化学专业外语.IB和IIB元素.ppt

Lesson 3 Gruup B andB ElementsB和B副族malleable展性的ductile延性的galvanize镀锌、电镀blast鼓风volatile易挥发的inhalation吸入amalgam汞齐sulphate硫酸盐bluevitriol胆矾、硫酸铜hydrate水合物electroplate电镀barnacle藤壶ammonia氨ammonium铵basic碱式的、碱性的dissolve溶解dissociate离解soluble可溶的ferrocyanide亚铁氰化物nitrate硝酸盐Medicalsilvernitrate医用硝酸银cauterize 灼、腐蚀nitric 硝酸Evaporation 蒸发halide 卤化物agent 试剂deposit 沉淀fluoride 氟化物bromide 溴化物iodide 碘化物 base 碱precipitate 沉淀物aurous 亚金的aurous chloride 氯化亚金auric 金的、三价金的hydrochloric acid 盐 酸aqua regia 王 水chlorideauric 氯金酸impurity 杂 质contaminate 污 染 electric couple 电对、电偶basic carbonate 碱式碳酸盐zincate 锌酸盐科技英语的翻译标准有三条：信，达，专业术语正确。要求译者必须准确理解和掌握原著的内容，决不能主观发挥译者个人的想法和推测。译者在确切理解原著的基础上，又必须很好地运用本语言把原文通顺、流畅地表达出来。The moment the circuit is completed,a current will start flowing toward the coil.误译：电路被完成这一刻，一个电流将开始流向这个线圈。电路一接通，电流就开始流向线圈。注：要注意对整个句子或语言环境的理解，而不能逐字逐句地翻译。Heat-treatment is used to normalize,to soften or to harden steels.误译：热处理被用来使钢正常化，软化或硬化。误译：热处理被用来使钢正常化，软化或硬化。热处理可用来对钢正火、退火或淬火热处理可用来对钢正火、退火或淬火。科技英语语体讲究论证的逻辑性，语言要规范。我们翻译的是科技文章，自然就必须用符合科技语体规范的汉语来表达。Therotationoftheearthonitsownaxiscausesthechangefromdaytonight.地球绕轴自转，造成昼夜的更替。Matterisanythinghavingweightandoccupyingspace.凡物质，都具有质量和占有空间。例如FThese elements have a greater bulk use as metals than in compounds,and their physical properties vary widely.F 这些元素的金属单质比化合物的应用广泛得多，它们的物理性质变化范围较大。FGold is the most malleable（展性的）and ductile（延性的）of the metals.F 金是延展性最好的金属。Physical properties of Group IB and IIB IB和和IIB的物理性质的物理性质 It can be hammered into（锤成）（锤成）sheets of 0.00001（？）（？）inch in thickness;one gram of the metal can be drawn（拉，拖）（拉，拖）into a wire 1.8 mi（?meter）in length.它可以压展成仅有0.00001英寸（0.0001mm）厚的薄片，1克金能够抽成1.8（教材上为3km）长的金属丝。Copper and silver are also metals that are mechanically easy to work.铜和银也是机械上容易操作（或成型）的金属。Zinc is a little brittle at ordinary temperatures（在通常的温度下）,but may be rolled（辗薄，滚压成）into sheets at between 120 to 150;it becomes brittle again about 200.锌在常温下较脆，但是在120 150可以碾成薄片。在200 左右又变得较脆。*The low-melting temperatures of zinc contribute to（有助于）the preparation of zinc-coated iron,galvanized（镀锌的，电镀的）iron（镀锌铁）.*锌低熔点有助于制备包覆锌的铁，也就是镀锌铁。clean iron sheet may be dipped into vats（装液体的大桶，大缸）of liquid zinc in its preparation.镀锌时可以把洁净的铁片浸泡在装有液体锌的大桶里。A different procedure（程序，手续，工序，过程，步骤，方法）is to sprinkle（喷雾，洒）or air blast（鼓风）zinc dust onto hot iron sheeting for a zinc melt and then coating.另外一种方法是喷洒或通过鼓风把熔融的锌喷洒到热的铁板上形成融化的锌，然后铁板上就形成了涂层（覆盖层）。FCadmiumhasspecificusesbecauseofitslow-meltingtemperatureinanumberofalloys.Cadmiumrods（细长棒）areusedinnuclearreactors（核反应堆）becausethemetalisagoodneutronabsorber（中子吸收体，吸收剂）.F因为熔点较低，所以镉在大量的合金方面有特殊的用途。镉棒可以用在核反应堆中，因为这种金属是良好的中子吸收剂。Mercury vapor and its salts are poisonous,though the free metal may be taken internally（内服（内服to be taken oral internally：内服：内服 oral administration;take by mouth;to be taken orally）under certain conditions.尽管汞单质（游离金属）在一定情况下可以内服，但是汞蒸气和它的盐都是有毒的。Because of its relatively low boiling point and hence volatile（易挥发的，挥发性的）（易挥发的，挥发性的）nature,free mercury should never be allowed to stand in an open container in the laboratory.Evidence shows that inhalation（吸入）（吸入）of its vapors is injurious（有害的）（有害的）.因为沸点相对较低而导致汞单质容易挥发，在实验室中决不允许直接放在敞口容器中。有证据表明吸入汞蒸气对身体有害。FThe metal alloys readily（容易地，乐意地，欣然地）with most of the metals(except iron and platinum)to form amalgams（汞齐）,the name is given to any alloy of mercury.F汞很容易和大部分金属（铁和铂除外）形成汞齐，即一汞合金的名字。FCopper Sulfate，or blue vitriol(CuSO45H2O，胆矾，硫酸铜)is the most important and widely used salt of copper.F硫酸铜，或者说胆矾，是最重要和广泛应用的铜盐。On heating,the salt slowly loses water to form first the trihydrate(CuSO43H2O),then the monohydrate(CuSO4 H2O)，and finally the white anhydrous salt.The anhydrous salt is often used to test for the presence of water in organic liquids.加热时，胆矾慢慢地失水先变成三水合硫酸铜，即CuSO43H2O，然后变成单水合硫酸铜CuSO4 H2O，最后是无水CuSO4。无水CuSO4经常用于检测有机液体中是否含有水。Forexample,someoftheanhydrous（无水的）coppersaltaddedto（被加入到中）alcohol（醇，乙醇）(whichcontainswater)willturnbluebecauseofthehydrationofthesalt.例如，把无水CuSO4加到含有水的乙醇中，铜盐就会变蓝色，因为铜盐发生了水合。Coppersulfateisusedinelectroplating（电镀，电镀术）.硫酸铜也用在电镀工业上。FFishermen（渔夫，钓鱼者，鱼船）dip their nets in copper sulfate solution to inhibit the growth of organisms（生物体，有机体）that would rot（使腐烂，使腐败）the fabric（织物，纤维品）.F渔民把网浸泡在硫酸铜溶液中，抑制使鱼网腐烂的有机体的生长。FPaints specifically formulated for use on the bottoms of marine（海的，航海的）craft（飞机，飞船，航空器，飞行器）contain copper compounds to inhibit（防止，阻止）the growth of barnacles（藤壶，附着在水下船底或柱石上的贝属动物）and other organisms.F经过特殊配制的用在舰艇底部的涂料含有铜的化合物，其作用是抑制藤壶或其它有机体的生长。When dilute（稀释的，淡的）ammonium hydroxide（氢氧化铵）is added to a solution of copper(II)ions,a greenish（微带绿色的）precipitate of Cu(OH)2 or a basic copper(II)salt is formed.当把氨水加到含有Cu(II)离子的溶液中，绿色的Cu(OH)2沉淀或碱式铜盐沉淀就形成了。This dissolves as more ammonium hydroxide is added.继续加氨水，这些沉淀又溶解了。*The excess ammonia forms an ammoniated（与氨化合了的，氨合的）complex with the copper(II)ion of the composition（构成，组成）Cu(NH3)42+.*过量的氨水可以和Cu(II)离子形成组成为Cu(NH3)42+.氨的配合物。*This ion is only slightly dissociated;hence in an ammoniacal（氨的）solution very few copper(II)ions are present.*这种配离子的溶解度很小，因此在氨水溶液中，几乎没有Cu(II)离子存在。FInsoluble（不可溶的，不能溶解的）copper compounds,except copper sulfide，are dissolved by ammonium hydroxids.F铜的难溶解化合物，除了CuS之外，都能够溶解在氨水溶液中。FThe formation of the copper(II)ammonia（氨，氨水）ion is often used as a test for Cu2+because of its deep,intense blue color.F因为铜氨离子具有深的、强烈的蓝色，所以它的形成经常用于检验Cu2+的存在。Copper(II)ferrocyanide Cu2Fe(CN)6 is obtained as a reddish-brown precipitate on the addition of a soluble（可溶的）ferrocyanide to a solution of copper(II)ions.在Cu(II)离子的溶液中，加入可溶性的亚铁氰化物，就可以得到棕红色 Cu2Fe(CN)6沉淀。The formation of this salt is also used as a test for the presence of copper(II)ions.这种盐的形成也可以用来鉴定Cu(II)。the addition of A to B把A加到B中Compounds of Silver and Gold（银和金的化合物）（银和金的化合物）Silver nitrate（硝酸盐，硝酸钾）,sometimes called lunar caustic（医用硝酸银，含银腐蚀剂）,is the most important salt of silver.硝酸银，有时叫做医用硝酸银，是最重要的银盐。It melts readily and may be cast into（铸造，铸成）sticks（棍，棒，粘贴）for use in cauterizing（灼伤）wounds（创伤，伤口）.它容易熔化，可以熔炼为粘贴膏用来治疗灼伤的伤口。lunar英lju:n美lun adj.月的，月球的；阴历的；（光）苍白的，微弱的；银的，含银的FThe salt is prepared by dissolving silver in nitric acid（硝酸）and evaporating the solution.F 3Ag+4HNO3=3AgNO3+NO+2H2OF硝酸银可以通过把银溶解在硝酸中然后蒸发溶剂而制备。制备反应如下：The salt is the starting material for most of the compounds of silver,including the halides（卤化物，卤化物的）used in photography（摄影，摄影术）.硝酸银是制备大部分银的化合物包括摄影上用的卤化银的原料。Itisreadilyreducedbyorganicreducingagents,withtheformationofablackdeposit（沉淀）offinelydivided（分开的）silver;它容易被有机还原剂还原，以细小的银粒形式形成黑色的沉淀（沉积物）。thisactionisresponsiblefor（负责任，造成结果）blackspots（斑点，污点）leftonthefingersfromthehandlingofthesalt.这个反应可以说明为什么当你的手指接触银盐时，会留下黑色的斑点。Indelible（不能拭去的）marking inks（不褪色墨水）and pencils take advantage of（利用）this property of silver nitrate.难以褪色的墨水和铅笔都利用了硝酸银的这种性质。take advantage of：（1）乘机利用（2）利用别人的弱点占便宜，欺骗，引诱（女人）The halides of silver,except the fluoride（氟化物）,are very insoluble compounds and may be precipitated by the addition of a solution of silver salt to a solution containing chloride,bromide（溴化物）,or iodide（碘化物）ions.卤化银，除了氟化银之外，都是难溶的化合物，可以通过在银盐溶液中加入含有氯、溴、碘离子的溶液而沉淀下来。The addition of a strong base to a solution of a silver salt precipitates brown silver oxide(Ag2O).在银盐溶液中加入强碱可以形成棕色的Ag2O沉淀。One might expect the hydroxide of silver to precipitate,but it seems likely that silver hydroxide is very unstable and breaks down into（分解为，打碎成）the oxide and water-if,indeed,it is ever formed at all.你可能想到会形成氢氧化银沉淀，如果说实际上曾经生成了氢氧化银，那么看起来它也不稳定，又分解为氧化物和水。However,since a solution of a silver oxide is definitely（明确地，确切地，干脆地）basic,there must be hydroxide ions present in solution.Ag2O+H2O=2Ag+2OH-但是，既然形成氧化银的溶液明显是碱性的，溶液中一定存在氢氧根离子。反应如下：Because of its inactivety（不活泼性）,gold forms relatively few compounds.因为它的惰性，金的化合物相对很少。Two series of compounds are known-monovalent and trivalent.它的化合物通常有两个系列，即氧化数为+1和+3的化合物。Monovalent(aurous亚金的，一价金的）compounds resemble（象，类似）silver compounds(aurous chloride 氯化亚金 is water insoluble and light sensitive),while the higher valence（化合价，原子价）(auric金的，三价金的，含金的)compounds tend to form complexes.单价（亚金）化合物类似银的化合物，如AuCl难溶于水，见光易分解（对光敏感），而高氧化数金的化合物倾向于形成配合物。Gold is resistant to（抗的作用，防的作用）the action of most chemicals-air,oxygen,and water have no effect.金和大部分的化学物质都不反应（金可以抵抗大部分化学物质的侵蚀，如空气、氧和水对它都没有作用。The common acids do not attack the metal,but a mixture of hydrocholoric（hydrocholoric acid盐酸）and nitric acids(aqua regia 王水)dissolves it to form gold(III)chloride or chloroauric acid（氯金酸）.常见的酸也很难侵蚀金，但是，金能够溶解在盐酸和硝酸的混合物（王水）中形成AuCl3或氯金酸，The action is probably due to free chlorine（游离氯）present in the aqua regia.这个反应大概是因为王水中存在游离氯。3HCl+HNO3=NOCl+Cl2+2H2O2Au+3Cl2=2AuCl32AuCl3+HCl=HAuCl4chloroauric acid(HAuCl4H2O crystallizes from solution).氯金酸（HAuCl4H2O 是从溶液中结晶而出）Compounds of Zinc锌的化合物锌的化合物Zinc is fairly high in the activity series.锌在金属活动顺序表中是相当靠前的。It reacts readily with acids to produce hydrogen and displaces less active metals from their salts.它很容易与酸反应生成H2，和比它不活泼的金属的盐发生置换反应。The action of acids on impure（不纯的）zinc is much more rapid than on pure zinc,since bubbles（泡，起泡，鼓泡）of hydrogen gas collect on the surface of pure zinc and slow down the action.含有杂质的锌和酸反应要比纯的锌和酸反应剧烈得多，因为H2气泡聚集在纯锌的表面，减缓了反应。If another metal is present as an impurity（杂质）,the hydrogen is liberated（被释放了的）from the surface of the contaminating metal（杂质金属）rather than from the zinc.如果存在作为杂质的另外一种金属，H2就会在杂质金属表面形成，而不是在锌的表面。An electric couple（电对）to faciliate（促进）the action is probably set up（形成，产生）between the two metals.这样推进反应的电对可能在两种金属间形成了。Zinc oxide(ZnO),the most widely used zinc compound,is a white powder at ordinary temperatures,but changes to yellow on heating.When cooled,it again becomes white.ZnO，应用最广泛的锌的化合物，常温下是白色粉末，但是加热时变成黄色，冷却后，又变成白色。Zinc oxide is obtained by burning zinc in air,by heating the basic（碱性的）carbonate（碳酸盐的）,or by roasting（煅烧）the sulfide.ZnO是通过在空气中燃烧锌，或者碳酸盐的热分解，或者煅烧锌的硫化物而获得。The principal（主要的，首要的）use of ZnO is as a filler（填料，填充剂）in rubber manufacture（制造业，产品）,particularly in automobile（汽车）tires.ZnO主要的应用是在橡胶工业上，尤其是在汽车轮胎上作为填充剂。As a body（底质，底料，坯体）for paints it has the advantage over white lead of not darkening on exposure to an atmosphere containing hydrogen sulfide.作为涂料的主要成分，与铅白相比，它所具有的优点是：当暴露在含有H2S的空气中时，颜色并不变暗；Its covering power,however,is inferior to that of white lead（铅白，碱式碳酸铅）.但是，它的覆盖力却不如铅白。预习第预习第4章章