2021年考研英语（一）英汉翻译高分特训100篇【命题分析＋答题攻略＋强化训练】.pdf

目 录第 1 章 考研英语 一）翻译攻略.51.1 考研英谓（-）翻译题型介绍.51.2 英语与汉语的差异.61.3 考研英语 一）翻译的基本方法和技巧.61.4 考研英语（-）翻译备考指南.17第 2 章 考研英语 A i r p r e s s u r e d e c r e a s e s w i t h a l t i t u d e.气压胞海拔高度的增加而卜一降.T h c m o s l p w e r t u l (r a v e l i n g t e l e p h o n e a r e t h e o n e s u s e d o n s h i p s.H e r e t h e r e i s n o p r o b l e m o f w e i g h t,a s (h e r e i sn o a i r p l a n e.功率最大的旅行电视是在船上使用的.因为船上不像人机上那样存在着严格的币:依问题。(6)市更性增词 A v o i d u s i n g t h i s c o m p u t e r i n e x t r e m e c o l d.h e a t,d u s t o r h u m i d i t y.不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过垂、湿度过大的情况下使用此电脑.I h a d e x p e r i e n c e d o x y g e n a n d /o r e n g i n e t r o u b l e.较l设备出故障,引擎出故障或者两者都出故障的情况我都遇到过.A p r o t o n h a s a p o s i t i v e c h a r g e a n d a n e l e c t r o n a n e g a t i v e c h a r g e,b u t a n e u t r o n h a s n e i t h e r.质/带正电荷，电广带负电荷,而中广既不带正电荷.也不带负电荷，(7)修辞或连贯增词i l T h i s t y p e w r i t e r i s i n d e e d c h e a p a n d f i n e.这部打字机真是价廉物美。Y f e s.I l i k e C h i n e s e f o o d.L o t s o f p e o p l e d o t h e s e d a y s.S o r t o f t h e f a s h i o n.不错，我喜欢中国菜,现在很多人都喜欢中国菜.这也籁是有点赶时堪吧！A s c i e n t i s t c o n s t a n t l y t r i e d I o d e f e a t h i s h y p o t h e s e s,h i s t h e o r i e s,a n d h i s c o n c l u s i o n.科学家经常设法否定自己的假设，推翻自己的理论,并放弃自己的结论.(8)把因常识而不用说的东西(因为文章多数是写给本国人6的)通过加词表达出来，A l t h o u g h n o l o n g e r s l a v e s a f t e r t h e C i v i l W a r.A m e r i c a n b l a c k s t o o k n o s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t i n t h e l i f e o f w h i t e A m e r i c ae x c e p t a s s e n a n t s a n d l a b o r e r s.美国黑人虽然在南北战争以后不再是奴隶,但是他们在白人统治的美国社会生活中依然无足轻服.只不过是当佣仆和劳工而已.4.词的省略与增词法相对的是省略法.殷来说，汉语较英语简练，因此英译汉时.许多在原文中必不可少的词语要是原原本本地译成汉语,就会成为不必要的冗词,译文会显得十分累赘.，省略法在英汉翻译中使用得非常广泛，其主要目的是删去一 可有可无、不符合译文习惯在达法的词语.英译汉常见的省略情况T T以卜.5种情况：(1)代词的省略 H e p u t h i s h a n d s i n t o h i s p o c k e t s a n d t h e n s h r u g g e d h i s s h o u l d e r s.他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸府.T h e y w e n t i n t o d i n n e r.I t w a s e x c e l l e n t,a n d t h e w i n e w a s g o o d.I t s i n f l u e n c e p r e s e n t l y h a d i t s e f f e c t o n t h e m.T h e y t a l k e d n o t o n l y w i t h o u t a c r i m o n y,b u t e v e n w i t h f r i e n d l i n e s s.他们进入餐完用餐.美酒佳肴，顿受感染，言谈间不但没有恶言恶语,甚至还充满友好之情.(2)冠词的省略(A n y s u b s t a n c e i s m a d e o f a t o m s w h e t h e r i t i s a s o l i d,a l i q u i d,o r a g a s.任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体,都由原子组成.T h e m o o n w a s s l o w l y r i s i n g a b o v e t h e s e a.月亮慢慢从海面上升起。(3)介词、连诃的省略 E n g l i s h e d u c a t i o n i n i t s p r e s e n t p h a s e s u f f e r s f r o m a l a c k o f d e f i n i t e a i m.a n d f r o m a n e x t e r n a l m a c h i n e r y w h i c hk i l l s i t s v i t a l i t y.英国现阶段的教育缺乏明确的目的，受到扼杀教行生命力的外部机构的损害.h a d k n o w n i t.I w o u l d n o l h a v e j o i n e d i n k.早知如此,我就不参加了.L i k c c h a r g e s r e p e l e a c h o t h e r w h i l e o p p o s i t e c h a r g e s a t t r a c t.同性电荷相斥,异性电荷相吸，（4）动词的省略 Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do.如液体和气体一样，固体也能膨胀和收缩.For this reason television signals have a short range.因此.电视信号的传播距离很短.（5）小人称代词的省略This sort of stone has a relative density of 2.7.这种行头的相对密度是2.7.（宾语转换为主语）（纨are must be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp.应当始终注意保护仪器.不使犬沾染灰尘和受潮.（主语转换为谓语）6.翻译中的词序调整英语和汉语语句上的词序差异表现在不同的思维模式、不同的句式结构上.常见的英译汉词字调整行3种情况：顺序法、逆序法和时序法.（1）顺序法，即按原文的句子顺序翻译，Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected:there is a,high-temperaturebeh in the atmosphere,with it center roughly thirty miles above the ground.火益研究证实了人们就怀疑的个奇弁的事实：大气层中TT 个“高温带”,其中心在距地面约3 0英里高的地方.In order to survive,feed,clothe und shelter himself and his children,man is engaged in a constiuil struggle withnature.为了生存,为了自己和子孙后代的衣食住行,人类和人口然不断进行斗争.（2）逆序法,即颠倒原文的眼序，将句首的内容放到句尾,句尾的内容放到句首。llA nd I take heart from the fact that the enemy,which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple ofhours,has not yet been able to take even the nulling regions,because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.吹嘘能在几小时内就占领战略要地的敌人，由丁一路受到顽强抵抗结果连外用地带都还未能占领，这 邛实使我增强J信心.In reality,the lines of division between sciences are becoming blurred.and science again approaching the“unitythat it had two centuries ago although the accumulated knowledge is enormously greater now.and no one person canhope to comprehend more than a fraclion of it.虽然现在枳累起来的知识要多得多，而从任何个人也只可能了解其中的一小部分.但事实上,各学科之间的界线却正在变得模糊不消，科学也将再次I可归到两百年前那样的“大一统”状态。（3）时序法,按货件发生时间的先后瞰序翻译.D r.Smith resumed the activities of anti-canccr experiment begun in 1 9 1 5 and financed by the Federal governmentas soon as he snapped Irom his original disappointmenl a（repealed failures,which had resulted in its forced suspenskw.史密斯医生于 1 945年开始着手由联邦政府资助的抗痛实验，其间,由于屡遭失败而梆到沮丧,实验工作曾一度被迫终止了，可他刚重新振作起来,便也刻恢更了抗趟实验活动7.被动语态的翻诈英语中的被动语态使用极为广泛.尤其以科技英语为我、请看下面这样例：A s oil is found deep in the gnwnd,its presence cannot he determined by a study of the surface.C cnscquenlly,ageok）gical survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out.If it is thought that the rocH in a certain areacontain oil a“drilling rig“is assembled The most obvious pari of a drilling rig is called*4a derrick”,h is used to liftsections of pipe,which are lowered into the hole made by the drill.A s the hole is being drilled,a steel pipe is pusheddown to prevent the sides from falling in.If oil is struck a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil isallowed to escape through a series of valves.由于石油深埋地下，毒研究地面，不能确定石油的f f无。因此对地下岩层结构必须进行地质探测.如果认为某地区的岩层含石油,则在该处安装“钻机”.钻机中最显眼的部件叫做“井架”“井架用来吊升分节油管,把油管放入由钻头打出的孔中.当孔钻成功时,放入纲管防止孔壁坍塌.如发现石油，则在油管顶部紧固定地面加盖，使石油通过一系列阀门流出.上例中的英语全文十几处被动结构,译成汉语之后全成了主动结构,因此可见.汉语中的被动结构不那么常用,因为从习惯上讲,汉语中的“被”、“1 3”、“受”、“挨”等字眼总是给人以不那么舒服的感觉，因此在英汉翻译时,我们应尽我将被动焉态化为主动结构.以下介绍几种英语被动语态的处理方法。（1）将英语被动语态转为主动（其中包括保持雇主语不变、转换为系表结构、转换主语、状语充当主语、增添适当主语等）Every moment of every day,energy is being transformed from one form into another.每时每刻.能蹶都在由一种形式变为另一 种 形式。（保持原主语不变）The picture was painted by Professor Smith.这幅画是史密斯教授画的.（转换为系衣结构）A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics.电子技术提供r 种新的显示时间的方法.（宾语转换成主语）4X?ommunica（ions saiellitcs arc used for iniemational living transmission throughout the world.全世界都将通信卫星.用于国际间的实况转播.状语充当主语）Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals.大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。（增添主语）（2）将英语被动语态转为汉语的无主句The unpleasant noise must be immediaiely put an end to.须立即终止这种讨厌的噪音。A nention has been paid io（he new measures to prevenl corrosion.已经注意到采取防腐新措施.B e$t surface finish is provided by machining methods,especially by grinding.用机械加工方法.特别是磨削方法，可以获得最佳我面光洁度.（3）英语被动语态保持不变，分别用“被”、给”、”遭”、“受”、“为所”等字眼来翻译.A ny minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.我们随肘都会被出入机场的敌机发现.Al the end of the month he was fired for incompetence.月底.他因自己无能而给解雇J.He was sei upon by two masked men.他遭到两个破面男子的袭击.VOur foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.我们的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持.A s soon as all the facts have been found out,we can begin to formulate a theory.一旦所行的事实为人们所发现,理论即可形成.8.翻译中的肯定与否定的转换处理英语的否定按语言学家的 殷划分大致上行I类：完全否定，半否定、部分否定及带否定意义的词语.在有些情况下，膜文中的泞定结构应当译为否定句,否定结构译为泞定句.常见的处理方法力以下几种：（I）英语为肖定式，汉语译作否定式这种方法可广泛用于各种词类.短港、扶至句f的翻译上.Such a chance was denied to）m e.（动词）我没有得到这样一个机会.Time is what we want most,but what,alas,many use w orst.（副词）时间是我们最缺少的，但可叹之至,偏偏许名人最不善于利用，I have read your article.I expected to meet an older m an.（形容词）拜读了你的大作,没想到你这样年轻.Il was beyond his power（o sign such a co ninicl.（介词他无权卷订这种合同.The guerrillas would rather fight to death before they surrendered.（连 i可）游击队员们宁愿战斗到死也决不投降.They feel great anxiety about his sickness.（名词）他们对他的病情感到焦虑不安.The criminal is still at large.（短语）恨犯还未捉拿归案.If it worked once,it can work tw ice.（句子）一次得手，再次不愁.（2）英语为否定式,汉语译作用定式这种方法的使用能国和而看类似。1 LThe doubt was still unsolved afier his repeated explanaikm.（动诃）虽经他一再解释，疑团仍然存在.He carelessly glanced through the note and got a w a y.（副词）他马马虎虎地看r看那张便条就走r.A M the articles arc untouchable in（he m useum.（形容词）睥物馆内切展品禁止触摸./|cannot state too strongly my appreciation of the part you played in the negotiation in order to bring about thedesired result.为了达到愦想的结果,你在谈判中起 很大作用,对此.我再怎么感谢也不会过分.Dont lose time in posting this letter.（短语）赶快把这封信寄出去。Such flight couldnt long escape notice.（句子）这类飞行迟早总会被人发觉的.（3）同-英语词语,既可译作汉语的肯定式,又可译作否定式（Di,in new to tbc work.这工作我是生手.（这工作我不熟悉.）He is free with his money.他花钱大手大脚，（他花钱从小乔尚。）He realized that he was in trouble.他意识到遇到麻烦了（他感到自己的处境不妙）“The station is no distance at al L车站近在咫尺.（车站一点儿也不远 Its no less than a fraud.这简直是一场货局.（这无异于一场以局C也/The works of art were left intact,the money gone.艺术品还在.钱却不算而飞（艺术品原封未动，钱却不K而飞）（4）双垂否定的译法 nonot（no.）,nothing.nota.There is no rule that has no exceptions.任何规则都有例外.b.There is nothing that has not its opposite.任何事物都有它的对立面.nowithout;not.withouta.There is not any advantage without disadvantages.有一利必有一弊.b.There is no evil without compensation.恶有恶报.（3/no.bul;not.but;none.buta.There is no tree but bears fruits.有因必花果.b.There is no works so well done but many be mended.任何:作做的再好也有改进的余地.neverb ut不就不h never rains but it pours.不下则已，下则倾盆.（祸不单行）.not butthat（what）并不是不Not but that puns are transhtable.双关语并不是不可译的.no.without无不；没有就没There is no story without coincidence.无巧不成书.（5）此外，英语中的有些句式看似否定，实为方定：看似否定的面，实为否定后面：我们通常将这样一些句式叫做“否定的陷阱”，在翻译时应倍加小心如下面这些固定结构：not becausea.The engine didnt stop because the fiiel was finished.引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转.b.D on*t scamp your work because you are pressed for time.不要因为时间紧而敷衍塞货，c In（hat city,we had never suffered discrimiiiation because we were Jews.我们在那个城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受歧视。cannol looa.The importance of this conference cirnnot be estimated too much.这次会议的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分.b.I cannot be able to stress too much for your kindness.不若我怎么矮谢你，都不足以报恩万 Jc.Ybu cannot be loo careful in proofreading.校对时.越仔细越好，就 /e v e r y.,.n o ta.A D t h a t g l i t t e r s i s n o t g o l d.发光的不一定都是金子。b.A l l c i t i e s d i d n o t l o o k l i k e a s t h e y d o t o d a y.在过去，城市并不都像今天这样个个千第一律。c.N o,e v e r y t h i n g i s n o t s t r a i g h t e n e d o u t.不,并非每一个问题都弄清楚了.b o t h n o la.B u t y o u s e e,w e b o t h c a n n o t g o.但是我告诉你.我们俩不能同时都走.b.B o t h i h e i n s t r u m e n t s a r e n o t p r e c i s i o n o n e s.这两件东西不都是精密仪器.c.B o t h r e a d t h e s a m e B i b l e,a n d p r a y t o t h e s a m e G o d;a n d e a c h i n v o k e s H i s a i d a g a i n s t t h e o t h e r T h e p r a y e r s o fb o t h c o u l d n o(b e a n s w e r e d.双方念的是同本圣经，拜的是同个上帝.但各方都要求I二帝帮助去打倒对方。所以，双方的祈求不可能都得到满足.f b r a l l.a.Y b u m a y l e a v e a t o n c e f o r a l l I c a r e.你尽可立即离开.我才不管呢.b.F o r a l l I k n o w,t h i s m a t t e r m a y h a v e b e e n s e u l e d.这事也许早解决r.谁知道呢.c.H e s e e m e d a s f r e s h a s e v e r,f o r a l)t h a t I n e v e r s a w h i m d r i n k o r e a t.军管我从未见到他喝点什么或吃点什么,他似乎仍然精神饱满”9.英语同位语从句和定语从句的翻译方法英语同位i?i从句的翻译可按这样1种方法来处理：(I)保持原本的语序.如：H e e x p r e s s e d t h e h o p e t h a t h e w o u l d c o m e o v e r t o v i s i t C h i n a a g a i n.他表示希里能再来中国访问.We a r e n o t i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r h e i s t r u s t w o r t h y.我们不是在调告他是否可以信任的问题“(2)译为类似定语的结构或单独成一句,如：i l/T h e y w e r e v e r y s u s p i c i o u s o f t h e a s s u m p t i o n (h a t h e w o u l d r a t h e r k i l l h i m s e l f t h a n s u r r e n d e r.对于他宇愿自杀也不投降这种假设，他们是很怀疑的.I t d o e s n o t a l t e r t h e f a c t t h a t h e i s t h e m a n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e d e l a y.迟延应由他负资，这个事实是改变不了的.(3)加入恸号、破折号和“这样”、“这”、“即”等 字 眼,如:B u t c o n s i d e r i n g r e a l i s t i c a l l y,w c h a d t o f a c e t h e f a c t t h a t o u r p r o s p e c t s w e r e l e s s t h a n g o o d.但是现实地考虑一下,我们不得不正视这样一个事实；我们的前景并不妙.A n d t h e r e w a s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t a s m a l l e l e c t r i c a l s p a r k m i g h t a c c i d e n t a l l y b y p a s s t h e m o s t c a r e f u l l y p l a n n e dc i r c u i t.而H.总行这种可能性小小的电火花，可能会意外地烧过了最为精心设计的线路。(4)改变原文的同位语结构，用汉语的无主句或其他方式译出，如：A n o r d e r h a s b e e n g i v e n t h a t t h e r e s e a r c h e r s w h o a r e n o w i i i t h e S k y h b s h o u l d b e s e n t b a c k.已下命令将现在航天实验室里的研究人员送回来。E v e n t h e m o s t p r e c i s e l y c o n d u c t e d e x p e r i m e n l s o f f e r n o h o p e t h a t t h e r e s u l t c a n b e o b t a i n e d w i t h o u t a n y e r r o r.即使是最精确的实验，也没有希望获得无任何误差的实赛结果.英语定语从句的翻译方法 微 分 为3种；I.合并法，即在句式较短的情况下,将定语从句用“的”结构合并到主句中一道译出:2.分译法，即化整为零，分别翻译对F K而且杂的定语从句.我们可以采用此法；3.混合法，即打破原文定漕从句的结构，译者根据自己对原文的正确理解,用自己的话译出原文的意思。（I）合并法,即在句式较短的情况下,将定喑从句用“的”结构译出.如：（Polknion is a pressing problem which we must deal with.污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题：In the room where the electronic computer is kept there musl be no dust at a 1 1.存放电子计算机的房间里，不能有一点灰尘。（2）分译法.即化整为零，分别翻译：对于长而狂杂的定语从句.我们可以采用此法，如：They are striving for the ideal which is close C o the heart of every C hinese and for which,in the past,manyC hinese have laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的.在过去.许多中国人为r这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命.B etween these two liny particles,the proton and the electron,there is a powerful attraction that is always presentbetween negative and positive electric charges.在脑广和电 这两个微粒之间有一个很大的吸引力,而这个吸引力总是存在于正、鱼电荷之间.（3）混合法，即打破原文的定语结构,用自己的话译出原文的意思,如：（1/There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month.在那群人中.布,些人每天站在那里.站了一个月.Therc are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.某些金属既能导电，又能被磁化.此外，在很多情况下，英语中的定语从句兼有状语的功能.这时我们可视情况将其译作与汉语相应的表示原因、结果，目的、时间、条件、让步等的状语从句.01：We know that a cat.whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes,can see clearly in the night.我们知道，由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线,所以他在熬夜也能行得很清楚.（表小愫因）（幻The diode is coated with a thin layer of hard glass which eliminates ihe need for a hermetically sealed package.二极管的表面有一层薄薄的硬玻璃.故无福使用空封的管光.（表示结果）Electronic computers,which have many advantages,cannot carry out creative work and replace man.一一电子计蜂机有许多优点,但是它们不能进行创造性工作,也不能代曾人.（表示让步）For any machine whose input and output forces are known,its mechanical advantage can be calculated.对于任何机器来说,如果知其输入力和貌出力，就能求出其机械效益.（衣示条件）（j/Il I（ry loget an illustrated dictionary dealing with technical glossary,which will enable me to translate scientificliterature more exactly.我 要 设 法 弄 本有插图的技术名词词典.以便把科学文献译得更准确.（发示目的）1 0.从句的译法这类从句隹往用在主句后面.而汉语的习惯则要求将状语的内容先于主句我达，即要用逆洋法，但结果状语从句除外.when引导的从句的译法.when钳导的时间状语与主句之间有逗号隔开,说明主句已经是一个完整的句子,when从句与主句关系松散,只是种语气很弱的补充，所以翻译时常用分译法,独立成句.A nd so in my sleepless hours.Robby and Johanna.I wish for you（hat moment when you look up and find someonewatching you as if you were a candle-as if you were the only light in a world of darkness.所以,罗比、约翰娜，在我根转不眠的时候，我安心祝福你们拥有这样的时刻：当你抬起头时,你会发现有人注视你.视你如明烛视你为无边黑暗中的唯洸明.sothat引导的结果状语从句,不应译成“如此以至F ”.However,the world is so made that elegant systems arc in principle unabk to deal with some of the worlds morefascinating and delightful aspects.然 而.世界就是如此,完美的体系般必无法解决世上某些更引人入胜的课题的1 1 .长句的翻译方法长句的译法主要有题译法、逆译法、分译法和综合法.顺译法英语长句中叙述的一连中动作是按动作发生的时间顺序或逻辑关系安排的，这与汉语我达方法基本致，翻译时可按原文顺序译 出.如：While both groups did bcder than chance would predict,nearly half the participants in each group made the wrongchoice two or more times.句f的内容在逻辑关系上是按顺序安排的.句f可直接按原文顺序译为：尽管两组的表现都比的机猜测的结果的正确度环,但是每组都布接近半数的参加者做出两个或更多的错误选择逆译法有些英语氏句的表达顺序。汉语习惯不同，其至完全相反,这时就必须逆看原文的峨序都评 蒯洋状语时常用逆译法