Unit 4 Exposition (2) - Cause and Effectppt课件英语写作教程第二册第二版.pptx
Unit 4 Exposition(2)-Cause and Effect教学课件英语写作教程第二册第二版Unit 4 Exposition(2)-Cause and Effect单击输入您的封面副标题Contents4.0 Introduction4.1 What is cause and effect?4.2 How to organize a cause and effect essay4.2.1 Audience awareness4.2.2 Point 4.2.3 Support4.2.4 Coherence4.0 IntroductionMany phenomena,events,situations and trends can be better understood by describing their causes and effects.A cause and effect essay usually examines the causes of an event or action,or the effects of an event or action,or a combination of both.The effects of increasing oil prices on the nations economy:higher oil prices higher gasoline prices the increased cost of shipping goods;higher oil prices higher jet fuel costs the rising cost of travelcause effectBack to Contents4.1 What is cause and effectPreliminaries-answer the following questions:1.What are the causes and effects of the increasing oil prices?2.What are the causes and effects of aging society?3.What are the causes and effects of obesity?4.What are the causes and effects of insomnia?Back to ContentsSample 1 Causes of Car AccidentsRead Sample 1 Causes of Car Accidents(P.78)and answer the following quesitons:1.Does this essay focus on causes or effects?2.What is the thesis statement of the essay?Where does the author put the thesis statement?What is the purpose of putting a thesis statement in this way?3.What are the three major causes of car accidents?Are the three causes stated clearly?4.What transitional expressions does the author use between the three body paragraphs?5.What transitional expressions or sentence connectors does the author use between thesentences in each paragraph?What is the function of using these transitional expressions or sentence connectors?6.In what way does the writer conclude the essay?Back to ContentsTask 1 Read thefollowing eight topics.Put a check mark()next to thefour that could be good topics for cause and effect essays.()1.The reasons that students are sleepy on Monday mornings()2.Chinese and western styles of education()3.A trip to visit my uncle()4.Three types of parentsBack to Contents()5.Explaining the virtues of growing older()6.How to bargain in a market place()7.Why a student received a scholarship()8.Why the birth rate is falling in many countriesCan you think of two additional topics that would be excellent for a cause and effect essay?Back to ContentsKeys to Task 11,5,7,8Back to ContentsTask 2 Provide some possible causes for the fact that students tend to be sleepy in the classroom on Monday mornings.1.2.3.4.5.Back to ContentsTask 3 If a person grows too fat,what might be the effects?Write about them.1.2.3.4.5.Back to ContentsWatch a video about the negative effects of noise:https:/ are the negative effects of noise?(2)What can be done about noise?(3)What are the other kinds of pollution,apart from noise pollution?Back to ContentsRead an article“Tech Breakdown:What causes global warming?”from a newspaper:https:/ causes global warming?(2)What can be done to slow down global warming?Back to Contents4.2 How to organize a cause and effect essayThree ways of organizing a cause and effect essay:(1)Focusing on causes e.g.“causes of air pollution”:exhaust gases from cars;uncontrolled factory gases;burning of low-quality coal.(2)Focusing on effects e.g.“effects of Great Depression”:(1)economic effects such as the decreasing value of money and companies;the social effects such as poverty and homelessness;employment such as fewer jobs and low-paying jobs.(3)Focusing on both the causes and effects e.g.the causes and the effects of the one-child/three-child policy the causes and effects of childhood obesityBack to ContentsExpository essay writing from Purdue Writing Lab:Expository Essays/Purdue Writing Labhttps:/owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/academic_writing/essay_writing/expository_essays.htmlBack to ContentsBack to ContentsA basic cause and effect essay structure:Introduction:Describe the event or situation your essay will explore.Include your thesis statement,which may focus on what you think is the main cause or effect of the event or situation.Body Paragraphs (Causes):Start with what you feel is the main cause of the event,providing evidence to back up your argument.Then,follow with describing secondary causes.Body Paragraphs(Effects):Just as with the causes,here youll start with the biggest or most important effect of the situation.Again,provide evidence to back up your argument.Subsequent paragraphs can then discuss other effects worth noting.Conclusion:Reiterate your thesis statement and summarize the main points of your essay,showing how they support your thesis.Back to Contents4.2.1 Audience awarenessIn order to show your purpose clearly and explain your idea eloquently to your reader,you should:show your purpose to the reader clearly about whether the focus of the essay is on cause or on effect;decide what causes or effects to include in your essay for your strong points,and in what order you should put them,so that you can Back to Contents4.2.2 PointTo make a clear point,a good thesis statement is indispensable.An effective thesis statement for a cause and effect essay should tell your reader three things:-the issues you plan to consider,;-the position you will take;-whether your emphasis is on causes or effects Sometimes you can use the words“cause(s)”or“effects(s)”,but this is not necessary if either the cause or the effect is implied in the statement.You can use a number in a thesis statement,such as“three causes”or“two effects”,but this is also optional.Back to ContentsThesis statementsImplied:Young people join the military for many reasons.Stated:Young people join the military for many reasons,such as getting away from home and serving their country.Implied:Unemployment can have terrible effects on individuals.Stated:Unemployment can have terrible effects on individuals,including financial and psychological difficulties.Back to ContentsTask 4 Finish the following based on Sample 11.Which sentence is the thesis statement of the essay“Causes of Car Accidents”?2.In this thesis statement,the word is used to show the focus of the essay,the number is used to show how many will be discussed,and the sub-ideas are specifically stated:,and .Back to ContentsKeys to Task 41.The three main causes of car accidents are poorly trained drivers,distracted drivers,and impaired drivers.2.causes,three,causes;poorly trained drivers,distracted drivers,impaired driversBack to ContentsTasks 5-7Finish tasks 5-7 on pp.83-84.Group discussion on causes and effects of“double-reduction”policy in task 7.Back to ContentsTask 5 Study the three examples of thesis statementsfor cause and effect essays by pointing out:(1)the words that show thefocus of the essays and(2)the sub-ideas,if there are any.1.The chief causes of dissatisfaction among the workers in the office where I spent my placement are low wages,sexual harassment,and boredom.2.The beneficial effects of my annual canoe trip include reduced stress,increased fitness,and improved family relationships.3.The present prominence of pollution has happened due to a number of major factors which have significantly deteriorated the environment,and decreased the outcomes of peoples efforts to make our planet a cleaner place.Back to ContentsTask 6 Underline the thesis statement for each of the following introductory paragraphs of cause and effect essays.1.The introductory paragraph for an essay titled“Pauls Suicide”:Paul,the main character in Willa Cathers short story“Pauls Case,”is a young man on a collision course with death.As Cather reveals Pauls story,we learn about elements of Pauls personality that inevitably come together and cause his suicide.Paul takes his own life as a result of his inability to conform to his society,his passive nature,and his emotional isolation.Back to Contents2.The introductory paragraph for an essay titled“Why Are Cities Becoming Overcrowded?”:The fact that the worlds cities are getting more and more crowded is well-known.Cities such as Tokyo,Sao Paulo,Mumbai,and Shanghai are now considered“mega-cities”,because of their enormous size and huge populations.There are two main reasons why these and other cities are becoming so crowded;one economic,the other socio-cultural.Back to Contents3.The introductory paragraph for an essay titled“What Effects Has the Computer Had on Our Lives?”The twenty-first century is already turning out to be the century of the computer.The computer revolution that started after the Second World War is now developing exponentially and computers are beginning to influence and take over nearly every aspect of our lives.Computers are clearly changing and affecting society in many ways.The two main areas in which computers have brought about a profound change in our lives are in the economic field and in the field of communications.Back to ContentsTask 7 Write a thesis statementfor each of thefollowing cause and effect essay topics.1.Topic:Causes of teenage depression Thesis statement:2.Topic:Causes of“double-reduction”policy Thesis statement:3.Topic:Effects of“double-reduction”policy Thesis statement:Group discussion on causes and effects of“double-reduction”policyBack to ContentsClear expression of the sub-ideas and the use of transitions help to show your point clearly.This will be explained in the following section 4.2.3 SupportBack to Contents4.2.3 SupportThere are many models of cause and effect:(1)a single cause has one effect;(2)a single cause has multiple effects;(3)multiple causes have one effect;(4)one event causes another,which triggers another,etc.,like the domino effect;(5)a cyclic causes or effects are repeated,like a feedback loop.Back to ContentsBack to ContentsTips:Focus on the immediate and direct causes or effects;Limit yourself to the causes or effects that are close in time and the most relevantWrite only two or three major causes or major effects in your essayState each sub-idea in each topic sentence clearly and strengthen each sub-idea by using supporting evidenceWays of support:defining terms;offering facts and statistics;providing examples,anecdotes,or personal observations;etc.Back to ContentsTask 8 Based on Tasks 2 and 3,decide the most important and relevant causes or effects.1.(For Task 2)Students tend to be sleepy in the classroom on Monday mornings for two main reasons:()and()2.(for Task 3)If a person grows too fat,the two main effects might be:()and()Back to Contents4.2.4 CoherenceProper use of transitions makes your cause and effect essay coherent:(1)within sentences(2)between sentences(3)between paragraphsExample transitions(see p.86)Back to ContentsTask 9 and Task 10Keys to Task 91.then;2.lead to;3.Because;4.For example;5.so;6.therefore;7.is a consequence ofKeys to Task 101.Consequently;2.For instance(For example);3.Furthermore(Moreover);4.For example；5.Moreover(Furthermore);6.As a result;7.In conclusionBack to ContentsSample 2 What Makes Turkey a Tourist Attraction?(p.89)Read Sample 2,and find out the thesis statement,topic sentences,transitions within sentences,between sentences or between paragraphs.Think about how point,support,and coherence are realized.Back to ContentsTask 11 Outline writing for a cause and effect essayThink of a topic that interests you most,and write an outline for a cause essay or an effect essay based on the following outline structure.You may also choose a topic from Task 13.Back to ContentsTitle:Thesis statement:I.IntroductionII.Body1.Body paragraph 1:Topic sentence.Supporting details.Concluding sentence.2.Body paragraph 2:Topic sentence.Supporting details.Concluding sentence.3.Body paragraph 3:Topic sentence.Supporting details.Concluding sentence.III.ConclusionBack to ContentsTask 12(p.90)Finish Task 12.Disscuss the possible problems in writing a cause and effect essay.Back to ContentsKeys to Task 12In this case,essay 2 is more effective because the material is organized clearly and logically.Using emphatic order,the writer develops three positive uses of television,ending with the most important use:television as an educational tool.The writer includes transitional words that act as signposts,making movement from one idea to the next easy to follow.The major transitions include First of all,In addition,and Most important;transitions within paragraphs include such words as Moreover,Still another,too,Also,and Finally.And this writer also uses a linking sentence(“In addition to being relaxing,television is entertaining”)to tie the first and second supporting paragraphs together clearly.Back to ContentsAlthough essay 1 is unified and supported,the writer does not have any clear and consistent way of organizing the material.The most important idea(signalled by the phrase Worst of all)is discussed in the second supporting paragraph instead of being saved for last.None of the supporting paragraphs organizes its details in a logical fashion.The first supporting paragraph,for example,discusses older viewers,then goes to younger viewers,then jumps back to older people again.The third supporting paragraph,like the first,leaps from an opening idea(families talking only during commercials)to several intervening ideas and then back to the original idea(talking during commercials).In addition,essay 1 uses practically no transitional devices to guide the readers.Back to ContentsReading and discussionQuestions:What are the ways to tackle the climate challenge,according to Xi Jinping?What will China do to foster a community of life for man and Nature,according to Xi Jinping？Back to ContentsReading materials about climate change:(1)习近平在“领导人气候峰会”上的讲话（英文版）https:/ chief warns of climate catastrophe”https:/ to climate change action”https:/ to ContentsTask 13 Writing practice Draft RevisionPeer reviewBack to ContentsEND
