考研英语语法考点突破.pdf

从句 带格式的：标 题1|一、定语从句定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。引导定语从句的关系代词有 that,which,who,whom,whose(of which),but(who/that ,not),as 等，关系副词有when,where,why,how等。多数定语从句都对所修饰的名词或代词加以限制，去掉该从句后先行词将意义不全或失去意义。而非限制性定语从句的作用在于补充，翻译时常常另起一个句子，与主句构成并列句。(一)关系代词引导的定语从句l o 关系代词that引导的定语从句，that指人或指物，在从句中可以作主语、宾语。多数情况下，可与which互换。j带格式的：标 题2-真题例句】In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press,:LordIrvine,theLord Chancellor,will introduce a draft H面 will propose makingpayments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that canbe given to a case before a trial begins1.（2001 完形）动词加宾语。加形容S【结构分析】本句主干为Lord Irvine will introduce a draft bill;其中bill由that 弓 I导的定语从句 that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and willstrictly control the amount of publicity修饰，在从句中，that 指代先行词 bill 作主语。观察连词an d,可确定此从句中并列两个谓语will propose和 will controlo 其111 control的宾语the amount of publicity后又跟个that引导的定语从句that canbe given to a case before a trial begins,使用 了被动语态，that 指代先行词 publicity作主语。句首的介词短语 In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press作全句的状语。【参考译文】为了有效地加强对新闻界的法律监控，大法官欧文勋爵将引入一项草案。这项草案将提出付款给证人是非法的，并且要严格控制审判前对案件的曝光。【真题例句】T he overall result has been to 翻译为：是 make entrance toprofessional geological journals harder for amateurs 表对象通常在翻译的时候被提前，或转换为主语等等，a result that has been reinforced by the widespreadintroduction of refereeing 审稿的广泛引入，first by national journals in the 19thcentury and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.（2001 阅读1）【结构分析】本句的主干是一个完成时的主系表结构T he overall result hasbeen for ainateurj,表语由不定式短语to makeharder（使 更难）充当。名词短语aresult;hat是主干中主语result的同位语，作用是对其进行补充说明。在此名词短语中，关系代词that引导定语从句that has been reinforced by修饰先行批注 pi：加紧，加强批注P2：新闻界报刊批注中3：草案，法律，设计词 result,that在从句中代替result作主语，从句的谓语使用了被动语态。【参考译文】总体结果是，业余人员在专业地质学刊物上发表论文更难了，这种结果又由于审稿的广泛引入而变得更糟19世纪由国家级杂志评审，20世纪由一些地方地质学杂志评审。真题例句】T here will be television chat shows hosted by robots,and cars withpollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.(2001-71)【结构分析】本句为there b e 句型。主干为T here will be television chatshows，and cars其中shows后由过去分词结构hosted by robots(作定语)修饰，cars后的介宾短语with pollution monitors作后置定语，该定语中monitors后跟一个 that引导的定语从句that will disable them-,关系代词that指代monitors在从句中作主语。句末的when they offend作从句中的时间状语。【参考译文】未来将出现机器人主持的谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，当汽车污染超标时，监控器就会让其停止。【真题例句】And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micromechanics,there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain andbone surgery 外科手术 with sub millimeter 亚电米 accuracy 精确far greaterprecision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.(2002 阅读 2)【结构分析】本句与上句同，主干there be句型there are already robot systems,中，systems由that引导的定语从句that can perform(直到句末)修饰，关系代词that指代先行词systems在从句中作主语。破折号之后的部分far greater precisionthan是 submillimeter accuracy的同位语，起补充说明作用，这里使用了比较级。句首的 And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micromechanics作全句的状语。【参考译文】由于电子技术的不断微型化和微型机械学的发展，已经出现了能够完成某些脑部和骨科手术的机器人系统，其精确程度已达到亚毫米级，这精确程度大大超出了技术娴熟的医生光凭双手所能达到的水平。【真题例句】For example,changes in the economy that lead to fewer jobopportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainfulemployment increasingly difficult to obtaino(2004 完形)【结构分析】本句主干的结构为“主+谓+宾+宾补”，即 changes make gainfulemployment increasingly difficult to obtaino 主语 changes 后有两个修饰语，其一是介词短语in the economy作的后置定语，其二是that引导的定语从句that lead tofewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general o 该定语从句I，关系代词指代先行词changes作主语，谓语lead to有两个宾语，分别为jobopportunities 和 unemployment,由 and 并歹U。【参考译文】举例来说，经济改革导致了年轻人就业机会的减少和普遍上升的失业率，这些都使得有酬工作越来越难找。注意：只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况：(1)在 there b e 句型中,只用th a t,不用which;(2)不定代词如 anything,nothing,the one,all,much,few,any,little 等作先行词时，只用th a t,不用which;(3)先行词有the only,the very修饰时，只用that;(4)先行词为序数词、形容词最高级时，只用that;(5)先行词既有人，又有物时。真题例句】T o paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,all that isneeded for the triumph of a misguided cause被误导的事业的胜利需-要的是好人无所作为is-that good people do nothing on(2003 阅读 2)【结构分析】本句的直接引语中，主干为一个主系表结构all is that，其中主语 all 由 that 引导的定语从句 that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause修饰，关系代词that指代先行词all在从句中作主语。表语由that引导的名词性从句 that good people do nothing 充当。【参考译文】用 18世纪政治家埃德蒙柏克的话说：“一个被误导的事业如果能成功，它唯一需要的就是好人无所作为”。20关系代词which引导的定语从句，which指物，在从句中可以作主语、宾语等。多数情况下，可与that互换。；带格式的：标 题 3-【真题例句】用 If you are part of the group which you are addressing,you will bein a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you|and it 1 1 be appropriate for you to make a passing remark 谈论 评 论 辞 about theinedible canteen food or the chairman s notorious bad taste in lies。(2002 阅读 1)【结构分析】本句包含两个并列分句，由and连接。第一个分句为you will bein a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you,这里包含一个定语从句，由 w hich引导，关 系 代 词 which指 代 先 行 词 theexperiences and problems,在从句中作主语。第二个分句为 it 1 1 be appropriate foryou to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman*snotorious bad taste in ties,其中使用了 it作形式主语,真正的主语为不定式to makea passing remark about,o句首的if引导条件状语从句,其中group由which引导的定语从句which you are addressing修饰/which在从句中指代先彳j 诃groups,作 address的宾语。【参考译文】如果你是你谈话听众中的员，你就能够了解你们所共有的经历和问题，而且你也可对餐厅极难吃的食物或者领导在选择领带方面差劲的品味进行评头论足。真题例句】T hus,the anthropological concept of“culture”,like the conceptof“set in mathematics,is an abstract concept which makes possible immenseamounts of concrete research and understanding.(2003-65)【结构分析】本句的主干是一个主系表结构，主语和系动词被介宾短语likethe concept of“set in mathematics 所作的状语分隔，连接后为 the anthropologicalconcept of aculture v is an abstract concept*,其中表语 abstract concept 由 which引导的定语从句which makes possible在翻译的过程中可以调动位置make sthpossible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding 修饰,在从句中，which代替concept作主语。【参考译文】因此，就像数学中“集合”的 概 念 样，人类学中“文化”的:带格式的：字体颜色：红色):带格式的：字体颜色：红色 一 带格式的：字体颜色：红色 一批注 p4:adj.U 大的，广大的；无边无际的：非常好的 带格式的：突出显示【带格式的：突出显示；:带格式的：突出显示 一-1 批注(p5:make sth possible 其实就是一个动宾结构动词make+宾语，然后在十 个状语、状语的顺序使得理解困难:带格式的：字体颜色：红色 概念是个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。【真题例句】He adds humbly 谦虚地 that perhaps he was usuperior to thecommon run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention,and in observingthem carefully。”（2008-49）【结构分析】本句为复合句。主句为He adds humbly that，其中adds的宾语部分由that引导的宾语从句充当。在此宾语从句中，两个介宾短语in noticingthings和 in observing them carefully都作状语，关系代词which引导的定语从句which easily escape attention 修饰先行词 things,which 在从句指代 things 作主语。【参考译文】他谦卑地补充道，或许他“和普通人比起来，更能够注意到那些别人不容易注意到的细节，并对此加以详细地观察”。3。关系代词与介词一起用，介词提前时，只用which。1带格式的：标 题3（1）从句中谓语部分成分提前【真题例句】With regard to Futurist poetry,however,the case is ratherdifficult,for whatever Futurist poetry may beeven admitting that thetheory on a-which it is based may be right-it can hardly be classed asLiteratureo（2000 阅读 3）【结构分析】本句包含两个并列分句。前一分句为the case is rather difficult,后一分句whatever Futurist poetry may be（直到句末）由for连接，表示原因。在此分句中，whatever引导让步状语从句，两个破折号之间的插入部分，为分词结构所作的让步状语。admitting后的宾语由从句that the theory-may be right充当，该宾语从句的主语theory由which引导的定语从句修饰,which指代先行词theory在从句中作谓语部分be based on（以.为基础，根据）的宾语，表现为介词on提前。句首的介宾短语With regard to Futurist poetry作全句的状语。【参考译文】但是，就未来派诗歌而言，情况却相当不同了，因为无论未来派诗歌为何物即使承认其理论根据可能是正确的，也很难称其为文学作品。【真题例句】Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standardtemplates（patterns）into which they plug each day s events o （2001 阅读 3）【结构分析】本句为主从复合句，主句为Most journalists leam to see the worldthrough a set of standard templates（patterns）0 关系代词 which 引导定语从句 intowhich they plug each day s events 修饰先彳 j 词 a set of standard templates,which在定语从句中指代先行词作into的宾语（into提前），我们可将其还原为plug eachday s events into（a set of standard templates）0【参考译文】多数新闻记者都学着用一套标准的模式去看待世界，并把每天发生的事件纳入这种模式。真题例句】What is needed is a technology of behavior,but we have been slowto develop the science from which such a technology might be drawno（2002 英译汉）批注 p6：pr e p.用:支 持:随着;和在一起批注 p7:w i th r e g a r d to：关于，就 而 论批注 p8卜pr印.为,为了:因为;给；对于：至于；适合于c onj.因为带格式的：字体：（默认）A r i a l,10磅，字体颜色：H定义颜色（R G B （4 9,4 9,4 9）批注 p9:破折号之间的成分为插入语，做解解说明用。破折号有连词的功效批注 plO：作动词时：分类批注 pill：,n.模板；范本（te mpla te的复数）：属性单元【结构分析】本句包含由but连接的两个并列分句。前一分句是一个主系表结构，其中主语由what引导的主语从句充当。后一分句中包含which引导的定语从句 which such a technology might be drawn 修饰先行词 science,关系代词which指代science在从句中作be drawn from的宾语，本句表现为from提前，我们可还原从句部分为 such a technology might be drawn from(science)o【参考译文】我们需要的是一种行为技术，但是目前产生这种技术的科学进展缓慢。【真题例J句 1 It s theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice itoften leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourishand which will failo(2003 阅读 3)【结构分析】本句与上句也同，也包含两个并列分句，由but连接，体现转折关系。前一分句的表语theory由关系代词which引导的定语从句to which manyeconomists subscribe修饰。在该定语从句中，which作 subscribe to 的宾语，本幻体现为介词to 提前的形式,我们可还原其为many economists subscribe to(thetheory)o 后一分句中，determining的宾语由两个which引导的名词性从句充当，分别为 which companies will flourish 和 which will failo【参考译文】这种理论是多数经济学家都赞同的，但在实际操作中，它常常使铁路公司获得了决定哪家公司兴盛哪家公司倒闭的权力。(2)代替先行词与介词构成介宾结构在从句中作状语,(真题例句】T hey are the possessions of the autonomous(selfgoverning)man of|traditional theory,and they are essential to practice a person is heldresponsible for this conduct and given credit for his achievementso(2002-64)结构分析个并列由-个 which 引导的定i/人句：in which a person is held responsible for this conductand given credit for his achievements 修饰。关系代词 which 在从句中指代 practices与 in,构成介宾结构，翻译为“在个人行为中”作整个从句的状注。【参考译文】自由和尊严(参见原题)是传统理论中自主人所拥有的，并1L是|t.辿)不 可 少 的；人罢对邑 己 的 这 种 员 任 负 责 无 且 因 其 感 就 调给 予 奖、励。,【真题例句】T elevision is one of the means by which these feelings are created|and conveyedand perhaps never before has it served so much se-connectdifferent peoples and nations as the recent events in Europe.(200546)【结构分析】本句与上句同，也包含and连接的两个并列分句。前一分句中，表语部分 means 由定语从句 by which these feelings are created and conveyed 修饰。关系which指代means与介词by相连，翻译为“通过这种方式”，在从句中作状语。后一分句提前了 never构成倒装(参见倒装章节)，并使用了 so m uch-as的比较结构(参见比较章节)。【参考译文】电视是产生和表达这些感受的手段之-在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到起，其作用之大，前所未有。批注 pl2:“i.订阅：捐款：认购;赞成；签署v t.签署：赞成：捐助批注 pl3:兴旺:茂盛：挥舞：炫耀：华饰v t.夸耀；挥舞v i.繁荣，兴旺；茂盛：活跃：处于旺盛时期 带格式的：标 题2批注P14:是名词，和前面的内容构成主干,问题出在而不是动词。在这一点上含糊不清。带格式的：字体颜色：黄色:带格式的：突出显示批注 pl5 J:介宾结构在从句中做状酒不同于状语从句，因为前者只是服务修饰先行词 带格式的：突出显示 带格式 的 蔡 山显示j带格式的1突出显示 一 带格式的：突出显示批注|pl6 :和黄色字体对应翻译产 格 式 的：字体颜色：黄色-5批注 pl71：翻译时把被动变为40非限制性定语从句只用w hich,并多译为并列句结.构。【真题 彳 列句】T he more foreign capital you have helping you build your T hirdWave infrastructure,which today is an electronic infrastructure,the better off you regoing to be0（2001 阅读 2）【结构分析】本句主干是the more-,the more（越来越）结构。关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句作分隔结构，其中，关 系 代 词which指代先行词infrastructure作从句中的主语。【参考译文】你拥有的去建造第三次浪潮基础设施（今天主要指电子基础设施）的外国资金越多，那么你的情况就越好。【真题例句】Here is an example,which I heard at a nurses convention,of astory which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.（2002 阅读 1）【结构分析】本句的主干为提前here的倒装Here is an exampleo which引导的非限制性定语从句which I heard at a nurses convention修饰先行词example,在整个句子中起分隔的作用。关系代词which在从句中指代先行词作heard的宾语。介词of a slory也修饰example,作定语。story后乂有一个which定语从句，关系代词which在从句中作主语。在此从句中，还包含一个because引导的原因状语从句。【参考译文】卜面是一个例子，是我在一次护士会议上听到的，这个故事很不错因为听众对医生都有相同的看法。【真题例句】T hese days the Net,which has already remade pastimes as buyingbooks and sending mail,is reshaping Donovan*s vocation as well。（2003 阅读 1）【结构分析】本句的主干是一不主系表结构T hese days the Net is reshapingDonovan?s vocation as well,两个逗号之间的非限制性定语从句which has alreadyremade pastimes as buying books and sending mail 作分隔结构，关系代词 which 在从句中代替net作主语。【参考译文】如今，互联网已经改变了诸如买书、发邮件这样的日常消遣，同时它也正在重塑着多诺汶所从事的这个职业。【真题例句】Dr.Myers and Dr.Worm argue that their work gives a correctbaseline,which future management efforts must take into accounto（2006 阅读 3）【结构分析】本句的匕卜在逗号前Dr.Myers and Dr.Worm argue that，It中argue的宾语由that引导的宾语从句充当。在该宾语从句中，包含关系代词which弓I导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词a correct baselineo在此定语从句中，which代替先行词baseline作从句中谓语take into accouni的宾语。【参考译文】麦尔斯博士和沃姆博士指出，他们的工作确定了一个准确的（捕捞数量）底线，未来的（海洋）管理必须将其考虑进去。5 o指代上文一整句话时，只用which。【真题例句】T he Greeks assumed that the structure of language had someconnection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people 带格式的：标 题 3）批 注 北网:金融外国资本/金融外资批注 pl9：n.基础设施：公共建设：卜.部构造批注lp20:重塑，改变，再造批注 p21：n.消 遣（pastime的复数形式）批注 p22:v.矫形；使再成形;建重新修整（reshape的 ing形式）批注 p23:,n.职业；天职:天命;神召批注巾24:努力；成就批注 p25：takeinto account 考虑到：顾及：斟酌到；思量到 带格式的：字体颜色：红色批注 p26:v.生根，扎根realized how diverse languages could be。(2004-61)【结构分析】本句主句为T he Greeks assumed that，其中assumed的宾语rh that引导的名词性从句充当。在该宾语从句中，关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句 which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverselanguages could*翻译为“Y-在人们认识到各种讲言的千差万别之前，(which)就己经扎根于欧洲”，不难发现，Which只仃指代前文整个句手，即这种观点，句子才是完整无误地表达。【参考译文】希腊人认为语言结构同思维过程之间存在着某种关系。早在人们认识到各种语言的千差万别之前，这种看法就已经扎根于欧洲。【真题例句】But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of EmoryUniversity in Atlanta,Georgia,which has just been published in Nature,suggests thatit is all too monkey,as welL(2005 阅读 1)【结构分析】本句主句为主谓宾结构But a study suggests that，其11 1 suggest的宾语部分为that引导的名词性从句that it is all toe monkey,as well充当。两个逗号间为which引导的非限制性定语从句which has just been published in Nature译为“(which)刚刚发表在 自然 期刊上，在本句中起分隔作用。关系代词which在从句中作主语,通过分析全句，不难看出which同时指代上文完整的主句内容。【参考译文】但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃默里大学的萨拉布鲁斯南和弗兰斯 德瓦尔进行的项研究表明，猴子也有类似的情绪表达，这项研究成果刚刚发表在 自然期刊上。真题例句 He asserted,also,that his power to follow a long and purely abstracttrain of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never couldhave succeeded with mathematicso(2008-47)【结构分析】本句是复合句。主句为He asserted that-,其中assert的宾语为 that引导的名词性从句充当，其中主语power后由不定式结构to follow a longand purely abstract train of thought作后置定语。句末是非限制性定语从句forwhich reason he felt certain that，关系代词which修饰reason指代前面整句的内容 his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,与for连接使用，在从句中表示原因o【参考译文】达尔文同时声称，对于冗长而且纯抽象的思想，自己的理解能力并不强。因为这个原因，他相信自己在数学方面根本不会成功。6 o关系代词如果在限制性定语从句中作宾语可以被省 带格式的：字体颜色：红色 一i带格式的：突出显示 带格式的：标 题3 C h a r,字体：五号略。【真题例句】Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey usedto advocate and 1 once enjoyed:12 hour working days,pressured deadlines,thefearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on a qualitytime”。（2001 阅读 5）批注 p27:v t.提倡，主张，拥护 n.提倡者；支持者；律师 结构分析】本句主干在句首，Nothing could persuade me to return to the kindof life，life由两个定语从句修饰，分别为Kelsey used to advocate和 I onceenjoyedo 由 卜在从句中，关系代词指代先行诃the kind of life分别作两个从旬中各自谓语used to advocate和 enjoyed的宾语，因此美系代词被省略。冒号后为thekind of life的具体内容，是由四个并列短语构成的。【参考译文】没有什么能说服我回到那种凯尔茜曾倡导、我也曾钟爱的生活中去：每 天 12小时的工作日，压得人喘不过气来的最后期限，可怕而紧张的办公室权力斗争，为人父母的“最佳时间”的限制。【真题彳 列句】Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their|patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,jto the extent that it constitutessystematic patient abuse”。（2002 阅读 4）【结构分析】本句主干为 Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned withthe p ain,其中 pain 后的定语从句“their patients are needlessly and predictablysuffering”中省略了关系代词ihat/which”（该关系代词指代先行词p ain,在从|句中作 be suffering 的宾语）。|，其中that引导同位语从句（参见同位语从句），解释说明extento；带格式的：字体颜色：红色）批注22引：达到的程度以致;就来说；在这个意义上；在这样的范南内：在方面来说-e-带格式的：突出显示:带格式的：突出显示）【参考译文】不少医生似乎对病人所遭受的毫无必要的、可预见的痛苦无动于衷，甚至达到了“蓄意虐待病人”的程度。【真题例句】Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had promise in return toabolish slavery in the areas he liberated.（2007 完形）【结构分析】本句的两个谓语had received aid和 had promise in return to由 an d 并列。在第二个谓语中，地点状语in the areas后跟省略了关系代词that/which的定语从句he liberated,关系代词在从句中指代areas作 liberated的宾语。【参考译文】玻利瓦尔得到海地的援助，作为回报，他承诺在自己解放的地区废除奴隶制。考试大祝大家好运！【真题例J句】,Plenty of other species are able to l