词出现的次数和位置,注意单词与子串的区别;【实例分析】假设num存放出现次数,初始化为0,positioni存放每一次匹配时的位置。1) 编写一个菜单函数,根据不同情况做(0-3)不同选择2) 如果选择1,即要求匹配的是单个字符c,让i=0,依次比较主串的第i个字符,如果si=c,则匹配成功,positionnum=i;num+;3) 如果选择2,即要求匹配的是子串t,则此算法即为模式匹配算法,与模式匹配不同的是每次匹配成功时不是返回,而是设置position和num的值,positionnum=i-j;num+;4) 如果选择3,即要求匹配的是单词t,假设主串中单词之间用空格分割,此算法与3)的不同,与t匹配的子串必须是一个单词,因此首先要找出主串中的单词,然后让t与找到的单词比较,若结果相等,则匹配成功,设置position和num的值,positionnum=i-j; num+;否则,查找主串中的下一个单词,直到主串结束。【实例实现】#include "string.h"#include "stdio.h"char str60;void menu() /*菜单选择函数*/char choice,c;char t20;printf(" 指定类型 n");printf("=n");printf("1.单个字符n");printf("2.指定子串n");printf("3.指定单词n");printf("0.退出n");printf("=n");doprintf("请你在上述功能中选择(0-3) : ");choice=getchar();getchar();switch(choice)case '1':printf("input char : "); /*指定单个字符匹配的情况*/c=getchar();getchar();index_char(str,c);break;case '2':printf("input string : "); /*指定子串匹配的情况*/gets(t);index_string(str,t);break;case '3':printf("input word : "); /*指定单词匹配的情况*/gets(t);index_word(str,t);break;case '0':return;while(1);index_string(char *s,char *t) /*子串匹配函数*/int i,j,num=0,position80; /*num存放匹配个数,position中存放每一次匹配的位置*/i=0;j=0;while(si!='0') /*主串没有结束*/while(si!='0'&&tj!='0') /*没有遇到结束符*/if(si=tj) /*继续*/i+;j+;else /*回溯*/i=i-j+1;j=0; if(tj='0')positionnum=i-j;num+;j=0; /*匹配成功,存放位置,并且次数加1*/if(num) /*如果匹配成功,输出匹配次数和位置*/printf("nthe number of string "%s" is %d",t,num);printf("nthe position is:");for(i=0;i<num;i+)printf("%5d",positioni);printf("n");elseprintf("n the string is not found!",i);index_word(char *s,char *t)int i,j,num=0,position80;char word20;i=j=0;while(si!='0') j=0;while(si=' ') i+;while(si!=' ')&&(si!='0') /*寻找主串中的单词*/wordj+=stri+;wordj='0'if(strcmp(t,word)=0) /*如果输入的单词与主串中的单词匹配*/positionnum=i-j;num+;if(num) /*如果匹配成功,输出匹配次数和位置*/printf("nthe number of word "%s" is %d",t,num);printf("nthe position is:");for(i=0;i<num;i+)printf("%5d",positioni);printf("n");elseprintf("n the word is not found!");index_char(char *s,char t)int i=0,num=0,position80;while(si!='0')if(si=t) positionnum=i;num+;i+;if(num)printf("nthe number of char ' %c' is %d",t,num);printf("nthe position is:");for(i=0;i<num;i+)printf("%5d",positioni);printf("n");elseprintf("n the char is not found!");main()printf("ninput the string1 : ");gets(str);menu();【测试数据与结果】input the string1 : aab bbc ccd dde abcde指定类型=1.单个字符2.指定子串3.指定单词0.退出=请你在上述功能中选择(0-3) : 1input char : athe number of char ' a' is 3the position is: 0 1 16请你在上述功能中选择(0-3) : 2input string : abthe number of string "ab" is 2the position is: 1 16请你在上述功能中选择(0-3) : 3input word : ccdthe number of word "ccd" is 1the position is: 8请你在上述功能中选择(0-3) : 0四、 思考项目 1) 计算一个子串在一个字符串中出现的次数。2) 统计文本文件中给定的单词数。专心-专注-专业