新视野大学英语四unit7答案.pdf

unit 7Section AVocabularyIII.1.discounted 2.biased 3.variation 4.potential 5.Confronted6.migrate 7.descended 8.distinct 9.superficial 10.extensiveIV1.to date 2.in effect 3.nothing less than 4.As of5.in combination with 6.In addition to 7.shed new light on 8.is.confined to9.serve as 10.adapt toV.1.K2.0 3.C4.F5.J 6.1 7.G8.A9.M 10.ECollocationVI.1.awards 2.challenges ponent 4.advances 5.changes6.advantage 7.influence 8.effect 9.objective 10.threatWord BuildingVIL1.privacy 2.intimacy 3.frequency 4.fluency5.secrecy 6.urgency 7.consistency 8.dependencyVIII.1.politics 2.classics 3.electronics 4.economics5.psychology 6.methodology 7.technology 8.biologysentence structureIX.I.Being healthy is more than a question of not being ill.2.1 was more than a little upset at not being invited to the wedding.3.This story is more than interesting;it is educational as well.4.Hepworth is more than a filmmaker;he had learnt to find storiesthat would have genuine popularappeal.5.Compared our achievements today with what we started out to be,itis more than a miracle broughtabout by years of exceptionally hard work.X.1.What was needed was nothing less than a new industrial revolution.2.This is nothing less than a call to restore the vitality of theAmerican Dream.3.Their dream was nothing less than a revolutionary project to bringcomputers and ordinary peopletogether.,4.The experience of sightseeing in the wonderful island is nothingless than exciting and I am movedto tears.5.He was very concerned that she should not be tired or bored;hewanted to make sure that theholiday would be nothing less than perfect for her.TranslationXL1.In the process of creating the genetic map,these scientistsrealized that cooperation was more thanan attractive option;it was a responsibility.2.Their research findings were nothing less than a miracle.As aresult of their findings,new light hasbeen shed on the history of human genes.3.In fact,only hard work in combination with proper methods willgive you an advantage over others.4.The judge said the punishment would serve as a warning to others.5.The risk of infection is confined to those who have close contactwith the patients.6.From such an analysis we are in a better position to understandwhat has happened and what to doabout it.X ll.1 .作为一个负责的生产厂家，我们不仅仅关注环境；我们还积极参与环境保护2.当然，她最后还是离开，去结婚了，但我敢肯定的是：她对工作尽职尽责，从不允许自己的职业重点受到影响。3.除了学业上的成绩，你迄今为止最大的成就是什么？4.观察和实验的目的是为了验证或阐明某些理论，只有那些被视为与任务相关的观察才应该被记录下来。5.不管现在身处何地，黑人都是非洲人的后裔，但是数百年来，由于种种原因,他们的遗传基因已经变得多样化且非常复杂。6.实际上，他们都同意这种观点：法律的变化引起了社会本质的变化以及社会中人与人之间关系的变化。ClozeXIII.I.A2,B 3.C4.D5.D6.C7.B 8.A9.D 10.C11,B 12.A13.A14.B 15.D 16.C 17.D 18.B 19.A20.BStructured WritingXV.Sticking to high moral standards is easier said than done.Once,ayoung British car sales managerwho had just finished courses on business ethics was sent to sell carsto an African country.Thenegotiations had been going on for months without any real results.Hewas at his wits*end.Finallyxhehit upon a solution.One day he bought a popular novel and slipped acheck of#20,000 in the book.Then he presented it to the minister in charge of transportation.Thisminister examined its contents,pretending he didn t see the check at all.Then he said with a smile：Young man,I hear London is atits best in May.The sales manager,who was quick-witted,replied:“My company in London will bemost honored to welcome your visit!”A short time later,the deal wasapproved in London!Section BReading Skills1.The writer holds a doubtful attitude toward this opinion,callingit a popular myth.We can find thewriters doubtful attitude in Paragraph 1.2.They are the supportive style and the stimulating style.We canfind the information in Paragraph 4.3.Four groups of children:one with supportive parents,one withstimulating parents,one whoseparents combining both qualities and a final group who offeredneither.We can find the informationin Paragraph 6.4.Eleven seconds a day in Holland and less than a minute a day in theUnited States.We can find theinformation in Paragraph 10.5.The environmental factors such as better parenting and educationaltechniques.We can find theinformation in Paragraph 15,the last paragraph.Comprehension o f the5extII.1.B2.C3.A4.B5.B 6.C7.B 8.CVocabularyIII.1.supervising 2.fascinate3.guarantee 4.explore5.sophisticated6.identified 7.steer 8.beneficial 9.demonstrate 10.implicationIV 1.up 2.out 3.up 4.in 5.over 6.on 7.in5.8.into 9.from 10.InUNIT 7 人类基因的历史与地理分布尽管不是严格意义上的畅销书，却是一本汇集了 5 0 多年人类遗传学方面研究成果的好书。它对人类在基因层面上的差异作了迄今为止最为广泛的调查，得出了明确的结论：如果不考虑影响肤色、身高等表面特征的基因，不同的“种族”在外表之下相似地令人吃惊。个体之间的差异远远大于群体之间的差异。实际匕那种认为某种群比另一种群的基因更优越的理论是毫无科学根据的。然而，此书还不仅仅是对目前的种族偏见理论的反驳。这一项目的主要倡导者，斯坦福大学教授路卡卡瓦里-斯福尔扎，与同事一起经过16年的努力，绘制了这一世界上首幅人类基因分布图谱。此书的一大特点是提供了 500多幅图，显示了相同的遗传基因所处的区域，这很像其他地图上用同样的颜色标示同样海拔高度的地区。通过测定当前人类种群间的亲缘关系，作者们勾绘了地球上早期人类迁徙的路线。他们的研究结果相当于一份全球家谱。他们在人类血液中找到了绘制这一家谱所需的信息：不同的蛋白质就是显示一个人的基因构成的标志。作者们利用几十年来科学家们收集的数据，汇编成了近2,000个群体中成千上万个个体的数据图。为了确保种群的“纯正”，这项研究将对象限定于自1492年起，即欧洲最初的大规模迁徙之前就一直居住在现生活区域的那些群体。这实际上就是一幅哥伦布驶向美洲时期的世界人口基因分布图。收集血样，特别是到偏远地区的古老人群中收集血样，并非总是易事。潜在的供血者通常不敢合作，或存在宗教上的担心。有 次在非洲农村，正当卡瓦里斯福尔扎要从儿童身上采血时，一个愤怒的村民手执斧头出现在他面前。这位科学家回忆道：“我记得他说，如果你从孩子们身上抽血，我就要放你的血。那个人是担心我们可能用这些血来施魔法。”尽管有困难，科学家们还是取得了 些引人注目的发现。其中之一就醒目地印在此书封面上：人类基因变异彩图表明，非洲与澳洲分别位于变化范围的两端。因为澳洲土著和非洲黑人之间有一些共同的外表特征，如肤色、体型等，所以被普遍认为有密切的亲缘关系。但是他们的基因却表明并非如此。在所有人种中，澳洲人与非洲人的关系最远，而与其邻居东南亚人非常接近。我们所看到的人种差异，例如欧洲人与非洲人的差异，主要是人类从一个大陆向另一个大陆迁徙时为适应气候所产生的。结合对远古人骨的研究,这图谱证实了非洲是人类的诞生地，因而也是人类迁徙的始发地。这些发现，再加上现代非洲人与非非洲人之间的巨大基因差异，说明了从非洲种群开始的分支是人类家谱上最早的分支。这一基因分布图谱对长期以来困绕着科学家的人种起源问题也做出了新的解释。南部非洲的科伊桑人就是一个例子。很多科学家认为科伊桑人是一个独立的非常古老的人种。他们语言中那种独特的短促而清脆的声音使得一些研究者认为科伊桑人是最原始的人类祖先的直系后裔。然而他们的基因却表明情况并非如此。基因研究表明科伊桑人可能是古代西亚人与非洲黑人的混血。图谱上显示的遗传轨迹表明这一混血人种的发源地可能在埃塞俄比亚或中东地区。法国和西班牙的巴斯克人是人类家谱图上欧洲人分支的最特殊的成员。他们有几组少见的基因类型，包括一种罕见血型的发生率在巴斯克人中也是最高的。他们的语言起源不明，也无法被归入任何标准的类别。他们居住的地区紧挨着发现早期欧洲人壁画的几个著名的洞穴这一事实使卡瓦里斯福尔扎得出这样的结论：“在欧洲最早的近代人中，巴斯克人极有可能与克罗马努人关系最直接。”人们认为所有的欧洲人都是混合人种，有65%的亚洲人基因，35%的非洲人基因。除了揭示人种的起源以外，基因信息对医学界来说也是最新资料。医学界希望能用人类脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）制成特别的蛋白质，这些蛋白质可能具有某种抗病药物的价值。保护土著人权益的活动家们担心科学家可能会利用土著人:从当地人血样中提取的基因物质可被用于商业目的，而D N A提供者却不会获得足够的报酬。卡瓦里斯福尔扎强调，他的工作不仅有科学意义，而且也有社会意义。他说研究的最终目的是“削弱”造成种族偏见的“传统的种族观念:他希望这目的会得到直为同样目的进行抗争的土著民族的接受。