历年考研英语二真题及答案.pdf

研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDi r e c t i o n s：Re a d t h e f o l l o w i n g t e x t.Ch o o s e t h e b e s t w o r d(s)f o r e a c h n u m b e r e d b l a c k a n d m a r kA,B,C o r D o n ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 p o i n t s)“Th e In t e r n e t a f f o r d s a n o n y m i t y t o i t s u s e r s 一 a b o o n t o p r i v a c y a n d f r e e d o m o f s p e e c h.Bu tt h a t v e r y a n o n y m i t y i s a l s o b e h i n d t h e e x p l o s i o n o f c y b e r c r i m e t h a t h a s a c r o s s t h e We b.Ca n p r i v a c y b e p r e s e r v e d 2 b r i n g i n g a s e m b l a n c e o f s a f e t y a n d s e c u r i t y t o a w o r l d t h a t s e e m si n c r e a s i n g l y 3?La s t m o n t h,Ho w a r d Sc h m i d t,t h e n a t i o n s c y b e r c z a r,o f f e r e d t h e Ob a m a g o v e r n m e n t a 4 t om a k e t h e We b a s a f e r p l a c e 一 a u v o l u n t a r y i d e n t i f y s y s t e m t h a t w o u l d b e t h eh i g h-t e c h 5 o f a p h y s i c a l k e y,f i n g e r p r i n t a n d a p h o t o ID c a r d,a l l r o l l e d 6 o n e.Th e s y s t e m m i g h t u s e a s m a r t i d e n t i t y c a r d,o r a d i g i t a l c r e d e n t i a l 7 t o a s p e c i f i c c o m p u t e r,a n d w o u l d a u t h e n t i c a t e u s e r s a t a r a n g e o f o n l i n e s e r v i c e s.Th e i d e a i s t o 8 a f e d e r a t i o n o f p r i v a t e o n l i n e i d e n t i f y s y s t e m s.Us e r sc o u l d 9 w h i c h s y s t e m t o j o i n,a n d o n l y r e g i s t e r e d u s e r s w h o s e i d e n t i t i e s h a v e b e e na u t h e n t i c a t e d c o u l d n a v i g a t e t h o s e s y s t e m s.Th e a p p r o a c h c o n t r a s t s w i t h o n e t h a t w o u l d r e q u i r ea n In t e r n e t d r i v e r s l i c e n s e 10 b y t h e g o v e r n m e n t.Go o g l e a n d Mi c r o s o f t a r e a m o n g c o m p a n i e s t h a t a l r e a d y h a v e s i g n-o n“s y s t e m s t h a t m a k e i tp o s s i b l e f o r u s e r s t o 11 j u s t o n c e b u t u s e m a n y d i f f e r e n t s e r v i c e s.12,t h e a p p r o a c h w o u l d c r e a t e a aw a l l e d g a r d e nn i n s a f e “n e i g h b o r h o o d s“a n d b r i g h t“s t r e e t l i g h t s“t o e s t a b l i s h a s e n s e o f 13 c o m m u n i t y.Mr.Sc h m i d t d e s c r i b e d i t a s a uv o l u n t a r y e c o s y s t e mv i n w h i c h i n d i v i d u a l s a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n sc a n c o m p l e t e o n l i n e t r a n s a c t i o n s w i t h 14,t r u s t i n g t h e i d e n t i t i e s o f t h e i n f r a s t r u c t u r et h a t t h e t r a n s a c t i o n r u n s 15St i l l,t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n,s p l a n h a s 16 p r i v a c y r i g h t s a c t i v i s t s.So m e a p p l a u d t h ea p p r o a c h;o t h e r s a r e c o n c e r n e d.It s e e m s c l e a r t h a t s u c h a n i n i t i a t i v e p u s h t o w a r d w h a tw o u l d 17 b e a l i c e n s e“m e n t a l i t y.Th e p l a n h a s a l s o b e e n g r e e t e d w i t h 18 b y s o m e e x p e r t s,w h o w o r r y t h a t t h e uv o l u n t a r ye c o s y s t e m w o u l d s t i l l l e a v e m u c h o f t h e In t e r n e t 19.Th e y a r g u e t h a t s h o u l db e 20 t o r e g i s t e r a n d i d e n t i f y t h e m s e l v e s,i n d r i v e r s m u s t b e l i c e n s e d t o d r i v e o n p u b l i cr o a d s.1.A.s w e p tB.s k i p p e dC.w a l k e dD.r i d d e n2.A.f o rB.w i t h i nC.w h i l eD.t h o u g h3.A.c a r e l e s sB.l a w l e s sC.p o i n t l e s sD.h e l p l e s s4.A.r e a s o nB.r e m i n d e rC.c o m p r o m i s eD.p r o p o s a l5.A.i n f o r m a t i o nB.i n t e r f e r e n c eC.e n t e r t a i n m e n tD.e q u i v a l e n t6.A.b yB.i n t oC.f r o mD.o v e r7.A.l i n k e dB.d i r e c t e dC.c h a i n e dD.c o m p a r e d8.A.d i s m i s sB.d i s c o v e rC.c r e a t eD.i m p r o v e9.A.r e c a l lB.s u g g e s tC.s e l e c tD.r e a l i z e10.A.r e l e a s e dB.i s s u e dC.d i s t r i b u t e dD.d e l i v e r e d11.A.c a r r y o nB.l i n g e r o nC.s e t i nD.l o g i n12.A.In vainB.In effectC.In returnD.In contrast13.A.trustedB.modernizedC.thrivingD.competing14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united17.A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually18.A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on A N SW ER SHEET 1.(40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs s board as an outside director in January 2000:a yearlater she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managedboth roles without attracting much eroticism.But by the end of 2009 M s.Simmons was under firefor having sat on Goldman s compensation committee;how could she have let those enormous bonuspayouts pass unremarked?By February the next year M s.Simmons had left the board.The positionwas just taking up too much time,she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful,yet less biased,advisers on a firm sboard.Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enoughindependence to disagree with the chief executive,s proposals.If the sky,and the share priceis falling,outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their owncrises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms andmore than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004.Then they simply checked whichdirectors stayed from one proxy statement to the next.The most likely reason for departing aboard was age,so the researchers concentrated on those“surprise“disappearances by directorsunder the age of 70.They fount that after a surprise departure,the probability that the companywill subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%.The likelihood of being namedin a federal class-action lawsuit also increases,and the stock is likely to perform worse.Theeffect tended to be larger for larger firms.Although a correlation between them leaving andsubsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive,it does not mean that such directors arealways jumping off a sinking ship.Often they“trade up.Leaving riskier,smaller firms forlarger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blowto their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks,even if a review of historyshows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.Firms who want to keep theiroutside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.Otherwise outside directorswill follow the example of M s.Simmons,once again very popular on campus.21.According to Paragraph 1,M s.Simmons was criticized for.Againing excessive profitsBfailing to fu lfill her dutyCrefusing to make compromises D l e a v i n g t h e b o a r d i n t o u g h t i m e s22.We l e a r n f r o m Pa r a g r a p h 2 t h a t o u t s i d e d i r e c t o r s a r e s u p p o s e d t o b e .A g e n e r o u s i n v e s t o r s B u n b i a s e d e x e c u t i v e s C s h a r e p r i c e f o r e c a s t e r s D i n d e p e n d e n t a d v i s e r s23.Ac c o r d i n g t o t h e r e s e a r c h e r s f r o m Oh i o Un i v e r s i t y a f t e r a n o u t s i d e d i r e c t o r,s s u r p r i s ed e p a r t u r e,t h e f i r m i s l i k e l y t o .A b e c o m e m o r e s t a b l e B r e p o r t i n c r e a s e d e a r n i n g s C d o l e s s w e l l i n t h e s t o c k m a r k e t D p e r f o r m w o r s e i n l a w s u i t s24.It c a n b e i n f e r r e d f r o m t h e l a s t p a r a g r a p h t h a t o u t s i d e d i r e c t o r s .A m a y s t a y f o r t h e a t t r a c t i v e o f f e r s f r o m t h e f i r m B h a v e o f t e n h a d r e c o r d s o f w r o n g d o i n g s i n t h e f i r m C a r e a c c u s t o m e d t o s t r e s s-f r e e w o r k i n t h e f i r m D w i l l d e c l i n e i n c e n t i v e s f r o m t h e f i r m25.Th e a u t h o r?s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d t h e r o l e o f o u t s i d e d i r e c t o r s i s .A p e r m i s s i v e B p o s i t i v e C s c o r n f u l D c r i t i c a lText 2Wh a t e v e r h a p p e n e d t o t h e d e a t h o f n e w s p a p e r?A y e a r a g o t h e e n d s e e m e d n e a r.Th e r e c e s s i o nt h r e a t e n e d t o r e m o v e t h e a d v e r t i s i n g a n d r e a d e r s t h a t h a d n o t a l r e a d y f l e d t o t h e i n t e r n e t.Ne w s p a p e r s l i k e t h e Sa n Fr a n c i s c o Ch r o n i c l e w e r e c h r o n i c l i n g t h e i r o w n d o o m.Am e r i c a s Fe d e r a lTr a d e c o m m i s s i o n l a u n c h e d a r o u n d o f t a l k s a b o u t h o w t o s a v e n e w s p a p e r s.Sh o u l d t h e y b e c o m ec h a r i t a b l e c o r p o r a t i o n s?Sh o u l d t h e s t a t e s u b s i d i z e t h e m?It w i l l h o l d a n o t h e r m e e t i n g s o o n.Bu t t h e d i s c u s s i o n s n o w s e e m o u t o f d a t e.In m u c h o f t h e w o r l d t h e r e i s t h e s i g n o f c r i s i s.Ge r m a n a n d Br a z i l i a n p a p e r s h a v e s h r u g g e do f f t h e r e c e s s i o n.Ev e n Am e r i c a n n e w s p a p e r s,w h i c h i n h a b i t t h e m o s t t r o u b l e d c o m e o f t h e g l o b a li n d u s t r y,h a v e n o t o n l y s u r v i v e d b u t o f t e n r e t u r n e d t o p r o f i t.No t t h e 20%p r o f i t m a r g i n s t h a tw e r e r o u t i n e a f e w y e a r s a g o,b u t p r o f i t a l l t h e s a m e.It h a s n o t b e e n m u c h f u n.Ma n y p a p e r s s t a y e d a f l o a t b y p u s h i n g j o u r n a l i s t s o v e r b o a r d.Th eAm e r i c a n So c i e t y o f Ne w s Ed i t o r s r e c k o n s t h a t 13,500 n e w s r o o m j o b s h a v e g o n e s i n c e 2007.Re a d e r sa r e p a y i n g m o r e f o r s l i m m e r p r o d u c t s.So m e p a p e r s e v e n h a d t h e n e r v e t o r e f u s e d e l i v e r y t o d i s t a n ts u b u r b s.Y e t t h e s e d e s p e r a t e m e a s u r e s h a v e p r o v e d t h e r i g h t o n e s a n d,s a d l y f o r m a n y j o u r n a l i s t s,t h e y c a n b e p u s h e d f u r t h e r.Ne w s p a p e r s a r e b e c o m i n g m o r e b a l a n c e d b u s i n e s s e s,w i t h a h e a l t h i e r m i x o f r e v e n u e s f r o mr e a d e r s a n d a d v e r t i s e r s.Am e r i c a n p a p e r s h a v e l o n g b e e n h i g h l y u n u s u a l i n t h e i r r e l i a n c e o n a d s.Fu l l y 87%o f t h e i r r e v e n u e s c a m e f r o m a d v e r t i s i n g i n 2008,a c c o r d i n g t o t h e Or g a n i z a t i o n f o rEc o n o m i c Co o p e r a t i o n&De v e l o p m e n t (OECD).In Ja p a n t h e p r o p o r t i o n i s 35%.No t s u r p r i s i n g l y,Ja p a n e s e n e w s p a p e r s a r e m u c h m o r e s t a b l e.Th e w h i r l w i n d t h a t s w e p t t h r o u g h n e w s r o o m s h a r m e d e v e r y b o d y,b u t m u c h o f t h e d a m a g e h a s b e e nc o n c e n t r a t e d i n a r e a s w h e r e n e w s p a p e r a r e l e a s t d i s t i n c t i v e.Ca r a n d f i l m r e v i e w e r s h a v e g o n e.So h a v e s c i e n c e a n d g e n e r a l b u s i n e s s r e p o r t e r s.Fo r e i g n b u r e a u s h a v e b e e n s a v a g e l y c u t o f f.Ne w s p a p e r s a r e l e s s c o m p l e t e a s a r e s u l t.Bu t c o m p l e t e n e s s i s n o l o n g e r a v i r t u e i n t h e n e w s p a p e rb u s i n e s s.26.By s a y i n g uNe w s p a p e r s l i k e t h e i r o w n d o o m”(Li n e s 3-4,Pa r a.1),t h e a u t h o r i n d i c a t e st h a t n e w s p a p e r .A n e g l e c t e d t h e s i g n o f c r i s i sBfailed to get state subsidiesCwere not charitable corporationsDwere in a desperate situation27.Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because.Areaders threatened to pay lessBnewspapers wanted to reduce costsCjournalists reported little about these areasDsubscribers complained about slimmer products28.Compared with their American counterparts,Japanese newspapers are much more stable becausethey.Ahave more sources of revenueBhave more balanced newsroomsCare less dependent on advertisingDare less affected by readership29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?ADistinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.BCompleteness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.CForeign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.DReaders have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30.The most appropriate title for this text would beAAmerican Newspapers:Struggling for SurvivalBAmerican Newspapers:Gone with the WindCAmerican Newspapers:A Thriving BusinessDAmerican Newspapers:A Hopeless StoryText 3W e tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperityand growth,with soldiers returning home by the millions,going off to college on the G.I.Billand lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses,it was a time of common sense and a belief that less couldtruly be more.During the Depression and the war,Americans had learned to live with less,andthat restraint,in combination with the postwar confidence in the future,made small,efficienthousing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living.The phrase”lessis more“was actually first popularized by a German,the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,who like other people associated with the Bauhaus,a school of design,emigrated to the UnitedStates before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools.These designers came to exert enormousinfluence on the course of American architecture,but none more so that Mies.Mies s signature phrase means that less decoration,properly organized,has more impact thata lot.Elegance,he believed,did not derive from abundance.Like other modern architects,heemployed metal,glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that inthe 1940s symbolized the future.Mies s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that thespaces he designed were small and efficient,rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago,s Lake Shore Drive,for example,were smal 1 er-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors alongthe city s Gold Coast.But they were popular because of their airy glass walls,the views theyafforded and the elegance of the buildings details and proportions,the architectural equivalentof the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward“less was not entirely foreign.In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright startedbuilding more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreadingtwo-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and