中考英语客观型阅读理解.pdf

考点归纳就具体命题而言，阅读理解题得考查内容应主要集中在以下几个方面：1.理解主旨与要义2.理解文章得具体细节3.进行简单得判断与推理4.根据上下文推测生词得意义5.理解文章中具体信息（包括图文转换得信息）细节理解题细节理解题就是中考阅读理解中主要考查得类型，通常占5 0%以上得分值。其宗旨就是考查学生对文章中得细节与具体事实得把握能力，内容涉及询问事实，原因，结果与目得等，属于浅层次得理解题，难度较低。同学们往往需要在有限得时间内运用略读，扫读，跳读等技巧快速阅读，发现文章中得细节信息，然后遵循由整体到细节得原则，把握作者得思路，按全文一段落-词语得步骤来解题。主要考法有：1.列举信息处常考文中 first,s econd,t o be g in with,in add i t ion,on o n e han d,on th e other hand等出现得地方，常会要求学生从所列举得内容中选择符合题干要求得选项2.举例与打比方处常考要注意那些引出例子或比喻得标志词，如:as,s u c h a s,f or e x amp 1 e,f o rinstance等，因为这些词就是作者为了使自己得观点更具有说服力而引用得具体事实得，这些事例就就是常考得细节之处、3.指示代词出现处常考常用来考查学生就是否真正得了解上下文句子之间得逻辑关系4.引用人物论断处常考作者为了正确表达自己得观点或使论点更有依据，常会引用某些权威人士得论断或其重要发现。5.特殊标点符号后得内容常考标点符号后得内容往往就是对前面内容得进一步说明或解释，因此注意到这些标点也就注意到了细节，这些标点符号有：破折号，括号，冒号，引号等另外，细节理解题得选项也有特点：通常正确答案不就是照搬原文，而干扰选项正好相反.有得来自原文信息,但不就是题目要求得内容。有得符合常识，但不符合原文内容。有得与原句内容很相似，只就是在程度上有些变动，有得与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反，也有得就是部分正确或部分错误得。推理判断题推理判断题就是根据材料中所提供得信息，推断出未知信息。推理不就是凭空推测，就是在已知信息得基础上对未知得内容作出得推测.选项得特点就是：1,正确选项得特点正确答案一般含义比较丰富,具有一定得综合性与概括性正确答案得表述一般不会太绝对，而会用一些相对能够留下一些余地得词汇，如:o f t en,usua 1 ly,sometim e s,som e,an y,can,p ossi b ly,pro babiy 等。正确答案有时与通过常识判断得出得结论相反，要特别注意。2.干扰选项得特点只就是原文得简单复述，而非推断出来得结论，把直接表达当成间接推理瞧似从原文推断出来得结论，实际上与原文不符根据常识判断就是正确得，然而不就是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推论而得出得观点虽然以文章提供得事实或内在逻辑为推理依据，但推理过头，概括过度三.主旨大意题主旨大意题就是阅读理解中得重点与难点，就是中考得必考题型之一.它主要就是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文章深层理解得程度及在速读中把握文章主旨大意得能力.主旨大意题往往针对段落或短文得s ub j e ct主题，ma i n idea中心思想，tit 1 e 题目，或 p urpose目得来命题.这类题目要求学生能把握文章得总体，并真正理解主题句，要求能较好得运用概括，判断，归纳等逻辑思维方法。常见得提问方式有：大意类：1.what s t he passage m a in ab o u t?2.The main i d ea of the p assage is3.The passa ge i s m a in 1 y a b out标题类1.W h a t is th e b est t i t l e f o r t h e p a ss age?2.Th e b est t i t l e f o r thi s pass age migh t be3.The bes t headlin e fo r this pas sa g e c ou 1 d be目得类：1.The au t h or*s main purpo s e is to2.The p a ssag e i s meant to3.The purpo s e of thi s a rtic 1 e i s to四.猜测词义题英语阅读理解题中，常出现一定数量得生词，并且每年中考总会有猜测词义得题目，其特点就是对生词，短语，指示代词与句子得意思进行猜测。目得就是在考查学生根据上下文推测生词，短语含义得能力，突出考查对语境得分析与把握能力，猜测词意得提问方式：1.Th e unde r lined word、refer to/m e ans2.Ac c o rd i n g to the pas s age,the p h r a s e”、,z s u g g e st s3.B y say i ng 、,the au t ho r mea n s4.The e xpression 、is closest to方法指导 解题思路点拨一.细节理解题解题方法1.跳读查找法这种方法得要点在于先瞧题干，然后带问题读文章。以what,who,where,when,why,h o w 等提问得问题，可以从文章中直接找到答案.同学们做这类题目可以边读边做记号，能加强阅读得针对性，提高做题得准确性，节省宝贵时间。同时特别注意试题以及选项与原文之间得转换。根据近几年得中考情况来瞧，很少有直接能用原文中得句子进行考查与测试得，通常就是要进行语义转换，包括同义变换，概念解析，归纳事实等例:A city with o ut car s wo u 1 d be v e r y str a nge,r ig h t?But Veni c e i ss u c h a ci t y、Venice i s in t h e n o rtheast of Italy 11 wasnt buil t on land,I i ke B eijing or Sha nghai,b u t onm ore than 110 islands、Seawater is eve r y w here a r ound the c it y Even s o,tra v el i snzt diff i c u lt The wate r way s have always been th e bes t way t o g e t around、There a re 117 w a te r ways a nd m o re than 400 br i d g esth at c an guide y o u w h ereyou w a n t togo People in V e ni c e m o ve f r om p I a c e to place by b oat They 1 ike t o en j o yt he s c ene r y（风光）an d c o o l summe r night s while taking b oa t tripsT hey can t al k to o th e r p eople a s the y go along V e nice g re w out of small is 1 and s in sa 1 twa t er 1 ake s whe n so me 11 a1 ians es c ap e d from a war o v er 1500 y ears ag o,and b uil t home th e re、V e nice sma 1 I islan d s i n saltwat e r lakes more th a n 1 5 00 y e a rsa g o、A、ch a nge into B、Used to be C、Be c a me D D e v e loped f r o m2.排除法排除法常用于排序题型中，也属于事实细节题得一种题型，它通常出现在说明文中。这类文章有明显得信息词,如:first,to begin with,aft e r t hatz afte r ward s z 1 a ter;nex t,s eco nd,t hird,t hen,fina 1 ly 等词。在做细节排序题得时候，首先要确定首尾得答案，通常得四个选项中会有两个选项得顺序类似，正确得答案往往在这两个选项中选择，找到两者得不同之处，回到原文，进行核对。Born i n Ghana,Wes t A f rica,in 1 9 89,Fred d y A d u has bee on eof th e most p romising y o ung socce r pl a ye r s in the world、So c cer fa nshav e bee n c r a zy abo u t him s i nee 2003,w h en h e b ee am e theyoung e st p 1 a y er to j oin a p rofe s s i ona 1 s p or t s team in t he Un ited States、As a ch i Id,Adu did what many c h i Idren in Ghana Io ve t o do-play soccer His m o t h e r recog nize d h er s o ns t alen t and encou rag e d it by p r ovi d ing so cce r balls,whi c h w e re e xp e n s ive fo rthem、Edu c a t ion was ver y import a nt to Adus mo th e r,and she w a s nt s ure t h a t her son co u ld r e cei v e a good educa t i o n i nG hana Soshetri ed hard an d moved t o Ma r y land,U S in 1 9 9 7 wh e n he was 8 y ears ol d、His new sc hool fr i end s soon noticed his t alent f or socce r,and the pa rents of on e f r ie n d encou r a ged him to jo i n a so c cer club、Adu d id fin i sh h i gh s c h o o I at t h e age of 14、Nowad ays,he i s pla ying prof e s s i o nal s o c c e r and I i vin g with h i s mother in a h o u s e he boug h t fo r her Hissa 1 ary with D C Un i tedteam i s$500000 a yea r,and Adu is a ls o pa i d to a dvertis e s u c h as s p o rts s h oe s anddr i n ks、w h i ch i s t he c orrect o r d e r of t h e fo 1 lowing events?A.Adu became th e youngest pro f ess i onal socce r play e r in t h e USAB.Adus family move d to th e Uni t ed Sta t esC.Adus mo t h e r n oti c ed h i s sp e c ial ability to pl a y so c c erD.Adu is pa id to adve rt i se spo r t s and s hoesA、b-cd a B、a c b-d C、dc-a-b D、c-b a d3.简单计算法解答这类题目时，首先要弄清楚题干得要求就是什么，然后再找到相关得数字，在对她们进行分析，整合,最后得到正确答案。If Li Ying and h er p are n t s take K471 back to X i angtan,how m u ch w 川they have to p a y fo r t he ti c ke t s?A、5 7 0 yu a nz B、5 94 yuan,C、540 yuan细节题阅读时要特别注意:阅读时利用这类关键词与词组that is to say,a b o veall,es pec ially,m a in ly等，把握文章得思路与脉络.另外，在问题得选项中表示绝对意义得词 least,a Iwa y s,n ever,a ll,none,a n y 与表示唯一性得词汇 on 1 y,just,往往就是命题得陷阱。必须以原文提供得事实，细节与逻辑关系为依据，切记把自己得观点与瞧法与原文或作者得观点，瞧法混为一谈。文章中得文字,日期，时间都就是设题得重点，此类提问很少就是文章中表层出现得文字与日期，通常就是要做简单得计算二,推理判断题得提问方式与解题方法1.推测隐含含义(1)常见得设问方式 t h e w r iter sugge s ts th a t th e stor y impl i e s t hat()we can infe r from t he passa g e that a c cording to the story,what wi l l pro b a b ly happen ne x t?(2)技巧点拨全面分析忠实原文不要选择表层信息W e s eem to b e 1 ieve that people w i th similar h a b its o r hobb i es wil 1s ha r e simil a r at t i tude a n d we a r e mo re like I y to b e accepted bypeopl e like o u rselves o r even,we th i nk we may be s a f e r with p eoplew ho look like u s、S o metimes thats t r u e but i tz s a pity i f w ea Iwa y s stick t o the s ame peo p Ie z t he s a me g r o up The danger inalways stayi ng in o u r fo r t zone(舒适区)is that w e j u s t re c y c le t hesam e o p in io n s,th e sam e tastes and th e same id e a s、We lose thechance to Ie a rn s o me t h i ng new,f ind out a b ou t i nte r e sting t h i ngs,hea r fu n ny s t o ries an d discover diffe r enc e、People like s t ayi n g in th e i r for t zone bee a use they mayA.Rem a in f o rtable a n d sp e c i alB.Be acce p ted easil y and f e el s afeC.Find out m o re i n t e re s ti n g t hi ng sD.D i scover di f f erenc e s am o ng the ms e I ves2.推测作者得观点与态度(1)常见得设问方式 what i s t h e a u thorzs at t i tude tow a r d s.?th e a u thor*s aim i s.(3)in th e a utho r*s eyes,.the au t hor b e I i eve s/s ugges t s that.(2)技巧点拨注意作者表达感情色彩得形容词，副词，动词及所举得例子，推断出作者得弦外之意。1.Ive be e n w o rk i ng as a p ro f ess i on a I clo w n(小丑)fo r n e a r 1 y two years、I ch a n ged job s bee a use I wanted to d o more i n l i f e than ma ke p eopl e laugh、Wha t if I cou 1 d help peo pie,too?As a clown,I try t o enc ourage sick peo p Ie i n ho s p it a I t o lau g h and smi l e、I dont ea rn much money as a clow n,but I feel v e ry 1 ucky to w o rk with such br a v e,wonde r f u I patie n t s、2.1 became a lau g h t er yoga te a che r more t ha n tw o y e a rs ago、NowI stil 1 im p r ove pe o pies healt h,but e ve r ythin g e ls e is p 1 e t elydifferen t E veryon e has fun i n a laughter y o ga c la s s,i n eluding the teacher!、But did y ou know that its an ex c el 1 en t kin d of e xerci s e?You m ove y our whole body w hen you 1 augh!S o metim e s I worked with fa mou s people、Its true that b e in g r ich can b e s t ressful!S o mef a mous peopl e can b e u n plea s ant at tim e s,bu11 try to c hange th eirbad f eeling s、1 1 can be learn e d from th e passage that both w r ite rs th in k of thei r jobs as、A.Ha p p y momen t s t o learn from o t her peop 1 eB.Grea t chances to make th e mselve s we 1 I-knownC.Rich experience s of act i n g on the stageD.Good wa y s of m a king peop 1 e happy and h e althy3.推断写作目得（1 ）常见得设问方式考查整篇文章得写作目得The w r i terzs p u rpose of w r i tin g th e passag e is to、考查某处细节或某段得写作意图T h e wr i t e r uses the e x a mpl e o f.t o s h ow t hat、（2）技巧点拨不同得文章有不同得写作目得，但写作目得通常有以下三种：to en t ertain r ead e r s,to make p eople la u gh,to t ell an interestingexperience（娱乐读者,让人发笑），常见于故事类文章 to pers u ade r e aders,to se 1 1 a produ c t o r a service,to a t tract mo re visitors/reader s/a u d i ence（说服读者接受某种观点），常见于广告类文章 to i n fo rm re a d e rs（告知读者某些信息），常见于科普类，新闻报道类，文化类或社会类文章Her e i s a ca se that sh o w s the benefits of a n i m a ls John wa s a si x y e a rold mute、He had no phys i cal prob 1 ems、He jus t refused totalk、Hi s old cous i n,Ned,had a parrot c a 1 Ie d Sally,an d John use d to vi s it i t、Whe n he a r r ived,N ed us e d to say,Hi,John!”Weall know p a rr ots cop y w h a t they h ear After a few vi s its,Sal 1 ybega n s a y i ng Hi,J o h n!/zwhen John came in t o t he roo m、Then,on e day,John t urned to the p ar rot a nd replied h i sally、St a yin gwi t h the pa r rot encou ra g e d Joh n to beg in talkin g、The p ur p ose of Paragraph 3 is to、A.S h ow h o w a nimals can help w i th il 1 nes sB.Discuss the p rob 1 e ms of ke e pin g p etsC.Descri b e s how to t rain animal h e 1 per sD.I nt rod uce so me new med i cal r e s ear c h4.推断文章出处（1）常见得设问方式 t he passage i s mos t I i k e ly t o b e t a ken f rom、w h ere wou 1 d t h is passage most p roba b 1 y a p pea r?the passa g e is m o st I i kely a pa r t of、（2）技巧点拨 有 s u rv e y 等字眼得文章，一般体裁都就是新闻报道（news report）,多数出现在news paper 中 广告也多出现在news p ap e r 或 magazine中 科普类文章多出现在s c ienee bo o k 或 science mag a zine中一些说明书或有关tips得文章大量出现在guide book中 文章中带有 ,click here,update”等词，暗示这就是个网站其她经常出现得文章出处还包括TV/Rad i o program,a sto ry b o o k,a men u等等。例 1,2 0 1 4 年天津卷（主题句在开头）How gr e en are y ou?D o you know how to b e g r e en?、He r e are some id e as for y o uR e duceReduce m e an s u s e less、R e useR e use mea n s use a g a in、Recycl eRecy c I e means ch a nge th in g s into so m e th i ng elseS o pl e ase rememb e r the s e t h ree w o rds:re d uce,r euse and r ec y cle、The pa s sag e may e from、A、M enu B、A dictionary C、A sto r y b ook D、A maga z i ne三.主旨大意题解题方法每篇文章都有它得写作结构，如果我们能够找到主题句，就能轻而易举得把握文章得中心大意了。1、寻找主题句，一般来说，文章得主题句有以下几种位置，at th e b e g in n in g,at t h e en d,at th e beginnin g a n d at th e end,i n t h e mid d 1 e oft he pa s sag e z n o cle a r to p ic se n tence2、排除干扰项，一般来说，干扰项有以下特点，主观臆测，并非作者得观点，范围过大，过于笼统，范围过小，以偏概全，文中未提及，仍找不到出处例 1,201 4 年天津卷（主题句在开头）How g r een are you?D o you know how t o b e green?We all need ah ealthy en v i ronmerit,bu t we p roduc e waste ver y da y and it d oe s h ar m to o u r en v i r onm e nt Th o u gh we are y oun g,we c a n sti 1 I dos o m e th i n g to help In fa c t,e ven t h e sim p les t every day a ctiviti e scan make a r eal di f f erence t o the e n v i ronmentHere are som e ideas f o r y o u、Re d uceReduce mea n s use les s、Reus eReuse means use a gain、RecycleRecy c Ie means cha n ge th i ngs into s omething e Ise、So please remem ber t he s e three words：reduce,reuse and re cy cleThe pas s a g e may e fro m 、A、Men u B、A di c ti o nary C、A st o rybook D、A m a g azine例2:2014年北京卷（主题句在结尾）Have you ever wo n d e re d w hat goe s through your m i nd w h e n you choose where to sit in a new cla s sro o m?0 r in a wa i ting room f u l l o f st r an g er s?Or o n a bus?R e sea r c h e r s h a v e f ou n d out s omeinte re s ting fa c t s、Perha p s unsur p r i singly,w e prefer to si t clo s e r to peo p 1 e like ourselves、We s eem t o beli e ve t h a t pe o pie with s imilar habi t s o r hobb i eswill sh a re s im i I a r a t titu d e a nd we a r e mo r e 1 ikely to be acceptedb y peopl e like ourse Iv e s o r ev e n,we thi n k w e may b e s a fer wi t hpeopl e who 1 ook 1 ike u s、When we a lw a y s s t ick to t he s ame people,h o w c a n w e ever br eak down t he ba r r iers which pre v ent u s from get t i ng t o knowpeople w i th d ifferent ideas?M o ve o u t of y our fort zone、Go an d si t next to s ome o ne diff erent And dont j ust s it there in s ilen c e、Say hello Ask a qu e s t ion、Sta r t a con v e r s at i on Th a ts how we make f r iends Th a ts howwe lea r n a bout people、T h atzs how we o p e n our minds to new id e a s Thats how we 1 ive an exc i ti n g lif e、w h at is the p urpose of the pas sage?A.lb t e 1 1 us j u s t to b e o u rse 1 ves in social lifeB.To in t r o d uce way s to 1 e arn about t he wo r 1 dC.To ex p 1 a i n h o w p eop 1 e municate with o thersD.lb en c ou rag e us to meet people of differen t k ind s例3:2 014年北京卷（主题句在开头与结尾）Teens want struc t ure i n their l i v e s,which m e ans they want t hei r I i ves well p lanned、To begin b uildi n g s true t u r e,te e nsneed 1 ove and trust、They need t o kn o w t heir p a r e n t s are ther e tog i ve them needed lo v e and s u p por t T eens wan t to be su r e th at noth i ng can prevent parent s from shou 1 d ering their r e s p on s i b i lity fo r th e m-not th e ir growing m a turi t y,m i sb e h avio r,no t an g e r at s ome t hin g t hey h av e d one Teens want pa r ents to keep contr o 1 while aHow i ng t h e m to ma k e some d e cisi o ns、They are s ome way s you can help yo ur teens create reasonable structu r e and r emai n c lo s e、Th e m ost important thi ngs to remember ar e：ta Ik w ith your te ens,li s te n to the i r worries and o ffer sugg e st i ons when needed This willh e lp your t e ens t o live a w e 1 1 o rg a n ized l i f e、Wh a t i s th e best t i t Ie of th e passage?A.T r a i ning teens toB.Helping t een s toC.Im p ro v in g theD.Step p ing i n to yo ub ee responsib le a d u Itsb uild rea s o nab 1 e structur ere 1 ations h ip with yourr t eens secret w o ridteen s例 4:2014年山东烟台卷（无明显主题句）Th o ma s Edison lit up the worl d w i th hisigh t、Wi t ho u t him,t he wo r Id m i gh to wever,th e e I e ctr i c light w a s n ot hisi n ve n t ion of the electri c 1still b e i n tho nly invention、nvented th e motion p i cture camera a nd o ver 12 0 0 othe ro ut every t wo wee ks he c re a te d som c t hi ng newThomas Edison w as born i n 1847 H e a ttended schoo 1e d a k、HH e a Iso ithings、Abfor onlyh ree m o nths His mother t a u g h t h i m a t hom e,bu t Thomas was mostly self-educated、He start e d e x pe r im e nt i ng at a young age、When h e wa s 12 years o 1 dz h e got h i s first job He becam e a ne wsb o y on a train、He did ex p e r iments on t he tra i n in his spa r etimeUnluck i ly,his first w o rk expe r ience did n o t en d w e ll、T h ey fired himwhen he ac c i dent a I I y set f ir eison wo rke d f or f i ve yea rs ai n ued to s p end muc h of his time in18 6 8 for a vo t e r e cor d er run by eto the f Io o r of th e trains a t e 1 egraph op e rato r,ex p e r i merit i n g h is firstlec t r i c ity、Then E db ut he c ontp a te n