《国际经济学》课后习题汇总整理.pdf

Chapter 2 Answers to Textbook Problems1.We saw that not only is GDP important in explaining how much two countries trade,but also,distance is crucial.Given its remoteness,Australia faces relatively high costs of transporting importsand exports,thereby reducing the attractiveness of trade.Since Canada has a border with a largeeconomy(the U.S.)and Australia is not near any other major economy,it makes sense that Canadawould be more open and Australia more self-reliant.我们看到，不仅是国内生产总值的重要解释多少两国贸易但同时，距离是至关重要的。鉴于地处偏远,澳大利亚面临着相对较高的运输成本高,从而减少进口和出口贸易的吸引力。因为加拿大有一个边界有一个很大的经济体(美国)，澳大利亚是不靠近任何其他主要经济体。这说明，加拿大将更加开放，澳大利亚更加自力更生。2.Mexico is quite close to the U.S.,but it is far from the European Union(EU).So it makes sense thatit trades largely with the U.S.Brazil is far from both,so its trade is split between the two.Mexicotrades more than Brazil in part because it is so close to a major economy(the U.S.)and in partbecause it is a member of a free trade agreement with a large economy(NAFTA).Brazil is fartheraway from any large economy and is in a free trade agreement with relatively small countries.墨西哥很接近美国的，但它远欧盟(EU)。这说明，它的交易在很大程度上与美国。巴西远离墨西哥和美国,所以其贸易是分为两种。墨西哥交易超过巴西部分是因为它是如此接近一个主要经济体(美国)，部分原因是它是一个成员的 个自由贸易协议(NAFTA)的大型经济体。巴西是远离任何大型经济体,也是在个自由贸易协定与相对较小的国家。3.No,if every countrys GDP were to double,world trade would not quadruple.One way to see thisusing the example from Table 2-2 would simply be to quadruple all the trade flows in 2-2 and alsodouble the GDP in 2-1.We would see that the first line of Table 2-2 would be,6.4,1.6,1.6.If thatwere true,Country A would have exported$8 trillion which is equal to its entire GDP.Likewise,itwould have imported$8 trillion,meaning it had zero spending on its own goods(highly unlikely).Ifinstead we filled in Table 2-2 as before,by multiplying the appropriate shares of the world economytimes a countrys GDP,we would see the first line of Table 2-2 reads,3.2,0.8,0.8.In this case,60%of Country As GDP is exported,the same as before.The logic is that while the world GDP hasdoubled,increasing the likelihood of international trade,the local economy has doubled,increasingthe likelihood of domestic trade.The gravity equation still holds.If you fill in the entire table,youwill see that where before the equation was 0.1 x GDP,x GDPy,it now is 0.05 x GDP,x GDP/.Thecoefficient on each GDP is still one,but the overall constant has changed.不,如果每一个国家的国内生产总值翻了一倍，世界贸易将不会翻4倍。一使用的示例见表2-2就是所有的贸易流动在2 2和2-1的GDP两倍而不是4倍。我们将看到表2 2,第一行将是-6.4,1.6,1.6。如果这是真的，国家A将出口 8万亿美元，等于整个国内生产总值。同样,它会进口 8万亿美元，这意味着它已经零支出在自己的商品(不太可能)。如果我们填写表2-2和之前一样，乘以相应的股票的世界经济时代一个国家的GDP,我们会看到第一行表2-2读取-,3.2,0.8 0 8。在这种情况下,60%的国家A的GDP是出口，和以前一样的。其逻辑是,当世界国内生产总值翻了一番，增加国际贸易的可能性，当地经济已经翻了一番,加剧了国内贸易的可能性。引力方程仍然持有。如果你填写整个表，你会发现之前的方程是0.1 xGDP,x GDP),现在是0.05 x GDP,x GDP,。在每个GD P系数仍然是一个，但整体恒已经改变了。4.As the share of world GDP which belongs to East Asian economies grows,then in every traderelationship which involves an East Asian economy,the size of the East Asian economy has grown.This makes the trade relationships with East Asian countries larger over time.The logic is similarfor why the countries trade more with one another.Previously,they were quite small economies,meaning that their markets were too small to import a substantial amount.As they became morewealthy and the consumption demands of their populace rose,they were each able to importmore.Thus,while they previously had focused their exports to other rich nations,over time,theybecame part of the rich nation club and thus were targets for one anothers exports.Again,usingthe gravity model,when South Korea and Taiwan were both small,the product of their GDPs wasquite small,meaning despite their proximity,there was little trade between them.Now that theyhave both grown considerably,their GDPs predict a considerable amount of trade.5.As the chapter discusses,a century ago,much of world trade was in commodities that in many wayswere climate or geography determined.Thus,the UK imported goods that it could not make itself.This meant importing things like cotton or rubber from countries in the Western Hemisphere or Asia.As the UKs climate and natural resource endowments were fairly similar to those in the rest of Europe,it had less of a need to import from other European countries.In the aftermath of the IndustrialRevolution,where manufacturing trade accelerated and has continued to expand with improvementsin transportation and communications,it is not suiprising that the UK would turn more to the nearbyand large economies in Europe for much of its trade.This is a direct prediction of the gravity model.作为一章讨论，个世纪以前，大部分世界贸易在商品在许多方面是气候和地理位置决定。因此，英国进口商品，它不可能使本身。这意味着进口诸如棉花和橡胶在西半球的国家或亚洲I。作为英国的气候和自然资源禀赋都相当类似于那些在欧洲其他国家，它有更少的需要进口来自其他欧洲国家。在工业革命的后果,制造贸易加速和继续扩大和改善交通和通信,这是不奇怪的，英国会更到附近和在欧洲大型经济体的大量贸易。这是一个直接预测的重力模型。Chapter 3 Answers to Textbook Problems1.a.The production possibility curve is a straight line that intercepts the apple axis at 400(1200/3)andthe banana axis at 600(1200/2).b.The opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas is 3/2.It takes three units of labor to harvestan apple but only two units of labor to harvest a banana.If one foregoes harvesting an apple,thisfrees up three units of labor.These 3 units of labor could then be used to harvest 1.5 bananas.苹果从香蕉的机会成本是3/2。它需要三个劳动收获一个苹果，但只有两个劳动收获一个香蕉。如果一个人放弃收获的苹果，这将释放三单位的劳动。这3个单位的劳动可以收获1.5个香蕉。c.Labor mobility ensures a common wage in each sector and competition ensures the price ofgoods equals their cost of production.Thus,the relative price equals the relative costs,whichequals the wage times the unit labor requirement for apples divided by the wage times the unitlabor requirement for bananas.Since wages are equal across sectors,the price ratio equals theratio of the unit labor requirement,which is 3 apples per 2 bananas.劳动力流动保证普通工资在每个部门和竞争，从而保证商品的价格等于其生产成本。因此，相对价格等于相对成本，这相当于苹果的工资乘以单位劳动要求除以香蕉的工资乘以单位劳动要求。由于工资在部门中是平等的，价格比率等于单位劳动力的比例要求，即3个苹果相当于2个香蕉。2.a.The production possibility curve is linear,with the intercept on the apple axis equal to 160(800/5)and the intercept on the banana axis equal to 8(X)(8(X)/1).Chapter 2 World Trade:An Overview3生产可能性曲线是线性的，在苹果轴等于160(8 0 0/5),香蕉轴等于截距800(8 0 0/Dob.The world relative supply curve is constructed by determining the supply of apples relative to thesupply of bananas at each relative price.The lowest relative price at which apples are harvested is3 apples per 2 bananas.The relative supply curve is flat at this price.The maximum number ofapples supplied at the price of 3/2 is 400 supplied by Home while,at this price,Foreign harvests800 bananas and no apples,giving a maximum relative supply at this price of 1/2.This relativesupply holds for any price between 3/2 and 5.At the price of 5,both countries would harvestapples.The relative supply curve is again flat at 5.Thus,the relative supply curve is step shaped,flat at the price 3/2 from the relative supply of 0 to 1/2,vertical at the relative quantity 1/2 risingfrom 3/2 to 5,and then flat again from 1/2 to infinity.世界相对供给曲线是通过确定苹果供应相对的香蕉供应各相对价格构成。最低的相对价格，苹果收获是每2 个香蕉3 个苹果。相对供给曲线在这个价格是平的。苹果按3/2 的价格提供的最大数量是按国内400提供的，在这个价格，国外收获800个香蕉，没有苹果，在这个价格的1/2 给出最大的相对供给。这种相对供给在3/2 和 5 之间的任何价格。在 5的价格，这两个国家将收获苹果。相对供给曲线在5 是水平的。因此，相对供给曲线为阶梯状，在价格的3/2处，从 0 到 1/2是水平的，垂直的相对量的1/2,从 3/2 上升到5,然后 再 从 1/2 平至无限远。3.a.The relative demand curve includes the Points(1/5,5),(1/2,2),(1,1),(2,1/2).b.The equilibrium relative price of apples is found at the intersection of the relative demand andrelative supply curves.This is the Point(1/2,2),where the relative demand curve intersects thevertical section of the relative supply curve.Thus the equilibrium relative price is 2.苹果的平衡相对价格的相对需求和相对供给曲线的交点发现点(1/2,2),其中的相对需求曲线相交的相对供给曲线的纵断面。因此，均衡的相对价格是2。c.Home produces only apples,Foreign produces only bananas,and each country trades some of itsproduct for the product of the other country.d.In the absence of trade,Home could gain three bananas by foregoing two apples,and Foreigncould gain by one apple foregoing five bananas.Trade allows each country to trade two bananasfor one apple.Home could then gain four bananas by foregoing two apples while Foreign couldgain one apple by foregoing only two bananas.Each country is better off with trade.在没有贸易的时候，国内可以用2 个苹果换取3 个香蕉，国外可以用5 个香蕉换取1 个苹果。贸易使得每个国家可以用2 个香蕉换取1个苹果。因此，国内可以用2 个苹果换取4 个香蕉，国外可以用2 个香蕉换取1个苹果。每个国家都会从贸易中获益。4.The increase in the number of workers at Home shifts out the relative supply schedule such that thecorner Points are at(1,3/2)and(1,5),instead of(1/2,3/2)and(1/2,5).The intersection of the relativedemand and relative supply curves is now in the lower horizontal section,at the Point(2/3,3/2).Inthis case,Foreign still gains from trade but the opportunity cost of bananas in terms of apples forHome is the same whether or not there is trade,so Home neither gains nor loses from trade.国内工人数量的增加使得相对供应表的交点在(1,3/2)和(1,5),而不是(1/2,3/2)和(1/2,5).。相对需求和相对供给曲线的交点现在是在较低的水平段，在 点(2/3,3/2)。在这种情况下，外国仍然从贸易中获益，但国内从苹果衡量的香蕉的机会成本，和是否有贸易一样，所以国内在贸易中不会获益也不会损失。5.This answer is identical to that in 3.The amount of“effective labor“has not changed since thedoubling of the labor force is accompanied by a halving of the productivity of labor.6.This statement is just an example of the pauper labor argument discussed in the chapter.The point isthat relative wage rates do not come out of thin air;they are determined by comparative productivityand the relative demand for goods.The box in the chapter provides data which shows the strongconnection between wages and productivity.Chinas low wage presumably reflects the fact thatChina is less productive than the United States in most industries.As the test example illustrated,ahighly productive country that trades with a less productive,low-wage country will raise,not lower,its standard of living.这句话就是一个贫民劳动论在本章讨论的例子。关键的一点是，相对工资率不凭空得来的；他们是通过比较生产力和商品的相对需求决定的。本章提供的数据显示框的工资和生产率之间的紧密联系。中国的低工资大概反映了一个事实，在大多数行业，中国是生产率比美国的低。作为测试的例子说明，一个高生产力国家和一个低生产力低工资国家进行贸易，将会提高而不是降低人民的生活水平。7.The problem with this argument is that it does not use all the information needed for determiningcomparative advantage in production:this calculation involves the four unit labor requirements(for both the industry and service sectors,not just the two for the service sector).It is not enough tocompare only services unit labor requirements.If als aJs.Home labor is more efficient than Foreign laborin services.While this demonstrates that the United States has an absolute advantage in services,this isneither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for determining comparative advantage.For thisdetermination,the industry ratios are also required.The competitive advantage of any industry depends onboth the relative productivities of the industries and the relative wages across industries.这种观点的问题在于，在生产中，它不使用所需的所有信息确定比较优势：这种计算涉及四单位劳动需求(包括工业和服务业，不只是两个服务部门)。只比服务的单位劳动要求是不够的。如果外 Z c 国内服务业的劳动力比国外的更有效。虽然这表明美国服务业占绝对优势，这既不是必要的也不是充分条件确定比较优势。对于这个决定，也需要行业比率。任何产业的竞争优势取决于产业的相对劳动生产率和跨行业的相对工资。8.While Japanese workers may earn the equivalent wages of U.S.workers,the purchasing power oftheir income is one-third less.This implies that although w=w(more or less),p p(since 3p=p).Since the United States is considerably more productive in services,service prices are relatively low.Thisbenefits and enhances U.S.purchasing power.However,many of these services cannot be transported andhence,are not traded.This implies that the Japanese may not benefit from the lower U.S.services costs,and do not face an international price which is lower than their domestic price.Likewise,the price ofservices in United States does not increase with the opening of trade since these services are non-traded.Consequently,U.S.purchasing power is higher than that of Japandue to its lower prices on non-traded goods.当日本工人可以取得和美国工人相等的薪金的时候，他们收入带来的购买力相比已经少了 1/3,。这个现实虽然w=w*(more or less),p p*(since 3p=p*)(看不懂是神马).由于美国在服务方面比较多产，服务的价值相对比较低。这使得美国的购买力获益和提高。当然，许多服务是不能兑换的，因此，他们也是不进行交易的。这表示日本人并不能从美国的低服务花费收益，也不会面临个低于国内价格的国际价格。就好像，在美国的服务价格并不会随着交易的开放而增长，因为这些服务是不进行交易的。结果，美国的购买力比日本高是因为他们在不交易物品的低价格上。Chapter 2 World Trade:An Overview59.Gains from trade still exist in the presence of non-traded goods.The gains from trade decline as theshare of non-traded goods increases.In other words,the higher the portion of goods which do notenter the international marketplace,the lower the potential gains from trade.If transport costs werehigh enough so that no goods were traded,then,obviously,there would be no gains from trade.在不交易的物品获得的收益还是存在的。贸易的获益随着不交换物品交易的增长而卜降。换句话说,货物不进入国际市场的数量越多，潜在的商业收益就越低。如果运输费用很高，没有物品交换的话，这里就没有商业收益了。10.The world relative supply curve in this case consists of a step function,with as many“steps”(horizontalportions)as there are countries with different unit labor requirement ratios.Any countries to the leftof the intersection of the relative demand and relative supply curves export the good in which theyhave a comparative advantage relative to any country to the right of the intersection.If the intersectionoccurs in a horizontal portion then the country with that price ratio produces both goods.Chapter 4 Answers to Textbook Problems1.The definition of cattle growing as land intensive depends on the ratio of land to labor used inproduction,not on the ratio of land or labor to output.The ratio of land to labor in cattle exceeds the ratioin wheat in the United States,implying cattle is land intensive in the United States.Cattle is land intensivein other countries as well if the ratio of land to labor in cattle production exceeds the ratio in wheatproduction in 防af country.Comparisons between another country and the United States is less relevant forthis purpose.2.a.The box diagram has 600 as the length of two sides(representing labor)and 60 as the lengthof the other two sides(representing land).There will be a ray from each of the two comersrepresenting the origins.To find the slopes of these rays we use the information from the questionconcerning the ratios of the production coefficients.The question states that a a rc=20 and5.Since arx?laTc=(L cIQ b ld Q d =Z/7we have Z=26.67,7=13.33,7=0,LF=133.333 6 6.6 7LF=Q.(complete specialization).At constant factor prices,some labor would be unused,so factor prices would have to change,orthere would be unemployment.3.This question is similar to an issue discussed in Chapter 3.What matters is not the absolute abundance offactors,but their relative abundance.Poor countries have an abundance of labor relative to capital whencompared to more developed countries.这个问题类似于3 章中探讨的一个问题。重要的不是因素的绝对丰度，但它们的相对丰度。贫穷国家相比更为发达国家有丰富的劳动力相对于资本。Chapter 2 World Trade:An Overview74.In the Ricardian model,labor gains from trade through an increase in its purchasing power.Thisresult does not support labor union demands for limits on imports from less affluent countries.TheHeckscher-Ohlin imdel directly addresses distribution by considering the effects of trade on theowners of factors of production.In the context of this model,unskilled U.S.labor loses fromtrade since this group represents the relatively scarce factors in this country.The results from theHeckscher-Ohlin