沪江新概念语法.pdf

附录1.语法精粹第一章英语从句Subordination英语从句主要有定语从句，状语从句和名词性从 句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）一.定语从句 定语从句：由关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which;关系副词 when,where,why 引导。（下面十个句子请读5 遍并脱口译出！）1.The death notices tell us about people who havedied during the week.2.The man（whom）you spoke to just now is myfriend.3.The building whose lights are on is beautiful.4.Please find a place which we can have a privatetalk in.5.The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets6.He still remembers the day when he went toschool.7.It is no need telling us the reason why youdidnt finish it in time.8.He has three sons,two of whom died in the war.9.Mr.Smith,whose wife is a clerk,teaches usEnglish.10.In the Sunday paper there are comics,whichchildren enjoy.口 只能用that和 who引导的定语从句A.all,nothing,anything,a few,one 做先行词指物时B.先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，后面常跟that 而不是 which.C.先行词前有 the only,the first,the last,thenext,the very等词修饰时,引导词只能用thatoD.当先 行词是 anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody 时，后面要用 who 或whom；All that glitters is not gold.闪光的并非都是金子。0 a s 引导定语从句a s 引导的定语从句有两种形式：A.引导限制性语从句。在此类定语从句中，a s 常与主语中作为其先行词的 such,the same 或 as 联用构成,”such.as,thesame.as”和“as.as”句型，可代替先行词。例 如:We hope to get such a tool as he is using.我们希望得到他正在用的那种工具。B.a s 引导非限制性定语从句时，作用与which相同，as作为关系代词代替整个主句。（这是语法考试的一个考点。）注意区别:a s 引导的从句用于句首、句中或句后，而 which引导的定语从句不能放在句首。例如：As is reported,a foreign delegation willvisit the city.据报道，一个外国代表团将访问这个城市。二.状语从句the large bone of the lower leg.超级作文联接词及词组，全部拿下!原因：because,since,now that(既然)as,for,this reason.结果：so that,so,therefore,consequently,soas to,as a result.时 间:after,before,when,while,as,until,assoon as,since,by the time,once,lately,presently,shortly after,currently,at present,nowadays.条件：if,only if.,once,unless,in the event(that),in case(that),provided that,on the conditionthat,etc.让步：though,although,even though(if),nomatter what/how/whenf whatever/however/whenever 一.目的：in order that,in order to,to,比较：than,as.as,by comparison(相比较)，by contrast(相对照).三.名词性从句王牌要点：通 常 由 ihal或疑问词导出。1.How some mammals came to live in the sea isnot know.（主语从句）2.The attorney told his client that they had littlechance of winning the case.（宾语从句）3.The problem is what well do next.（表语从句）4.We have no idea that he has come back.（同位语从句）同 位 语（Appositive）:同位语是英语语法的重点内容，也是各类考试中的一个考点，同时，在写作中正确运用同位语可以使你的句型更加简洁得体。新概念英语 第三册第一课有这样一个句子：When reports came into London zoo that a wildpuma had been spotted forty-five miles south ofLondon,they were not taken seriously.（当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。）（结论），suggestion（建议），problem,order,answer,discovery（发 现）explanation（解释），principle（原则），possibility（可能性），truth,promise（承诺），在这里，a wild puma had been spotted forty-five report（报告），statement（声明），knowledge（知识），miles soulh of London就是同位语从句，它本来应该opinion（观点），likelihood（可能性）放 在“reports”后面，这里却被放在了谓语成分 大声朗读三遍，背下即可。came into London zoo的后面，目的是让句型显得更为稳重。I.简单记忆：同位语从句，就是对某些名词做进一步的解释的句子。I was greatly shocked when I heard the news thathis father died yesterday.（th a t引导的句子解释了 news的内容，注意：that不做任何成分）We have to face the fact that the weather isunexpectedly bad.（th at引导的句子解释了 fact的内容）II.联想记忆：能接同位词从句的名词有:belief（信仰），fact,idea,doubt,rumor（谣言）,evidence（证据），conclusionIII.王牌要点：同位语一般由that引导，但也可以用关系代词 which,who,what 和关系副词 when,where,why,how 或 whether 引导。There arouse the question whether we couldwin the game.I have no idea howto explain it.一些介词词组后面也能引导同位语从句。（非常经典之功能句式，可用于四六级和托福作文,不妨一试！）：on the assumption（在.前提下）,on the ground（由于.原因），on the condition that（在.条件下），with the exception（有.例外）owing to the fact（由于.事实）;on the understanding（基于.理解）；The young lady promised to marry the oldman on the condition that he bought her a villa.那位年轻的女士答应嫁给那位老头，条件IV.分隔式同位语从句为了使句型平衡不至于头重脚轻，有时同位语从句可以放到句子的末尾，（读两遍此定义，然后看倒句：）An idea came to him that he might write to her toask more information about the matter.I got information from my friend that there will bea marvelous American movie Titanic.V.同位语从句与定语从句之区别简单记忆：定语从句的引导词th at或 which在句子中用作主语或宾语，而同位语从句的引导词that只起连接主句和从句之作用，不用作任何成分。示例:Ive got an answer that A is right.（同位语从句，th at不做成分）Ive got an answer that surprised me a lot.（定语从句，that做定语从句的主语）V I.王牌重点：可以充当同位语的词组或短语。1）名词短语。（使句型更为简洁）Bill Clinton,the president of America,came toLu Xun,one of the greatest essayists in China,played an overwhelmingly important role in Chineseliterature histoiy2）动名词词组亦可用作同位语：别忘了加逗号。（使句型更为流畅）Fm crazy about the game,playing baseball.Going to concert,that sounds a great idea.3）不定式短语。（陌生只是掌握的开始）The problem what to do next remains unsolved.Her claim to have finished his work is nothing buta white lie.4）形容词词组。（有逗号隔开）All the workers,young or old,should be treatedequally.Young man,short or tall,should have the right totake the opportunity.V II.同位语的引导词。（重要！这是中高级写作中不可缺少的引导成分）引导词用来表示同位语与它所说明的同位成分是他给她买一幢别墅。China to pay an official visit in 1998.之间的关系:1.namely,that it is,that is to say（也就是说）,inother words（换句话说）,or,for short表示等同关系。2.such as,say,so to speak（譬如说）,including（包括），for instance（或 for example（e.g./eg）,表示举例和列举关系。3.especially,mostly,chiefly,or better,inparticular,particularly表示突出重点，（在高难度阅读中表示后面的部分为更重要或更突出的部分，是出题的关键点。）恻试精编IL 选择正确选项：3.一 Susan hasn*t written us for a long time.一What do you suppose to her?A.that happened B.happened C.tohappen D.having happened4.May I have the l o a n?y o u offergood security.A.But B.Unless C.Provided D.But for5.Gorillas are quiet a n i ma l s,t h e y areable to make about twenty different sounds.A.how B.in spite of C.because of D.even thoughconceived of8.Seeds usually germinate thetemperature is favorable.A.if B.whereas C.as a result D.inconsequences9.Francis Preston Blair.Jr,born inKentucky,lived and practiced in Missouri.A.was B.he was C.although D.whohe was10.,work songs often exhibit the songculture of a people in a fundamental form.all behavior is learned behavior is a 6.The little White House in warm springs was thebasic assumption of social scientists.A.They occur where they are B.OccurringGeorgia home of President Franklin-D.Roosevelt whereA.Nearly B.That nearly C.It is nearly D.When nearly2.The people at the party were wonied aboutJanet because no one was aware she hadgone.A.where that B.of where C.of the placewhere D.the placethere on April 12,1945.A.who died B.died C.while died D.he died7.Essentially,a theory is an abstract,symbolicrepresentation of reality.A.what it is conceived B.that is conceivedC.what is conceived to be D.that is beingC.Where they occur D.Where do theyoccur第二章 虚拟语气 TH E S U B J U N C TI V E M O O D虚拟语气用来表达不可能或难以实现的愿望，与事实相反的假设，通常分为基本的三种形式。1.与现在事实相反的虚拟：If+did/were+.wouldhome.原 形 （should可省去）的虚拟。shouldcould+do(动词原形)mightIf I were you,I would go abroad at once.(I am notyou.)If he knew it now,he could help me.(He doesntknow it now.)2.与过去事实相反的虚拟：If+had done+.would(might)have done.If I had known your telephone number yesterday,I would have phoned you.(1 didn t know your telephone number.)If you had come here a littleearlier just now,youmight have met her.(You didnt come here earlier.)3.与将来事实相反的虚拟：(1)If+should+v.,.would+v.(可能性很小)(译作“方一”)If it should rain tomorrow,you could stay atIf I should fail,what should Ido?(2)If+did/were to+v would+v.(完全不可能)If the sun were to rise in the west,I wouldlend you the money.If you finished it in 3 minutes,I would giveyou my car.4.金牌特殊重点：！简单联想记忆:下列动词后的“宾语从句”中需要用虚拟形式，即 should+动词原形，shoud在美国英语中要省略(TOEFL语法考点)。此类常见的动词有：order,ask,decide,demand,require,recommend,suggest(建议)insist(坚决要求)，advise,etc.例句：He suggested that we(should)help themwith English.The teacher ordered that the homework(should)be finished within half an hour.下列名词后的同位语从句中要用“should+动词suggestion,order,request,demand,importance,proposal.He made a suggestion that we(should)have afancy dress party.I think it is a thing of importance that it(should)be done soon.It is/was important/necessaiy/natural/essential/advisable/strange/surprising,ect.+that+主语+should+v.It is strange that you should say such a thing.It was important that you should tell me all theinformation.w ish后的宾语从句中，as i f 后的状语从句中，须用下列的虚拟形式：主+wish+(that)+主+did/were(指现在)haddone(指过去)would+v.(指将来)Iwishthat I met my uncle now.IwishI had met my uncle yesterday.IwishI could meet my uncle tomorrow.It is(high)time that.+did/were.Il is time that you went to bed.would rather that.+did/were.I would rather that you were not here now.would sooner that.+did/were.I would sooner that you got up earlier.I would sooner that you were not my brother.测试精编I.选择正确选项：1.I he had taught me the word,but hedidnt.A.believe B.hope C.wish D.think2.The man in charge recommends that this matterat the meeting.A.would be discussed B.will be discussed C.be discussed D.may bediscussed3.It is raining now,otherwise w e goout play.A.could B.can C.may D.will4.he come late,give him the message.A.Had B.Should C.Would D.Did5.Hadnt my car broke down,I thetrain.A.would have caught B.might catch C.could catch D.would catch6.I would have helped him if I had time,but IA.havent B.had C.didn*t D.wouldnt7.The dam was built in time to protect theinhabitants from the f l ood;.A.otherwise the damage would be beyondmeasure.B.the damage,otherwise,should be verygreat.C.the damage could have been very seriousotherwise.D.the damage caused,therefore,many ofthem homeless.8.It is natural that an employee hiswork on time.A.finishes B.finish C.can finish D.finishs9.1 would go abroad but that I poor.A.am B.was C.shall be D.were10.Don*t act as if you the only pebbleon the beach.A.are B.were C.have been D.would be第 三 章 代替与省略S U B S T IT U T IO NA ND O MIS S IO N英语中，为了避免不必要的重复，经常用so,not,to,do,does代替前面出现的动词或相关内容。如:He translated the article better than 1 did.(did代替 wrote it)Doyou think she isclever?I think so.(so 代替 she is clever)(1)从上两例中看出,do/does/d id 代替动词。(2)*so与 not”代替某个词、短语、句子等，通常用于 hope,think,believe,expect,suppose,beafraid,fear,imagine,etc 后作宾语。E.g.Is it correct?一 Im afraid not.(not correct)(3)用作不定式，常跟随下列动词：want,mean,hope,expect,refuse,seem,intend,be,afraid,etc.E.g.I asked him to go to the party,but herefused to.(go to the party)(4)do so,do that,do it 用来代替动态动词,而不能代静态动词。Eg.一 He gave up studying English.一 Why did he do so?(=give upstudying English)The dish tastes nice.一 Yes,so it does,(tastes nice)(此句不能用it does i t 或 it does so,S taste属静态动词。)(5)为使语言精炼，避免不必要的重复，对话中常用省略形式。E.g.一 He is thinking of buying a car?Is h e?(这里,thinking of buying acar”被省略了。)一 Will he come back in time?Perhaps.(省略 了 he will come back intime.)测试精编I.选择正确答案：1.一 Shall I wake you up tomorrow?一 Yes,A.please do B.you shall C.you willD.you may2.I think records are often an actualperformance.A.as good as or better than B.as good orbetter thanC.like good or better than D.as good asany other3.If he doesn*t come to work,he may be fired.一 Surely he isnt so foolish not to realizethat.A.so B.and C.but D.as4.Dont you think Alans health has beenruined by smoking?Yes,he told mehimself.A.the fact B.this thing C.It D.so5.Will you go home tomorrow evening?No,Im going to a lecture,or at least,Im planningA.on B.to C.so D.It6.I slipped on the stairs,I think my arm isbroken.一 Oh!I.A.do not hope so B.do not hope C.hope not so D.hope not7.California relies mainly on income from fruitcrops,and.A.Florida also B.Florida tooC.Florida is as well D.so does Florida8.Have you been here long?.A.No,not very B.Not muchC.Yes,only little D.No,only yesterday9.You look happy today,Mary.一 I like mynew dress and mot he r,too.A.does B.likes C.is D.do10.So you are lost,little boy.Why didnt youhang on to your mothers skirt?,but I couldnt reach it.A.I hanged to B.I did to C.I didnthang to D.I tried to第四章 倒 装 INV ER S IO N根据语法要求，把谓语动词置于主语前，称为完全倒装|，把助动词或情态动词置于主语前，称为部分倒装1.副词如：in,out,down,there,here,off,over,away,etc.句子倒装。（完全倒装，但主语不能是代词）Down jumped the murderer from the tenthfloor.In came Miss Green.（特别注意：当主语是人称代词时不倒装。）Away she w ent!（她走了!）Here you are!（你在这JL!）2.o n ly+副 词（介词短语）位于句首，句子要倒装。Only then did he realize that he wasmistaken.Only by working hard can we succeed indoing anything.3.well,so,often,such,few,little 放于句首，句子形成倒装。So fine was the weather that we all went outlying in the sun.Well did I know him and well did he knowme.4.否定词或具有否定意义的词及词组用在句首时、句子须倒装。此类词有：neither,nor,hardly,scarcely,rarely,seldom,not,never,not only,barely，at no time,nowhere 等。e.g.Jack could not swim.一 Neither could Tom.Never have I seen such a good movie.5.a s引导让步状语从句，须倒装。（准确地说,是将需要强调的词提到as的前面。）Rich as he is,he spends a cent on charity.Try as he does,he never seems able to do thework beautifully.6.在表示祝愿的句子中。May you make greater progress!（愿你取得更大进步！）7.在虚拟条件句中，连词if省略时，句型要倒装，即将were,had,should等词提到句首。Were I you,I would go abroad to takeadvanced study.我要是你，就出国进修了。Should he come tomorrow,he would help usto settle the problem.他要是明天来的话，他会帮我们解决这个问题的。8.百分特例重点：Much as we may pride ourselves on our goodtaste,we are no longer free to choose the things wewant.(NCE Book III Lesson 26)尽管我们为自己的绝好鉴赏力感到自豪，但我们已经无法自由地选择我们所需要的东西了。测试精编I.选择正确选项：1.Not until the mid-nineteenth-century discoveryof vast deposits of borate*s in the Majave Desertrelatively common.A.borax became B.did borax becomeC.and borax become D.boraxs becoming2.received law degrees as today.A.Never so many women haveB.Never have so many womenC.The women arent everD.Women who have never3.the Bobs belongings that he carriedthem in a bundle slung over his shoulders.A.Were so few B.Few were soC.So few were D.They were so few4.Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea byits mother to swim.A.how will it learn B.will it learn howC.it will learn how D.and it learns how5.Not only a promise,but he also keptit.A.did he made B.he made C.did hemake D.he makes6.Nowhere in the wor l d.A.travelers can buy so much beauty for solittle as in Hawaii.B.no one can buy so much beauty for solittle money as Hawaii.C.so much beauty can be bought for so littlemoney in Hawaii.D.can travelers buy so much beauty for solittle money as in Hawaii.7.No sooner gone home than it beganto rain heavily.A.had I B.have I C.I had D.I have8.Not for a moment the truth of yourstory.A.he has doubted B.he doubts C.did hedoubt D.he did doubt9.succeed in doing anything.A.Onlyby working hard we can B.By only working hard wecan C.Only by working hard can we D.Only we canwork hard10.Never before in similar circumstancesA.a British Prime Minister had refused tostep down.B.did a British Prime Minister have refusedto step down.C.a British Prime Minister did have refusedto step down.D.had a British Prime Minister refused tostep down.11.People might avoid many accidentsthese methods been adopted before.A.that B.were C.have D.had12.arose the problem that the boy willnever overcome the great difficulties.A.It B.This C.Here D.Those第五章形容词A D JEC T IV ES定义：形容词是用来修饰名词的词，描述名词的性质、外观、特点等。功能：形容词可以做定语、表语或补助语。分类：主要分为两类：描绘性形容词和限定性形容词。描绘性形容词主要用来描绘大、小、新旧、颜色、质量等。限定性形容词主要用来限定所修饰词的数量、距离及范围所属等。1.当形容词修饰单数可数名词时，必须与冠词连用：a lovely girl,the naughty boy2.形容词可与系动词连用，做表语，说明主语的性状。常用系动词有：be,become,seem,appear,feel,look,taste,smelh sound,remain,go,turn,keep,stay,etc.The dish tastes delicious.The music sounds sweet.The milk went bad.小心陷阱 feel,smell,taste,look,keep 有时可以用作实义动词，并可以用副词修饰。He looked me up and down carefully.I tasted the soup slowly to see whether it wassalty.3.形容词用作后置定语。（简单理解：一般的形容词修饰名词时放在名词前面，但有些形容词修饰名词时放在名词的后面）a river navigable（一条可通航的河）sight visible可见的景象p