英语历年高考真题和模拟题(内含详解)专题1-10.pdf
专 题 一 名词和冠词 五年高考真题 也大 考 题 分 布.2015-2011年各省市高考题(改编)I.用所给词的适当形式填空1.(2015江苏,32)Some schools will have to make(adjust)in agreement with the national soccer reform.解析 句意:为了与国家足球改革相一致,一些学校将做出调整。固定表达 make adjustments 做出调整。答案 adjustments2.(2015江苏,35)Go and say sorry to your Mom,Dave.一 rd like to,but Im afraid she wont be happy with my(apologize).解析 句意:去和你的妈妈说对不起,Dave.我想,但我怕妈妈不会接 受我的道歉。作介词with的宾语和my的修饰语要用名词形式。答案 apology/apologies3.(2015浙江,15)One of the most effective ways to reduce(stressful)is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.解析 句意:减少压力最有效的方法之一是与信任的人谈谈你的感受。作动词 reduce的宾语要用名词形式,stress压力,紧张,为不可数名词。答案 stress4.(2015湖北,21)When he was running after his brother,the boy lost his(balanced)and had a bad fall.解析 句意:追赶哥哥时,小男孩失去了平衡,重重摔了一跤。作动词lose的 宾语要用名词形式。lose his balance失去平衡,失去均衡。答案 balance5.(2015安徽,30)There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give its ome(think)and then let me know.解析 句意:现在没有必要告诉我你的答案。思考一下,然后让我知道。some 后应跟名词,thought想法。答案 thought6 .(2014安徽,29)一Why not buy a second-hand car first if you dont have enough money for a new one?-Thats a good(suggest).解析 句意:如果你没有足够的钱买一辆新车的话,为什么不先买一辆二 手车呢?这是个不错的建议(suggestion)。形容词修饰名词,故用名词形式。答案 suggestion7.(2014湖北,21)Her(motivate)for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.解析 句意:她写作的动机是出于对女性获得高等教育权利的渴望。形容词性 物主代词修饰名词。答案 motivation8.(2013江西,22)Whenever I made mistakes,the teacher pointed them out with_(patient).解析 句意:每当我犯错的时候,老师都耐心地帮我指出来。with是介词,介 词后用名词形式,故用patience。答案 patience9.(2012山东,24)My first(impress)of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.解析 句意:我对他的第一印象是,他是个友好且体贴的年轻人。序数词first 修饰名词。答案 impression10.(2012,福建,25)Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?Well,you know,English is my(strong).So it is my best choice.解析 句意:你为什么选择去一家国际旅行社工作?哦,你知道英语 是我的强项。因此,这是我的最佳选择。形容词性物主代词m y 后跟名词,strength意为“长处,强项”。答案 strength11.(2011,湖北,22)Giving up my job to go back to full-time education was a big(commit),but now I know it was the best decision I ever made.解析 句意:放弃工作回去接受全日制教育是个巨大的“投入”,但是现在我 意识到那是我所作出的最正确的决定。commitment 花费,使用(资金、时间、人力)”形容词修饰名词。答案 commitmentII.用适当的冠词填空1.(2015江苏,33)Why didnt you invite John to your birthday party?一Well,you know hes wet blanket.解 析 句意:为什么你没邀请约翰参加你的生日聚会?一一唉,你知道他 是一个令人扫兴的人。固定表达a wet blanket令人扫兴的人或物。答 案 a2.(20153折;工,2)Janes grandmother had wanted to write childrens book for many years,but one thing or another always got in way.解 析 句意:琼的奶奶多年来一直想写一本儿童书籍,但总有这样那样的事情 阻碍她不能实现。考查冠词。第 空 表 泛 指,故用不定冠词a;第二空为固定 表达get in the way妨碍,阻碍。答 案 a;the3.(2015重庆,3)1 just heard bank where Dora works was robbed by gunman wearing a mask.解析 句意:我刚听说Dora工作的银行被一位蒙面持枪歹徒抢劫了。第空 为特指,表示“Dora工作的那家银行”,第二空为泛指,表 示“一位蒙面持枪 歹徒”。答 案 the;a4.(2015陕西,14)more learned a man i s,mo r e modest he usually becomes.解析 句意:一个人的知识越是渊博,他通常就越谦虚。考查固定搭配。the more.the more 越.越答案 The;the5.(2015四川,5)Brian is gifted in writing music;he is very likely to be Beethoven.解析 考查冠词。句意:Brian在创作音乐上极有才华,他很有可能成为一个像 贝多芬那样的人才。本题考查不定冠词在人名前,表示:一个像那样的人。答 案a6 .(2014陕西,19)village where I was bom has grown into town.解 析 考查冠词。句意:我出生的那个小村庄已经变成了一个城镇了。根据句 意可知,“我出生的村庄”由定语从句修饰,表特指,用定冠词the;而第二空 应是泛指。答 案The;a7.(2014天津,8)Life is like ocean:Only strong-willed can reach the other shore.解 析 考查冠词。句意:生活就像个大洋,只有那些意志坚强者才能到达彼 岸。此句中的ocean是可数名词且是第一次出现,故 用an;第二个空中the+a#.表示一类人。答 案an;the8.(2014浙江,2)The paper is due next month,and I am working seven days week,often long into night.解 析 考查冠词。句意:这篇论文预计下个月写完,我一星期工作七天,经常 熬到深夜。a week泛指一星期;第二空为习惯用法,如work into the night工作 到深夜。答 案a;the9.(2014重庆,6)1 cant tell you way to the Wilsons because we dont have Wilson here in the village.解 析 考查冠词。句意:我无法告诉你去威尔逊家怎么走,因为我们村没有叫 威尔逊的。由句意可知前者是特指,后者为泛指。答 案the;a10.(20144工西,22)They chose Tom to be captain of the team because they knew he was smart leader.解析 考查冠词用法。句意:因为他们知道汤姆是一位精明的领导,所以就选 他当球队的队长。可知,第一空用定冠词是特指这个球队的队长,第二空用不 定冠词表示泛指意义。答 案 the;a11.(2013,福建,21)The Chinese Dream is dream to improve peoples well-being and dream of harmony,peace and development.解析 考查冠词。句意:“中国梦”是一种提高人民生活的梦,是一种和谐、和 平和发展的梦。由句意可知都用不定冠词a,表示泛指概念。答 案 a;a12.(2013山东,22)It was cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across night sky.解析 考查冠词用法。第一空“一个寒冷的冬夜”,应用不定冠词a;第二空“夜空”,指独无二的事物用定冠词the。答 案 a;the13.(2013陕西,19)Marco Polo is said to have sailed on Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in thirteenth century.解 析 句意:据说十三世纪时马可波罗曾经横渡太平洋前往爪哇。世界七大洲 前不加th e,而四大洋前需要加the。in the century意为 在.世 纪 。答案 the;the14.(2013新课标全国 I,31)India a t t a i n e d independence in 1947,after long struggle.解 析 考查冠词用法。句意:印度在长期抗争后,于 1947年获得独立。attain independence获得独立,是零冠词用法;after a long struggle经过一段长时间的 抗争,用不定冠词a 表示数量。答 案/;a15.(2013重庆,32)The parents were shocked by news that their son needed operation on his knee.解析 考查冠词。句中的news指的是that从句的内容,所以此处的news是特 指,要用定冠词the;第二空处意为“需要做次手术”,为泛指,要用不定冠词。答 案 the;an16 .(2013江西,32)Animals are obviously lower form of life than man.解析 本题考查冠词。man表 示“人类”的意义时,前面不加冠词。form是可 数名词,前面有形容词修饰时要加不定冠词,故用a 修饰。句意:很明显,动 物是低于人类的一种生命形式。答 案 a;/17.(2012,辽宁,21)1 woke up with bad headache,yet by evening the pain had gone.解 析 句意:我醒来时头很痛,但到了晚上头痛就已经消失了。考查冠词的基 本用法。两空后的名词均为可数名词,第一空表示泛指,加 a;第二空表示特 指,加 the。答 案 a;the18.(2012浙江,2)The development of industry has been gradual process throughout human existence,from stone tools to modern technology.解 析 考查冠词。句意:在整个人类历史中,工业的发展从石器时代到现代科 技时代,已经成为 个渐进的过程。第 空 process是可数名词,第一次出现,般用不定冠词修饰,且此次表示“一个”的概念;第二空existence是不可数名 词,此处表示抽象概念,故用零冠词。答 案 a;/19.(2011 重庆,26)In communication,a smile is usually strong sign of a friendly and open attitude.解 析 考查冠词的用法。句意:在相互交流中,微笑通常是一种友好和开放的 态度的明显特征。a 用在可数名词sign前,泛指一类事物;friendly and open是 并列关系,修饰attitude。答 案 a;/7;命题趋势 i.名词是高考每年必考的语法项目。考查要点主要集中考查名词单复数形式,可数不可数名词,名词所有格等。2.冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,常放在名词前面帮助说明名词 的含义,与名词共生共存。其考查的重点主要有:定冠词、不定冠词、零冠词 的基本用法;冠词的特殊用法;冠词在固定结构中和具体、真实语境中的用法;冠词在句中的位置以及冠词在具体化的抽象名词前的用法。核心要点突破方 知 识巧记速记知识点一名词的数1.可数名词复数的规则变化巧学妙记情况方法例词般情况加一Sbooks,lessons,pens以 s,x,ss,ch,sh 结尾加一esbuses,boxes,classes,watches,brushes以y”结尾以辅音字母+y 结 尾变y 为i,加escities,stories,parties,countries以元音字母+y 结 尾直接加一Sboys,joys,keys以f 或fe结尾直接加一 Sbeliefs,roofs,safes(保险箱),proofs(证据),chiefs,handkerchiefs以。结尾的名词直接加一skilos,zoos,bamboos,studios,radios以。结尾的名词变复数时,常在词尾加一es的词:火山脚下的黑人英雄喜欢西红柿和土豆。即:volcano,Negro,hero,tomato 和 potato。其中 volcano 的复数形式也可以是 加一s。以f 或 fe结尾的名词变复数时,常把f 或fe变成v,再加一e s,它们是:half,leaf,life,wife,wolf,thief,knife 和 shelf.半片(half)树叶(leaf)自己(self)黄,妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去杀狼(wolf),架(shelf)后 小偷(thief)逃命(life)忙。【温馨提示】以辅音字母加y 结尾的专有名词变为复数时直接加“一s”,如Henry-Henrys,Judy-Judyso 辨析 我们班有2 个玛丽和3 个亨利。There are two Maries and three Henries in our class.(X)There are two Marys and three Henrys in our class.(V)f对 点 演 练(1)(2011 ,浙 江,18)Anyway,I cant cheat him its against all my(principle).解 析 句意:无论如何我都不能欺骗他这违背我做人的原则。形容词性物主 代词my后跟名词,又有all修饰,故用复数形式。答案 principles2可数名词复数的不规则变化力 耳 兄例 词单复数形式相同Chinese,Japanese,deer,sheep不规则变化man f men,woman-*women,goose f geese,foot f feet,tooth-teeth,child f children,mouse-*mice,ox f oxen复合名词的复数形式editoLinchieff editorsinchief,daughter-in law f daughtersin 1 aw,(变化主体名词)grown-up-*grown-ups,go-between go-betweens(无主体名词,在词尾加一s)woman teacher women teachers,man driver-*men drivers(man 或 woman 作定语,前 后两个名词都变复数)3名 师 点 睛有些物质名词的单数和复数形式表示不同的含义。常见的这类词有:paper 纸-papers 论文 water 水一waters 水域custom 习惯一customs 海关 manner 方式一manners 礼貌look看一 looks外 貌 time时间一 times时代wood木材一woods树林 sand沙子一sands沙滩【温馨提示】dollar(美元),pound(英镑),franc(法郎),inch(英寸),foot(英尺),metre/meter(7),yard(码),kilometer(米),kilogram(克)等词都有复数形式。但音译的表示度量衡单位的名词都不能用复数形式。如:yuan(元),jiao(角),fen(分),li(里),muC亩),jin(斤)等。辨析J他买苹果花了 I 元,买杳蕉花了 1.5元。He paid one yuan for the apples,and one yuan and fifty fens for the bananas.(X)He paid one yuan for the apples,and one yuan and fifty fen for the bananas.(J)对 点 演 练(2)As is known to all,bamboo can be made into.众所周知,竹子能造纸。答案 paper(3)We are supposed to hand in our at the end of this term.我们应该在学期末交上论文。答案 papers(4)His parents raise hundreds of(cattle),including four(cow).解 析 cattle为集体名词;cow是可数名词,后加一s 构成复数形式。答案 cattle;cows知识点二名词的格1.有生命名词的所有格构 成例 词普通名词在词尾加“一S”Toms bike,Engles works,WomensDay,the editorinchiefs office表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有 格之后省去shop,house,homeat the barbers 在理发店at Mr.Greens在格林先生家2.无生命名词的所有格at my uncles在我叔叔家3名师点睛构 成例 词无生命名词的所有格通常用o f短语来 表不the window of the room,the title of thenovel表示时间、距离、国家、城市的无生命 名词,可以在词尾加或”表示所方格todays papers,ten minutes walkL如果一个事物为两个人所有,只在后一个名词的词尾加飞“,如果不是共有,就要在两个名词的词尾都加上飞“。如:Tom and Mikes room(共有),Toms and Mikes books(不共有)2.名词的双重所有格当表示所有格的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时,常用“名词+of+sJ J形式,这种结构被称为双重所有格,一般表示“所有关系”。a novel of Lu Xuns鲁迅所有小说中的本the large house of Toms汤姆的那栋大房子that bag of Marys玛丽的那个包a few friends of Mr Wangs王先生的几个朋友 区别a picture of my brothers我弟弟所有照片中的一张a picture of my brother 一张我弟弟的照片力巧 学 妙 记名词所有格口诀巧记英语名词所有格,表示某物是“谁的”。通常后加I”,Toms mother要记住。复数有s只加Teachers Day记清楚。若是两人共有时,只在后者把飞“加。表示两人分有时,前者后者都把飞“加。名词若是无生命,o f短语来把所属关系表。翻译时要注意,从后往前错不了。对点演练Mr White and Mr Black have been(我父亲和我母亲的朋 友)since 1982.答案 my father and mothers friends知识点三名词作定语名词作定语主要包括:1.表示目的、用途、来源、所属等。tooth brush 牙刷 lunch room 午餐室shoe store 鞋店 school gate 校门口2.表示时间、地点等。summer camp 夏令营 night school 夜校street light 路灯 country music 乡村音乐3.表示性质、材料、类别或性别等。flower bed花坛 p叩er tiger纸老虎maths teacher数学教师 boyfriend男朋友4.少数名词常用复数形式作定语。clothes shop 服装店 sports meet 运动会goods train 货车 arts festival 艺术节附录:常见近义名词一言辨义LNo one made any noise(噪音)here.The only sound(声音)1 could hear was a childs voice(噪音).2.Doing exercise(锻炼)is of great benefit to our health,and doing exercises(练习)can improve our English,because practice(实践;反第幼(习)makes perfect.3.If we want to solve a problem(难 是 I),the most important thing is to ask a question(问 题).4.Today,the professor gave a lecture(讲座)about Western culture,and he suggested us we should go to experience the theme(主题)park and next week he would deliver a speech(演讲).and the to pic(话 题)of it is air poUutiorT.5.He has a large vocabulary(词汇)and knows a lot of words(单词).6 .China has a large populationfA).All the Chinese people(人们)are bravely and friendly,and they are recognized as a great people(民族).7.The climate(气候)here is not suitable for you,but the weather(天气)today is not very bad.8.一Could you show me the way(道路,途径)to the museum?一Yes.Please take this road(具体的公路,马路),and if you meet Jack in the street(街 道),maybe he will offer you some help.9.If you visit a place,you should follow the customs(风俗习惯)there.For example,many people in the Northwest has a habit(习惯)of drinking raw water.lO.His favorite sporK运动)is swimming,and his brother likes playing computer games(游戏)in the spare time.11.The cause(起因)of the big fire is not clear,but as the manager,you should help the police look into the matter and find out the reason(原因).The public people need a reasonable explanation(W W)rather than an excuse(借 口).知识点四不定冠词一、不定冠词的基本用法不定冠词有“a 和 an”两种形式。“屋用在以辅音开头的词前,“an”用在以元音 开头的词前。注意:判断一个词是以元音开头还是以辅音开头,是根据音标而不 是根据字母。1.用于可数名词的单数形式前,表示“一”There is a tiger in the zoo.动物园里有一只老虎。2,表示一类人和东西A tiger can be dangerous.老虎十分危险。3,表示“某一个”的意思A gentleman wants to see you.一位绅士想见你。4,表示“同一”的意思They are nearly of an age.他们年龄相同。The two shirts are much of a size.两件衬衫尺码相同。5.表示“每一”的意思We go swimming four times a week.我们每个星期去游四次泳。6.用在作表语的单数可数名词前,表示身份、职业My mother is a teacher.我妈妈是老师。7.第一次提到的人或事物,但不特别指明是哪一个Long long ago,there was an old king who had a very beautiful daughter.很久很久以前,有一位老国王,他有一位非常漂亮的女儿。8.在 such a,quite a 句式中He is quite a good actor.他是一位相当好的演员。Dont be in such a hurry.不要那么匆匆忙忙的。9.在感叹句what.的句式中What a pretty girl she is!她是多漂亮的女孩啊!10.用在某些表示数量的短语中a lot of/a couple of/a great many/a dozen也可以用作 one dozen/a great deal of巧学妙记泛指首提为最多,有时表示“某一个”;物质抽象表“一场”,so加形容再加“a”;可数名词为“一类”,序 数词前“又一个”;quite等词常放后,固定短语须琢磨。【温馨提示】不定冠词an用在元音音标前,不是元音字母前。useful的第一个字母u 看上去虽是元音字母,但发音为ju:;其j 音标是半元音,属于辅音类,在其前只能用a 表示人或物的某一 类。辨析 玉米是人、畜都可以吃的有用的农作物。Corn is an useful plant that can be eaten by both people and animals.(X)Corn is a useful plant that can be eaten by both people and animals/V)对 点 演 练(l)If you grow up in large family,you are more likely to develop ability to get on well wi t h others.解析 抽象名词ability被后置定语to get on well with others修饰,故 抽象名词ability须具体化表特指,即在其前加th e。而下文的others强调泛指。第空其实也是泛指“一个大家庭”。答案 a;the;/不定冠词的活用l.a/an用于人名前,三种含义最常见:“一个叫的人/一个样的人/一 件人的作品”。一Could you tell me the way to the Johnsons,please?你能告诉我去约翰逊家怎么走吗?一Sorry,we dont have a Johnson here in the village.对不起,这个村庄里没有一个叫约翰逊的人。2.a+m ost表示“很”,“非常”。一Did you enjoy yourself yesterday?你昨天玩得开心吗?一Yes,as you know,the party went on in a most pleasant atmosphere.是的,正如你所知,晚会是在非常愉快的气氛中进行的。3.序数词前一般加定冠词the表示顺序,但序数词前可加不定冠词a(n),表 示“另 一个;又一个”。In order to find a better job,he decided to study a second foreign language.为了找到 份更好的工作,他决定学习另门外语。4.有些不可数名词如k n o w edge,coll ecti on,u nders tan di n g 等是由其动词转化而来,它们后面加of.时,前面需用不定冠词a/an。Tom owns a larger collection of books than any other student in our class.在我们班中,汤姆收集的书最多。Many people agreed that a knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.许多人都持相同的看法,在当前国际贸易交往中,英语知识是必备的知识。5.不定冠词a 与物质名词连用,表 示“种,一阵,一份”。What a heavy rain!多大的一场雨啊!Please give me a black coffee!请给我杯不加糖的咖啡。对点演练(2)(2012新课标全国 II,7)He missed gold in the high jump,but will get second chance in the long jump.解 析 句 意:他在跳高中错失了金牌,但在跳远中还有一次机会。前一个空格处 特指跳高中的金牌,故用the;后个空格处是不定冠词与序数词连用表示“再一;又一”。答 案 the;a(3)1 dont know who invented telephone,but its really most wonderful invention.解 析 the telephone特指电话这类事物;a most wonderful invention意为 一项非 常奇妙的发明”。答 案 the;a附录:通常使用不定冠词的短语after a while 过了一会儿 all of a sudden 突然as a rule通 常 as a result结果,因此as a matter of fact 事实上 as a whole 大体上at a loss不 知 所 措 in a hurry急忙in a w ay在某种程度上in a word总而言之a pity that.令人遗憾的是.put an end to.结束.come to an end 结束come to a conclusion 得出结论have a good time 玩得愉快have a rest 休息一下 have a cold 感冒have a word with 和.谈一谈keep an eye fo r对.有鉴赏力make a living 谋生 make a fire 生火make a fool of 愚弄 take a walk 散步知识点五定冠词一、定冠词的基本用法1 .特指某(些)人或某(些)物。Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。Open the window,please.请打开窗户。3.指上文已经提到的人或事物。(第一次提到用“a 或 an”,以后再次提到用“the”)There was a chair by the window.On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms.窗边有一把椅子。在这把椅子上,坐着一位抱孩子的年轻女子。4用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、表示方位或表示发明物等名词前。the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮the earth 地球 the sky 天空the world 世界名师点睛有些物体虽然也是独一无二的,但习惯上却不用冠词。space太空;nature自然;man人类5.用在序数词、形容词最高级前。The first truck is carrying a few baskets.第一辆卡车装运了一些筐。表示两者间 较的 个”时用定冠词。The older of the two noblemen took a light.两位绅士中年龄较大的那位拿了一盏灯。He is the taller of the two boys.他是两个男孩中较高的位。6 .用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。the Great Wall 长城 the Summer Palace 颐和园the Peoples Farm 人民农场 the Science Museum 科学馆7.the加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物。The horse is a useful animal.马是一种有用的动物。注意:像这类句子还有如下两种写法:A horse is a useful animal.Horses are useful animals.8,用在某些形容词前,表示某一类人。the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the sick 病人 the old 老人 the young 年轻人 the blind 盲人 the dead 死人 The wounded were sent to the hospital immediately.受伤者被立刻送往医院。9,用在姓氏复数形式前,表 示“全家人”或“夫妇俩”。The Turners are going home on a train.特纳家要乘火车回家。10用在方位词前。on the left/right 在左/右边in the east/west/north/south 在东/西/北/南方at the back/front of 在.的后/前面11.用在乐器名词前,特别是西洋乐器。My brother is playing the violin while my sister is chatting on the Internet.我弟弟在拉小提琴而我妹妹正在网上聊天。12.用在表示海洋、河流、山脉、群岛及国家和党派名词前。the East China Sea 东海 the Huai River 淮河the Jinggang Mountains 井冈山the United States of America 美国【温馨提示】1.姓氏的复数形式指家人时,前面必须用定冠词。辨析 格林一家住在北京。Greens live in Beijing.(X)The Green