历年考研英语翻译真题.pdf

2011Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should bewritten carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)With its theme that uMind is the master weaver,“creating our inner character and outer circumstances,the book As aMan Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46)Allens contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control ourthoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter,we think thatthoughts can be hidden and made powerless;this allows us to think one way and act another.However,Allen believedthat the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind,and(47)while we may be able to sustain theillusion of control through the conscious mind alone,in reality we are continually faced with a question:Why cannot Imake myself do this or achieve that?”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire,Allen concluded:We donot attract what we want,but what we are.Achievement happens because you as a person embody the externalachievement;you dont get success but become it There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allens book is its contention that Circumstances do not make a person,they reveal him.”(48)Thisseems a justification for neglect of those in need,and a rationalization of exploitation,of the superiority of those at thetop and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This,however,would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument.Each set of circumstances,however bad,offers aunique opportunity for growth.If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people,then humanity wouldnever have progressed.In fat,(49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we havebeen“wronged”then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.Nevertheless,as anybiographer knows,a persons early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allens book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves.(50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us;where before we were experts in thearray of limitations,now we become authorities of what is possible.2010One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the landcommunity have no economic value.Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and,if its stabilitydepends on its integrity,they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and,if we happen to love it.We invert excuses to give iteconomic importance.At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.(46)Scientists jumpedto the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them,the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today.We have no land ethic yet,(47)but we have at least drawn nearthe point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right,regardless of the presence or absence ofeconomic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds.(48)Time was when biologistssomewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,orthat they prey only on worthless species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly,orhave too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops.(49)In Europe,where forestry is ecologically more advanced,thenon-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community,to be preserved as such,withinreason.To sum up:a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.(50)It tends to ignore,and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that areessential to its healthy functioning.It assumes,falsely,I think,that the economic parts of the biotic clock will functionwithout the uneconomic parts.2009There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others,and the deliberateeducating of the young.In the former case the education is incidental;it is natural and important,but it is not theexpress reason of the association.46 It may be said that the measure of the worth nf any social institution is its effect inenlarging and improvinq experience;but this effect is not a part of its original motive.Religious associations began,forexample,in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences;family life in the desire togratify appetites and secure family perpetuity;systematic labor,for the most part,because of enslavement to others,etc.470nly graduall、was the by Droduct of the institution noted,and only more graduall、still was this effect considered asa directive factor in the conduct of the institution.Even today,in our industrial life,apart from certain values ofindustriousness and thrift,the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which theworlds work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young,the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact,gains in importance.48 While itis easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition,it is not so easy as in dealing withadults.The need of training is too evident;the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgentto leave these consequences wholly out of account.49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in acommon life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.Ifhumanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively humaneffect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish,within the broad educational process which we have been s。饱r considering,a moreformal kind of education that of direct tuition or schooling.In undeveloped social groups,we find very little formalteaching and training.These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the Young upon the same sort ofassociation which keeps the adults loyal to their qroup.2008In his autobiography,Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty.He points out thathe always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely,but(46)he believes that this vendifficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him t。think long and intently about every sentence,andthus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.He disclaimed the possession of any greatquickness of apprehension or wit,such as distinguished Huxley.(47)He asserted,also,that his power to follow a longand purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could havesucceeded with mathematics.His memory,too,he described as extensive,but hazy.So poor in one sense was it that henever could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.(48)On the other hand,he did notaccept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that,while he was a Rood observer,he had no power ofreasoning.This,he thought,could not be true,because the“Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginningto the end,and has convinced many able men.No one,he submits,could have written it without possessing some powerof reasoning.He was willing to assert that UI have a fair share of invention,and of common sense or judgment,such asevery fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have,but not,I believe,in any higher degree.(49)He adds humbly thatperhaus he was“snueri。1*to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention,and in observingthem carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life,he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed duringthe preceding twenty or thirty years.Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure.Formerly,too,pictures had given him considerable,and music very great,delight.In 1881,however,he said:Now formany years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry.I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.”(50)Darwinwas convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to theintellect,and more probably to the moral character.2007The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in Europeanuniversities.However,only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadianuniversities.(46)Traditionally,legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the specialpreserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily,the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadianuniversities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education,its aimsand methods should appeal directly to journalism educators.Law is a discipline which encourages responsiblejudgment.On the one hand,it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice,democracy and freedom.(47)On the other,it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the linksjournalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example,notions of evidenceand fact,of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment andproduction just as in courts of law.Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirablecomponent of a jo u rn a lists intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizenrests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or,more broadly,the functioning of the state,is a major subject for journalists.The betterinformed they are about the way the state works,the better their reporting will be.(49)In fact,it isdifficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the CanadianConstitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore,the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly,there is an undue reliance amongst many journalistson interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.(50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhancestories,it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their ownjudgments.These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.2006Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?I am going to suggest thatit is not true.Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejectedAmerica.But they have done more than that.They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual.It is they,notAmerica,who have become anti-intellectual.First,the object of our study pleads for definition.What is an intellectual?46)I shall define him as ar individual whohas elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic(苏格拉底)way about moralproblems.He explores such problems consciously,articulately,and frankly,first by asking factual questions,then byasking moral questions,finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moralinformation which he has obtained.47)His function is analogous to that of a ju d*who must accept the obligation ofrevealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals-the average scientist,for one.48)I haveexcluded him because,while his acconwlishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems,he has not beencharged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.Like other human beings,heencounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties-he is not supposed to cook hisexperiments,manufacture evidence,or doctor his reports.49)But his primary task is nnt to think about the moral codewhich governs his activity,any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules ofconduct in business.During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted,as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers,despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the methodwhereby many intellectuals earn their living.50)The、may teach nery well and more than earn their salaries,but mostof them make little or n。independent reflections on human problems which involve moraLiudqment.This descriptioneven fits the majority of eminent scholars.Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing,living in“public and illustrious thoughts,9,as Emerson would say,is something else.2005It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly signif icant phase in European history.History and news become confused,and ones impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism.46)lelevision is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it servedso much to connect different ueoules and nations as in the recent events in Euroue.The Europe that is now formingcannot be anything other than its peoples,their cultures and national identities.With this in mind we can begin toanalyze the European television scene.47)In Euiwe,as elsewhere,multi-media groups have been increasinglysuccessful:roups which brinq together television,radio,newspapers,magazines and publishing houses that work inrelation to one another.One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group,while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch cometo mind.Clearly,only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich andhotly-contested market.48)This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an ees、world to survive in,a factunde